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Single Pilot IFR
In this presentation we will discuss:
• Cockpit Resource Management (CRM)
• IFR Qualification
• Pre-Flight Planning
• In-Flight Task Management
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Definitions of CRM
There are actually two definitions for the
acronym. They are
• Crew Resource Management, and
• Cockpit Resource Management.
They are used interchangeably but have
slightly different connotations. Regardless,
both can be used effectively by a single
pilot.
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Definitions of CRM
Cockpit Resource Management can be all
inclusive and encompass Crew Resource
Management or it can be taken to simply
cover effectively using the equipment and
tools in the cockpit.
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Definitions of CRM
Crew Resource Management addresses
effectively using the entire crew but can
also be taken to include the aircraft
systems in the cockpit.
There are principles of crew management
that can be adapted to the single pilot
environment.
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CRM History
The idea of CRM started with a NASA
workshop on Resource Management on
the Flightdeck in 1979.
The concern was to improve flight safety in
the air transport industry by making more
effective use of the crew and equipment in
the cockpit – to overcome something
called co-pilot syndrome
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CRM History
The original NASA focus or first generation
CRM was Cockpit Resource Management
but this morphed into Crew Resource
Management in the 1980s and the second
generation of CRM. Third generation CRM
in the 1990s attempted to expand the
concept to cabin crews, dispatchers and
maintenance groups.
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CRM History
On the flight deck the idea was to make
sure the challenge and response of the
checklist meant something more than
giving the correct answer. Additionally,
they were looking for a way the co-pilot
could validate flight management
decisions without eroding the captain’s
authority.
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CRM History
The Air Force became interested in Cockpit
Resource Management for single seat
aircraft in the early 1990s when they
realized pilots were becoming so preoccupied with tasks in the cockpit at low
altitude that they were inadvertently flying
into the ground. They called it CFIT –
“Controlled Flight Into Terrain”
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CRM Theory
Crew Resource Management in the multi-place
environment looks to the crew to work as a
team to back each other up and have delineated
duties to share the cockpit work load.
One pilot flys the plane and responds to the
checklist while the other reads the checklist,
handles the nav/com and keeps up with
navigation and other cockpit duties
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CRM Theory
Crew Resource Management in the single pilot
environment attempts to create a second voice
in the cockpit through procedural check lists and
decision making activities:
• Delay/abort for weather or maintenance
• Land short of the intended destination for
mechanical problems or malfunctions
• Divert from the intended destination for Wx or
fuel
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CRM Theory
Cockpit Resource Management in the single
seat and multi-place cockpit looks to good
pre-flight planning to reduce in flight work
load and effective multi-task management
during flight to focus attention on the
priority task making maximum use of
aircraft systems to assist the pilot(s) as
they conduct the flight.
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CRM Theory
Key Elements & Cognitive Skills
Civilian
• Planning & Decision
Making
• Situational Awareness
• Communications
• Teamwork
• Stress
• Crew Coordination
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Military
• Mission Planning
• Situation Awareness
• Decision Making
• Task Management
• Communications
• Flight Integrity/Crew
Coordination
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CRM Theory
• Planning: Pre-flight analysis, planning, in•
•
•
progress flight evaluation, and post flight
critique
Situational Awareness (SA): How to maintain SA,
recognizing loss of SA, and regaining SA
Decision Making: Risk assessment, break downs
in judgment and flight discipline, problem
solving and control measures
Stress: Completing the flight, passenger
confidence, personal expectations, expectations
of others
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CRM Theory
• Task Management: Establishing priorities,
•
•
recognizing overload, complacency, use of
aircraft systems, available resources, checklist
discipline, following operating procedures
Communications: Common errors, cultural
influences, language, idioms, listening, saying
what’s important
Flight Integrity/Crew Coordination: Putting it all
together, personal skills & limitations, behavioral
styles, avenues of dissent, and team building
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CRM Theory
• CRM helps the pilot manage cockpit work
load so the tasks don’t exceed the pilot’s
capacity at any given time.
