INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGYTIMBER
ASSOCIATED THEORY
TOPIC 4
MACHINE TOOLS &
MACHINING
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EXTRA…
MACHINE TOOLS &
MACHINING
Introduction
Safety
Precautions
Power Tools
Slide
Compound
Saw
Plunge
Router
Fixed Machines
Lathe Accessories
Introduction
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electricity
Machine tools are powered by ………………….
compressed
or ……………………
air.
Although most machine tools were developed as
copies of hand tools there have been many machine
tools that have no direct hand tool as a possible
“ancestor”.
Machine tools generally refers to machinery that
floor
bench
is fixed to the ……………
or …………
Power
………………
tools is the name commonly given to
tools that are portable. They may be corded, i.e.,
cordless i.e.,
connected to a power source or ……………
driven by batteries.
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
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Particular precautions should be taken with all
machine or power tools. There are specific
precautions for some tools but there are also
general safety rules which should be observed at
all times when using power tools.
Eye Protection
Eye protection must be
worn when operating all
machine or power tools.
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
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Adjustments
Make sure all
equipment is
turned off before
making
adjustments,
changing speeds
or cutters etc.
Caution: Switch
off before
adjustment
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
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Electrical Leads
Inspect leads and plugs for fraying/melting.
Check for electrical safety tag.
Keep leads clear of cutters, blades, etc & off floor.
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
Ear Protection
Ear Muffs should only be
worn when using loud
machinery for extended
periods of time.
Alternatively
ear plugs are
easy to fit and
comfortable.
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SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
Dust
Turn on the dust
extractor.
Wear a face mask
with the correct filter
when sanding or
using the lathe.
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SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
Securing Work
Use clamps to
prevent the project
moving when using
machine tools.
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Safety Precautions
Safety Instruction
Listen to the teacher.
Take notice of all
warnings.
Do not interfere with
other students.
Use power tools only
the way you have
been instructed.
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Power Tools
Drill (240 volt)
Heavy duty hand
drilling operations
from approx. 5-20
mm. Usually with 2
speed gearbox and
may have hammer
action for drilling in
concrete & bricks.
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Power Tools
Cordless Drill/Driver
Drilling small holes
(2-10mm) Also light
screw driver
application. Usually
reversible, variable
speed and with
various torque
settings.
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Power Tools
Belt Sander
Heavy duty sanding
of floors, or for
removing a lot of
timber quickly.
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Power Tools
Orbital Sander
Fine sanding of large
flat surfaces to
remove scuff marks
from planing.
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Power Tools
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Biscuit Joiner
EXTRA…
Cuts a shallow recess
on each edge of two
pieces of timber to be
glued together. Small
thin “wafer” of timber
inserted.
Power Tools
Circular Saw
Not available for
student use. Cutting
timber to length, or
breaking down large
sheets of particleboard
and plywood.
EXTRA…
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Power Tools
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Power Tools
Linisher/Disc Sander
Linisher: Smoothing
small flat areas or
curved areas.
Disc Sander:
Smoothing end grain
and convex curves
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Power Tools
Slide Compound Mitre Saw
Childproof Safety
Switch
Transparent Guard
Depth of cut
Adjustment
Tilt
Adjustment
Angle
Adjustment
Fence
Rotating Table
Power Tools
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Precautions
Keep hands clear of the blade.
Hold work firmly against fence. Minimum
length of wood, 200mm .
Prevent blade contacting timber until blade
has reached full speed.
Wait until blade stops before removing
timber.
Housing joints may be cut with
this machine.
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Power Tools
Plunge Router
Speed
Adjustment
Handle
Depth of cut
Adjustment
Chuck or
collet
Base plate
Adjustable
fence
Power Tools
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Precautions
Hold router with both hands. Keep cord clear.
Secure work in a vice or clamps.
Prevent router bit contacting timber until it
has reached full speed.
Wait until bit stops before releasing hold of
the router.
Cutting a trench or groove.
Trimming an edge.
Power Tools
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Router Bits
These are known
as “straight”
router bits.
Power Tools
Router Bits
Classical Pattern
A popular bit for
forming a decorative
edge on cabinet tops or
skirting boards.
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Power Tools
Router Bits
Rounding Over.
