Chapter 21 Life In The Industrial Age
Mr. Cook’s Class
Vocabulary & Notes PPT
Henry Bessemer
• Develops the Bessemer
process
• New way to make steel
from iron
• 1856 Bessemer patents
steel which was lighter,
harder, and more durable
than iron
• Steelmaking process
Alfred Nobel
• 1866 invents dynamite
• Much safer explosive
than had been invented
to that time
• Used in warfare and
peace
• Awards funded by
Nobel’s profits to this
day
Michael Faraday
• Invents the first
simple electric motor
and dynamo
• All electrical
generators and
transformers work on
the principle of the
dynamo
dynamo
• A machine that generated electricity
Thomas Edison
• 1870’s invents the first
electric light bulb
• Invents the power plant
which he uses to light
NYC for the first time in
the 1780’s
• Leads to society which
has electrical wires
carrying power
everywhere
Interchangeable parts
• Invented by Eli Whitney while making parts for
U.S. Army gun order
• Allows identical components to be created for
easy assembly and repair of products
Assembly line
• Workers along a line add parts to a product as it
goes by on a belt from one station to the next
• Makes production faster by the early 1900’s
• Henry Ford “perfects” the process in order to
produce cars
Orville & Wilbur Wright
• 1903, these two
gentlemen design and
fly a flimsy airplane at
Kitty Hawk, North
Carolina
• Flight lasts only a few
seconds
• Commercial travel
begins by the 1920’s
• Inventions
Guglielmo Marconi
• By the 1890’s, Marconi invented the radio
• By 1901, he had received a radio message,
using Morse code, sent from Britain to Canada
stock
• Shares in companies
(part or piece of
ownership of a
company)
• Due to large amounts of
capital required to start
large industries, selling
stock becomes
necessary as industries
grew
corporation
• Giant businesses that are owned by many
“stock holders” or investors
• Corporations could expand into many
different venues with lots of capital
cartel
• Group of corporations joining forces to fix
prices, set production quotas, and control
markets
• Growth of monopolies occurs
Growth of Cities Notes
London Fog
Germ theory
• Belief originating in the 1600’s that
microscopic organisms or microbes caused
specific infectious diseases
Louis Pastor
• 1870, French chemist who clearly demonstrated a
link between microbes and disease
• Also develops vaccines against rabies and anthrax
• Discovered pasteurization which kills disease carrying
microbes in milk
Robert Koch
• 1880’s, German doctor who identified the
bacterium that caused tuberculosis
• Tuberculosis- respiratory disease that claimed
about 30 million lives in the 1800’s
Florence Nightingale
• Crimean War nurse
who insisted on better
hygiene in field
hospitals
• Also worked to
introduce sanitary
measures in British
hospitals
• Founded the first
school of nursing
Joseph Lister
• English surgeon who discovered how
antiseptics prevented infection
• Insisted surgeons sterilize their instruments
and wash their hands before operating
Urban renewal
• Rebuilding of the poor areas of a city
• Trend in Europe in the mid-1800’s
Mutual-aid society
• Self-help groups formed to aid sick or injured
workers
• Revolutions of 1830 and 1848 left lasting
images of worker discontent
• Rise of workers
Standard of living
• The quality and
availability of
necessities and
comforts in a society
• Workers lives improve
with better diets,
homes, clothing, etc.
Cult of domesticity
• Ideas by the late
1800’s that women
were tied to the
home
• Poor women still had
to work and be the
home caretaker
• “Home, Sweet
Home”
Temperance movement
• A campaign to limit
the use of alcoholic
beverages
• Leads indirectly to
the women’s rights
movement in the
United States
• 1820’s-1920’s
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
• Pioneer who started
movements to gain more
rights for women
• 1848 Seneca Falls
Convention
• Movement comes out of the
abolitionist movement of
the 1830’s-1860’s
• Women’s Suffrage
Women’s suffrage
• The movement to
gain women’s right
to vote begins in
Seneca Falls in
1848
• By late 1800’s,
movement has
spread to Europe
Sojourner Truth
• African American
women’s suffragist
• Claimed that she did
not receive many of
the “comforts” of
womanhood
because she was
black
John Dalton
• Early 1800’s, English Quaker schoolteacher develops
modern atomic theory
• All matter is created of tiny particles called atoms
• Different kinds/combinations of atoms make different
matter
Charles Darwin
• In 1859, On the Origin of Species was
published
• Believed all forms of life had evolved into their
present state over millions of years
• Natural selection- process of competition
allows only the fittest to survive
• HMS Beagle
racism
• One racial group is superior to another
Social gospel
• Pushed by
Christians to
encourage social
service
• Including
working for
reforms in
housing,
healthcare, and
education
romanticism
• Artistic style emphasizing
imagination, freedom, and
emotion
• Works focus on simple,
direct language, intense
feelings, and glorification
of nature
• Romantic authors included
William Wordsworth and
William Blake
• Sunset
Lord Byron
• Britain’s George
Gordon
• Writer of poetry and
adventures that died
early
• Wrote mostly of
isolated romantic
heroes
Victor Hugo
• Re-creates France’s
past in the Hunchback
of Notre Dame and
Les Miserables
• Les Miserables
describes the reality
of poverty, hunger,
and corruption
among the poor in
Paris
Ludwig van Beethoven
• Romantic composer
(1770-1827) who
composed nine
symphonies, five
piano concertos, etc.
• Lost his hearing at an
early age but still
continued to
compose
realism
• By mid-1800’s, new
movement to attempt
to represent the
world as it was
• Often focused on life
in cities or villages
• Harsh truths were
revealed
• Artistic movements
Charles Dickens
• English novelist who
portrayed the lives of
slum dwellers and
factory workers,
including children
• Oliver Twist and A
Christmas Carol
illustrate lives of those
less fortunate in late
1800’s London
Gustave Courbet
• French realist painter who focused on real life
subjects
• “I cannot paint an angel… because I have
never seen one”
• The Stone Breakers- painting showing two
rough laborers on a country road
Louis Daguerre
• French photographer who first produced
successful photographs in the 1840’s
impressionism
• Movement in the 1870’s to represent the first
fleeting impression made by a scene or an
object
• Why paint realism when a photograph could
capture it in an instant?
Claude Monet
• Famous impressionist
painter who left
unblended brush
strokes side by side in
paintings
• Allowed human
mind/eye to blend
the colors in paintings
Vincent van Gogh
• Postimpressionist
artist who
experimented with
sharp brush lines and
bright colors
• His brushwork gave a
dreamlike quality to
his paintings
Back to Title
Back to Wright Brothers
Back to cartels
Back to Urban Renewal
Back to Standard of Living
Back to Women’s Suffrage
Back to Courbet
Back to Charles Dickens