Wake Neuroanatomy
Wake
Sleep: NREM Neuroanatomy
Sleep:R/NREM
During wakefulness, acoustic stimulation elicits activation of the auditory cortex
(red). Similar stimulation during light NREM sleep stage 2 evokes transient
downregulation of widespread cortical areas (blue), supposedly a sleep protective
mechanism.
Max Planck Inst of Psych
http://www.mpipsykl.mpg.de/en/research/themes/sleep/czisch_02/index.html
http://thebrain.mcgill.ca
Sleep: REM Neuroanatomy
Sleep: REM; Dorsolateral pons/mesopontine jct
Jouvet 1962
(a) Normal cat;
(b) Pontile cat;
(c) After coag. of the superior colliculi;
(d) After occipital. decortication;
(e) After total decortication.
The oculographic tracings were made
one month after the lesions.
From Jeannerod et al., 1965.
http://sommeil.univ-lyon1.fr/articles/jouvet/pbr_65/fig3.php
http://thebrain.mcgill.ca
REM
J Allan Hobson 11/09
Practical Implications of Sleep Neurochemistry
•Anatomy
•Brain Chemistry
(brain anatomy as it pertains to sleep)
(W, NR, R and their
Nchem’s
•Conditions
•Drugs
(sleep d.o.’s)
(Rx’s and their effects on sleep)
Neurochemistry/Sleep/General
http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/chnt1.html
Neuropeptides
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10960/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitter
Sleep/Wake Neurochemicals
• Acetylcholine
Amino acids:
• Glutamate
• GABA
• Glycine
Amines:
• Serotonin
• Histamine
• Melatonin
Catecholamines
• Dopamine
• Epinephrine
• Norepinephrine
Peptides
• Hypocretin/Orexin
• DSIP
Nucleosides:
• Adenosine
Prostaglandins
Genes Dev. 2010 Jun 15;24(12):1220-35.
‘Wake Neurochemistry’
Wake
Basal FB Ach
++
http://courses.washington.edu
Otto Loewi, initially gave it the name Vagusstoff
(vagal substance).
http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n17/history/neurons
http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/chnt1.html
Acetylcholine (Ach)
• In their comprehensive pharmacological analysis
published in 1914, Dale and Laidlaw found that the
actions of ACh on cat blood pressure and exocrine
glands, as well as rat smooth muscle, resembled
those of the alkaloid muscarine.
• They also observed that the pharmacological effects
of exogenous ACh exhibited a striking similarity to
the effects of parasympathetic nerve stimulation,
which was also comprised of muscarinic (blocked by
atropine) and nicotinic actions (mimicked by
nicotine).