Organizing Data and
Information
Chapter 3
Fundamentals of Information
Systems, Second Edition
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Principles and Learning Objectives
• The database approach to data management
provides significant advantages over the
traditional file-based approach.
– Define general data management concepts and
terms, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages
of the database approach to data management.
– Name three database models and outline their basic
features, advantages, and disadvantages.
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Systems, Second Edition
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Principles and Learning Objectives
• A well-designed and well-managed database is
an extremely valuable tool in supporting decision
making.
– Identify the common functions performed by all
database management systems and identify three
popular end-user database management systems.
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Systems, Second Edition
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Principles and Learning Objectives
• Further improvements in the use of database
technology will continue to evolve and yield real
business benefits.
– Identify and briefly discuss recent database
applications.
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Systems, Second Edition
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The Hierarchy of Data
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Keys and Attributes
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The Traditional Approach To Data
Management
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The Database Approach to Data
Management
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Advantages of the Database Approach
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Disadvantages of the Database Approach
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Data Modeling
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Planned data redundancy
Data model
Enterprise data modeling
Entity-relationship diagrams
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Entity-Relationship Diagram for a
Customer Ordering Database
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Database Models
• Hierarchical (tree)
• Network
• Relational
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Hierarchical Database Model
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Network Database Model
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Relational Database Model
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Relational Models
Describe data using a standard tabular format with all
data elements placed in two-dimensional tables, called
relations, that are the logical equivalent of files.
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Domain
Selecting
Projecting
Joining
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Linking Database Tables
to Answer an Inquiry
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Building and Modifying a Relational
Database
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Database Management
Systems
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Providing a User View
• Schema - a description of the entire database
• Subschema - a file that contains a description
of a subset of the database and identifies which
users can modify the data items in that subset
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The Use of Schemas and Subschemas
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Creating and Modifying the Database
• Data definition language (DDL) - a collection of
instructions and commands used to define and
describe data and data relationships in a specific
database
• Data dictionary – detailed description of data in
a database
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Typical Uses of a Data Dictionary
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Provide a standard definition of terms and data elements
Assist programmers in designing and writing programs
Simplify database modification
Reduce data redundancy
Increase data reliability
Speed program development
Ease modification of data and information
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Storing and Retrieving Data
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Structured Query Language
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Database Output
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Popular Database Management Systems
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Paradox database
FileMaker Pro
Microsoft Access
Lotus 1-2-3 Spreadsheet
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Worldwide Database Market Share
(2001)
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Selecting a Database Management
System
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Database size
Number of concurrent users
Performance
Integration
Features
Vendor
Cost
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Database Applications
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Data Warehouses, Data Marts,
and Data Mining
• Data Warehouse - a database that collects business
information from many sources in the enterprise,
covering all aspects of the company’s processes,
products, and customers.
• Data Mart – a subset of a data warehouse.
• Data Mining - an information analysis tool that involves
the automated discovery of patterns and relationships in
a data warehouse.
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Elements of a Data Warehouse
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Common Data Mining Applications
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Business Intelligence
Gathering enough of the right information in a
timely manner and usable form.
– Competitive intelligence
– Counterintelligence
– Knowledge management
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Comparison of OLAP and Data Mining
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Advantages of ODBC
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Object-Relational Database
Management System
• Stores the following types of data as objects:
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audio
images
unstructured
text
spatial data
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Spatial Technology
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Summary
• Data - one of the most valuable resources a firm
possesses.
• Entity - a generalized class of objects for which data is
collected, stored, and maintained.
• Attribute - a characteristic of an entity.
• DBMS - a group of programs used as an interface
between a database and application programs.
• Data mining - the automated discovery of patterns and
relationships in a data warehouse.
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