• Pilot capacity is fairly constant during a
flight
• Work load varies as the flight progresses
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CRM Theory
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Workload as percent of
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Pilot Capacity vs Pilot Work Load
Flight Phase
This chart depicts pilot work load during various flight phases as a percent of
pilot capacity, that is the number of things the pilot can effectively handle at
any given moment.
* NOTE: The values depicted are notional for the example and not based on any actual data
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CRM Theory
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Workload as percent of
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Pilot Capacity vs Pilot Work Load
Flight Phase
During a normal flight work load will not approach capacity,
but when the unexpected happens or the flight planning
was incomplete, work load can approach or exceed pilot
capacity to cope.
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CRM Theory
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Workload as percent of
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Pilot Capacity vs Pilot Work Load
Flight Phase
When work load exceeds capacity the problem is obvious.
The insidious problem is that as work load approaches
100%, your stress goes up and the ability to make good
decisions goes down.
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CRM and You
Let’s break our efforts to improve our
effectiveness in the cockpit into two areas:
• Pre-flight and
• in the air
There are two great tools to help with preflight planning and flight management in
the air. Both give you a check list to put a
virtual co-pilot next to you as you plan
and fly.
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CRM and You
In the pre-flight phase we can use the
mnemonic PAVE to plan a safe flight and
in the air use CARE to maintain situational
awareness and make effective flight
management decisions. Good pre-flight
planning makes it easier to be ahead of
the airplane in the air, organizes your
tasks, and allows for better decision
making during the flight.
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CRM and You
In pre-flight planning the PAVE checklist
reminds you to consider:
• Pilot: Health (IMSAFE - Illness, Medication,
Stress, Alcohol, Fatigue, and Emotional
state) qualifications, capabilities, currency,
proficiency, IFR/VFR
• Aircraft: Equipment, performance, load,
fuel capacity, runway surface and length,
operating ceiling, limitations
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CRM and You
The PAVE checklist continued:
• EnVironment: Weather, personal
minimums, terrain, over water, high
altitude operations, airspace and NOTAMs
• External Pressures: Expectant host,
planned meeting, special event,
passengers
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CRM and You
• Elements in the PAVE checklist are
cumulative. A major problem in any area
is reason to cancel the flight but multiple
minor problems in more than one area can
also make delaying the flight a good idea.
• A single problem in any area should be a
yellow flag to take notice but two or more
problem areas should be a red flag to take
action and change your plan.
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CRM and You
Once you’re airborne use the CARE checklist to
stay on top of factors affecting the flight.
• Consequences: Consider consequences of
changing risk factors during the flight (Pilot,
Aircraft, EnVironment, and External pressures)
and the decisions you make regarding them.
• Alternatives: Have a back up when you can’t
continue as planned, remembering that your
alternatives will decrease as the flight
progresses and you burn the fuel that will allow
you to take a different route or divert
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CRM and You
The CARE checklist continued:
• Reality: Maintain situational awareness and deal
with the actual conditions, not what you hoped
or planned would happen. Accept change and
take proper action
• External pressures: Other people or personal
commitments cause goal oriented behavior at
the expense of making good decisions.
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CRM and You
As with the PAVE checklist, items in the
CARE checklist are also cumulative. While
a single major problem in any area can
cause a complete change of plans, minor
problems in two or more items of the
CARE checklist should cause you to reevaluate the situation and take
appropriate action
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CRM and You
The PAVE and CARE checklists are your
virtual co-pilot, the challenging voice in
the back of your head that causes you to
evaluate each flight management decision
you make and validate that decision
against a personal standard rather than
just winging it.
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CRM and You
PAVE and CARE will help you in all six areas of
CRM:
• Planning
• Situational Awareness
• Decision Making
• Communications
• Teamwork
• Stress
On the ground and in the air.
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CRM and You
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Workload as percent of
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Pilot Capacity vs Pilot Work Load
Flight Phase
PAVE and CARE will help your flight planning and
flight management so you have options readily
available when the unexpected happens.