Available in various
sizes, i.e. radii, this bit
is useful to create a
soft rounded edge on
handles or table tops.
The bearing rides along
the timber ensuring the
bit cuts to a set depth.
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Power Tools
Router Bits
Dovetail Bit
Used to cut dovetail housing joints or used
in conjunction with a dovetailing jig.
EXTRA…
JOINTS
Dovetail jigs are often used with a
router.
Power Tools
Router Bits
Materials
Router bits are made from High Speed
Steel. The most expensive bits have tips
that are made from tungsten carbide.
Tungsten carbide bits must always be used
with composite materials, eg. Particleboard
& MDF (medium density fibreboard).
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Power Tools
Router Bits
The maximum
speed of this
router is 23 000
rpm (revolutions
per minute)
How many times
does it rotate in
one second? 383
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Fixed Machines
These machine tools are either bolted to the floor
or free standing if they are not subject to
vibration.
permanently and may
They are usually wired ……………………….,
be either single phase ( 240 volts), or 3 phase
( 415 volts).
Heavy
engineering
workshop
Computer
controlled lathe
Fixed Machines
Band Saw
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Blade
tensioning
knob
Top wheel
guard
Guide Post
Adjustment
Upper
blade
Guide
Table
Lower wheel
guard
Bench
Mount
Fixed Machines
Band Saw Precautions
Adjust upper guide 10mm
above work.
Keep hands clear of blade.
Use a push stick for small
work.
Stay with machine until
blade stops moving.
WARNING! This machine
also cuts meat!
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Fixed Machines
Pedestal Drill
Pulley Guard
Chuck
Pulley
Adjustment
Feed Lever
Column
Table
Table Height
Adjustment
Base
Fixed Machines
Pedestal Drill
Spindle
Motor
Fast spindle speed
Spindle
Motor
Slow spindle speed
The general rule for drilling in relation to drill
size: Large Hole slow speed
Small Hole fast speed
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Turning Timber On the Lathe
Headstock
Face Plate
Tool Rest
Revolving
Centre
Tailstock
spindle
Lock
Hand
Wheel
Tailstock
Locking
lever
Motor
housing
Turning Timber On the Lathe
Tool Rest Keep adjusted close to
the timber and on centre.
Speeds
Slow speed for roughing
down. High speed for sanding.
Checking Timber Look for splits and
cracks or other defects that may
indicate failure.
Sanding Remove the tool rest and
hold abrasive underneath work.
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Turning Timber On the Lathe
Gouges
Skew
chisel
Scraper
Parting
off tool
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Turning Timber On the Lathe
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The gouge is used for roughing to size and
for turning coves or hollows.
The skew chisel is used for smoothing flats
& tapers and for cutting beads.
The parting off tool is used for forming
shoulders and cutting off excess ends.
Turning Timber On the Lathe
Bead
Hollow
Taper
Typical Turned Sections
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Turning Timber On the Lathe
Jacob’s
chuck
Forstner
Bit
Spade Bit
Drilling In the Lathe
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Turning Timber On the Lathe
Timber blanks can be
screwed to a face plate &
mounted on the main
spindle.
Small Face Plate
The size of face plate
should be a little smaller
than the stock being
turned.
EXTRA…
Large Face Plate
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Turning Timber On the Lathe
Cup Chuck:
A tapered chuck that allows
small cups and vases to be
turned. It screws onto the
main spindle.
Spur Centre:
Inserted into the main spindle
this is shaped to hold the
timber on centre & rotate it.
Spur Centre:
Inserted into the tailstock this
supports long work and
rotates with the work.
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Turning Timber On the Lathe
Jacob’s Chuck:
Inserted into the tailstock and
allows drilling of the work on
centre.
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Turning Timber On the Lathe
Expanding Chuck:
Screws onto the main
spindle & grips a small
recess or raised edge
previously turned on
bottom of bowl etc.
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Miscellaneous Machine Tools
Circular saw or Bench saw or
Table saw (250mm)
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Miscellaneous Machine Tools
Scroll saw
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Miscellaneous Machine Tools
Planer or Thicknesser
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Miscellaneous Machine Tools
Jointer
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Machine Tools
The End of Topic 4.
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