◦
APA Manual Sixth Edition
◦ http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/section/2/10/
◦ http://www.lib.monash.edu.au/tutorials/citing/apa.html
◦ http://flash1r.apa.org/apastyle/basics/index.htm
◦ http://www.landmark.edu/Library/citation_guides/apa.cf
m#quotewebsites

◦ Use standard paper (8.5” x 11”)
◦ Use 1” margins for all sides (2.54 cm)
◦ Use 12 pt. Times New Roman
◦ Double space
◦ One space after commas, colons, and semicolons
◦ Two spaces after punctuation
◦ Flush left alignment
◦ Paragraph indentation is 5-7 spaces
◦ Page number in top right corner

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Ask your instructor if you need an abstract
When in doubt, include the abstract
A single paragraph
Between 150 and 250 words
Abbreviation and acronyms in your paper should be defined here

(cited from OWL Purdue Online Writing Lab)
APA headings and seritations (n.d.). In Purdue Online Writing Lab.
Retrieved from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/16/

Example:
Development of Reasoning in Early Childhood  Title
Reasoning in Young Children  1st level
Inductive Reasoning  2nd level
Definition of inductive reasoning.  3rd level
Existing notion of inductive reasoning.  4th level
Inductive reasoning by Piaget.
 5th level
Recent understanding of inductive reasoning.  4th level
Deductive Reasoning
Definition of deductive reasoning.
Existing notion of deductive reasoning.
Deductive reasoning by Piaget.
Recent understanding of deductive reasoning.

In text citation
1 author
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(Name, year of publication)
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Reasoning works behind problem solving (Leighton, 2004)
Name (year of publication)
Leighton (2004) argued that reasoning works behind problem solving.

Year of publication, name
In 2004, Leighton argued that reasoning works behind problem solving.

In text citation
2 authors
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
(1 st name & 2 nd name, year of publication)
Inductive reasoning is also well known as a process of introducing new assumptions (Stenning & Monaghan, 2004)
1 st name and 2 nd name (year of publication)
Stenning and Monaghan (2004) noted that inductive reasoning is also well known as a process of introducing new assumptions

In text citation
3 to 5 authors
Cite all names and publication year the first time, thereafter only the first author followed by et al. (even though in different paragraph)
The first time cited
(Joosse, Danbrook, & Parker, 1990). or
Joosse, Danbrook, and Parker (1990)...
Thereafter
(Joosse et al., 1990).
Joosse et al. (1990)...

In text citation
6 authors
Cite only the last name of the first author followed by et al. and the year from the first citation.
The first time cited
.... (Danbrook et al., 2003).
Danbrook et al. (2003)...
Thereafter
Danbrook et al. (2003)...
.... (Danbrook et al., 2003).

In text citation
Multiple publications by same author
(Hanson, 1992, 2012). or Hanson (1992, 2012)...
Multiple publications by different author
…(Danbrook, 1995; Joosse & Hooch, 1982;
Parker, 1976).
Unknown author
... (“Reasoning”, 1997).

In text citation
Corporate or group of authors
If organization is recognized by abbreviation
... (Human Early Learning Partnership [HELP],
2005) thereafter...
…(HELP, 2005).
If abbreviation not widely known, give the name in full every time:
... (Canadian Research Council, 1996).

Citing from online sources or website
...(Hanson, 2011, para. 2)
Citing from secondary source
.... (Goswami, 2008, as cited in Groendal, 2011).
Goswami (2008, as cited in Groendal, 2011) ...
Groendal (2011) cited Goswami (2008) as finding...
ONLY include the details of the source you read in the reference list
(secondary source only)

Citing specific part from an article
One of “the sub-types of inductive reasoning is analogical reasoning “ (Groendal, 2006, p. 45).
Groendal (2006) argued that one of “the subtypes of inductive reasoning is analogical reasoning" (p. 45).

 1 author
Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1999). Deductive reasoning.
Annual Review Psychology , 50 , 109-135.
Mellers, B. A. (2000). Choice and the relative pleasure of consequences.
Psychological Bulletin, 126 , 910-
924. doi: 10.1037//0033-2909.126.6.910

 2 authors
Rattermann, M. J., & Gentner, D. (1998). More evidence for a relational shift in the development of analogy:
Children’s performance on a causal-mapping task.
Cognitive Development, 13 , 453-478.

 3 to 7 authors
Hawkins, J., Pea, R. D., Glick, J., & Scribner, S. (1984).
“Merds that laugh don’t like mushrooms”: Evidence for deductive reasoning by preschoolers.
Developmental Psychology , 20 , 584–594.

Article in journal paginated by VOLUME
Arnett, J. J. (1999). Adolescent storm and stress, reconsidered. American Psychologist, 54 , 317- 326.
ISSUE 1
VOLUME
ISSUE 2 ISSUE 3 ISSUE 4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Article in journal paginated by ISSUE
Wagner, S., Winner, E., Cicchetti, D., Grdner, H. (1981).
“Metaphorical” mapping in human infants . Child
Development , 52 (2), 728-731.
ISSUE 1
ISSUE
ISSUE 2 ISSUE 3
Issue number
ISSUE 4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

 Book
Hollister, R. (2003).
The growth in after-school programs and their impact . Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
 Edited book
Stenning, K., & Monaghan, P. (2004). Strategies and knowledge representation. In J. P Leighton & R. J. Sternberg (2 nd
Eds.), The nature of reasoning (pp. 129-168). Cambridge,
UK: Cambridge University Press.

◦ First person point of view
◦ Distinguish between the research and the researchers
◦ Use pronouns when explaining about experiments (who did the experiment)
◦ Use active voice instead of passive voice

◦ Read & understand  write your own sentence  mark same words from original source  double check the meaning
◦ Try to deliver your ideas and have the references to support your ideas (instead of listing the references to deliver the idea)
◦ Careful in using synonym (potentially change the meaning)
◦ Do not plagiarized yourself
◦ Paraphrase instead of quoting if the sentence is more than 40 words