March 29
• WARM-UP: What is the difference between
a chloroplast and a mitochondria?
Cell Organelles
CA Standards
Cell Biology
• 1.e. Students know the role of the endoplasmic
reticulum and Golgi apparatus in the secretion of
proteins.
• 1.f. Students know usable energy is captured from
sunlight by chloroplasts and is stored through the
synthesis of sugar from carbon dioxide.
• 1.g. Students know the role of the mitochondria
in making stored chemical-bond energy available
to cells by completing the breakdown of glucose
to carbon dioxide.
Nucleus of a Cell
The Nucleus
The Nucleus
• The nucleus
controls most
cell functions
and contains the
cell’s DNA.
• Think of it like
“the brain” of
the cell!
The nucleolus is in the
nucleus.
• Ribosomes are
assembled in
the nucleolus.
The nucleus is surrounded by
the nuclear envelope.
• The nuclear
envelope is a
membrane that is
made of 2 lipid
bilayers.
Nuclear pore
• Nuclear pores are
small channels in the
nuclear envelope.
• They allow nuclear
material to pass
through to the
cytoplasm.
Ribosomes
• Ribosomes are the cellular
structures on which proteins
are made.
• Making proteins is one of the
most important jobs of a cell.
Ribosomes
• Cells make
proteins on
ribosomes.
• Free
ribosomes
make proteins
to build new
organelles.
Ribosomes
Rough
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
A system of internal membranes
that helps make and then move
proteins throughout the cell.
Smooth
ER
• No ribosomes
• Makes lipids for the cell membrane
Processing Proteins 1. Proteins are made by
ribosomes on the rough ER.
Processing
Proteins
2. Vesicles (pouches) carry proteins
from the rough ER to the Golgi
Apparatus
Golgi
Apparatus
Enzymes in the
Golgi Apparatus
attach
carbohydrates
and lipids to
proteins. The
proteins are then
shipped to their
final
destinations.
Processing
Proteins
3. Proteins are modified in the Golgi
apparatus and enter new vesicles
(pouches) to be carried outside the cell.
• Lysosomes
contain enzymes
that break down
organelles that
aren’t working.
• Think of them
as the “cleanup” crew!
Lysosome digesting an old mitochondria.
Mitochondria (plural)
Mitochondrion (singular)
Heart muscle cell- Mitochondria are
stained green
• Uses energy from
food to make ATP
(a high-energy
molecule), which
the cell uses for
growth,
development and
movement.
• Muscle cells have
high energy
requirement and
contain a lot of
mitochondria.
Mitochondrial • Mitochondria also have DNA and
ribosomes and make their own
DNA
protein.
• Mitochodrial DNA is independent
of nuclear DNA.
• Primitive prokaryotes may be the
ancestors of mitochondria,
according to the Endosymbiont
Hypothesis.
Lynn Margulis
proposed the
Endosymbiont
Hypothesis
Unique features of plant cell
1. Cell wall
2. Chloroplasts
3. Central
vacuole
Unique features of plant cell: Cell
Made of
proteins and
carbohydrates
including
cellulose.
Gives cell
support and
shape.
wall
Unique features of plant cell:
Use the sun’s
energy to make
glucose during
photosynthesis.
Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts
Unique features of plant cell: Central
vacuole
A sac-like structure that stores water, salts,
proteins and carbohydrates. Helps plant
maintain its turgor pressure, which keeps the
plant upright and supports heavy flowers and
leaves.
Review
Describe the role of the nucleus in cell activities.
Sequence the course of newly made proteins
from the rough ER to the outside of the cell.
Describe the role of mitochondria in the metabolism of eukaryotic cells.
Explain how a plant cell's central vacuole and
cell wall help make the cell rigid.
Critical Thinking Inferring Relationships
What is the importance of a cell enclosing its
digestive enzymes inside lysosomes?
Standardized Test Prep Which organelle
serves as the packaging and distribution
center of a eukaryotic cell?
A nucleus
B lysosome
C mitochondrion
D Golgi apparatus