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CRM and You
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Workload as percent of
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Pilot Capacity vs Pilot Work Load
Flight Phase
Planning en-route weather alternates before you take off
reduces unexpected work load in the cockpit if the need
to alter your route or divert to another airfield becomes
necessary during the flight
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CRM and You
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Workload as percent of
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Pilot Capacity vs Pilot Work Load
Flight Phase
Looking up arrival field frequencies and field information
during pre-flight planning rather than when you are
approaching your destination allows you more time to
clear and concentrate on navigation and controller
instructions as you approach your destination.
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CRM and You
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Workload as percent of
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Pilot Capacity vs Pilot Work Load
Flight Phase
Finally, regardless of the phase of flight, when a malfunction or in-flight
emergency happens and you have to devote full attention to that,
thorough pre-flight planning will have good alternatives readily
available for you to select without having to devote a lot of thinking
and analysis to the situation.
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CRM and You
The difference between a pleasant cross
country and a stressful trip can be
controlled by the pilot. Good flight
planning and management tools like PAVE
and CARE and the principles of CRM let
you control the situation better and make
the flight more enjoyable
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IFR Qualification
• FAA Instrument Rating
• Currency, Recency, Proficiency
• Additional Qualifications
– Type Rating
– High Altitude Endorsement
– RVSM
– RNP
– SAAAR
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Pre-Flight Planning
• PAVE
• Review Routing
• Good Weather Briefing
• Review Departure(s)
• Review Arrival(s)
• Take off & Landing Data (TOLD Card)
• Consider Alternates Now
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In-Flight Management
• CARE
• Clearance Delivery
– Get it before you taxi
– Make sure you understand
– Review the effect of changes
– Program in FMS
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In-Flight Management (cont)
• Hold Short
• CHORD
– Changes
– Hazards
– Operations
– Restrictions
– Departure
• Review TOLD
• Cockpit Organized
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In-Flight Management (cont)
• Departure
– Intermediate level offs
– Other restrictions
– Clearance limit/Expect further clearance
• Enroute (CARE)
–
–
–
–
Monitor Flight’s Progress
Insure you can continue as planned
Have alternatives available
Review arrival procedures
• Arrival
– Have the proper approach plate out & ready
– Plan your descent
– Be alert for altitude and speed restrictions
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In-Flight Management (cont)
• Approach
– Listen up for variations
– Fly a stabilized approach
– Know your minimums
– Be ready for the missed approach
• Landing
– Hit the window
– Continue or go missed
– Fly the airplane to the chocks
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In-Flight Management (cont)
• Talk to yourself (and listen)
– Checklist not “Do” list
• Before Take Off
• Take Off
– Airspeed’s alive
– V1
• After Take Off
–
–
–
–
Positive rate
Gear up
Vref
Flaps up
• Level Off
– 1000’ before
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In-Flight Management (cont)
• Talk to yourself (and listen)
– Descent
• 1000 before level off
– Arrival
• Localizer’s alive
• Glideslope’s alive
• 500 feet to minimums
• 500 feet AGL check window
• 300, 200, 100 feet to minimums
• Runway in sight
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In-Flight Management (cont)
• Who’s Your Friend?
• ATC is a resource
• Normal conditions
• Weather
• See & Avoid
• Separation
• Extra Help
• Emergencies
• Dedicated Co-pilot
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FAASafety.gov
• Register at FAASafety.gov
– Document your support for the program
• Attend Safety Seminars
– Green Stamps in the Bank
• NASA Incident Reporting
– Immunity for unintentional violations
– 5 year clock
– Must be able to document to be able to use
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Flying is not inherently dangerous, but
to an even greater extent than the sea,
it is terribly unforgiving of any carelessness,
incapacity, or neglect.
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ich Martindell
Wild Blue
Yonder
Aviation Safety Consultant and
Aircraft Accident Investigator
rich@wild-blue-yonder.com
http://www.wild-blue-yonder.com
619-253-7649
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