小马托福
010-62699622
治疗抓不住重点信息的良方
——托福听力信号词总结
听力老师王鹏
小马托福
艺术类讲座话题
01
什么是信号词
02
TPO18-L2 内容精讲
03
TPO19-L4 TPO21-L4
结构图
04
信号词总结
010-62699622
小马托福
010-62699622
Part1 什么是信号词
小马托福
Part2 TPO18-L2
010-62699622
内容精讲
Pro:
Today we’ll continue our examination of ancient Roman sculpture.
We’ve already looked at portrait sculpture which are busts created
to commemorate people who had died, and we’ve looked at relief
sculpture, or sculpting on walls. And today we’ll look at yet another
category of sculpture--copies, Roman sculptors often made copies
of famous Greek sculptures.
Stu:
Why did they do that?
小马托福
Part2 TPO18-L2
010-62699622
内容精讲
Pro:
Well no one knows for sure. You see, in the late 4th century B.C.,
the Romans began a campaign to expand the Roman Empire, and
in 300 years they had conquered most of the Mediterranean area
and parts of Europe. You know the saying“To the victor belongs the
spoils”? Well, the Roman army returned to Rome with many works
of Greek art. It’s probably fair to say that the Romans were
impressed by Greek art and culture and they began making copies
of the Greek statues.
小马托福
Part2 TPO18-L2
010-62699622
内容精讲
Pro:
Now the dominant view in traditional art history is that Roman
artists lacked creativity and skill especially compared to the Greek
artists who came before them. Essentially, the traditional view, a
view that’s been prevalent for over 250 years, is that the Romans
copied Greek sculptures because they couldn’t create sculpture of
their own. But finally some contemporary art historians have
challenged this view. One is Elaine Gazda. Gazda says that there
might be other reasons that Romans made copies. She wasn’t
convinced that it was because of a lack of creativity. Can anyone
think of another possible reason?
小马托福
Part2 TPO18-L2
010-62699622
内容精讲
Stu:
Well maybe they just admired the sculptures. You know, they
liked the way they looked.
Pro:
Yes. That’s one of Gazda’s points. Another is that while nowadays
reproduction is easy, it was not so easy in Roman times. Copying
statues required a lot of skill, time and effort. So Gazda
hypothesizes that copying didn’t indicate a lack of artistic
imagination or skill on the part of Roman artists, but rather the
Romans made copies because they admired Greek sculpture.
Classical Greek statues represented an idealization of the human
body and were considered quite beautiful at the time.
小马托福
Part2 TPO18-L2
010-62699622
内容精讲
Pro:
Gazda also believes that it’s been a mistake to dismiss the
Roman copies as, well, copies for copy’s sake and not to consider
the Roman function and meaning of the statues.
Stu:
What do you mean the Roman function? Weren’t they just for
decoration?
小马托福
Part2 TPO18-L2
010-62699622
内容精讲
Pro:
Well, not necessarily. Under the Emperor Augustus at the height of
the Roman Empire, portrait statues were sent throughout the
empire. They were supposed to communicate specific ideas about
the emperor and the imperial family and to help inhabitants of the
conquered areas become familiar with the Roman way of life. You
know, Roman coins were also distributed throughout the empire.
Anybody care to guess what was on them?
Stu：
The emperor’s face?
小马托福
Part2 TPO18-L2
010-62699622
内容精讲
Pro:
That’s right! The coins were easy to distribute and they allowed
people to see the emperor or at least his likeness and served as an
additional reminder to let them know, well, who was in charge. And
the images helped people become familiar with the emperor.
Statues of him in different roles were sent all over the empire.
小马托福
Part2 TPO18-L2
010-62699622
内容精讲
Pro:
Now, actually some Roman sculptures were original but others
were exact copies of Greek statues and some Roman sculptures
were combinations of some sort. Some combined more than one
Greek statue and others combined a Greek god or an athlete with a
Roman’s head. At the time of Julius Caesar, it wasn’t uncommon to
create statues that had the body of a god and the head of an
emperor. And the Romans were clever. What they did was they
made plaster casts from molds of the sculptures. Then they
shipped these plaster casts to workshops all over the empire,
where they were replicated in marble or bronze. And on some
statues the heads were removable. They could put an emperor’s
head on different bodies, showing him doing different things. And
then later when the time came they could even use the head of the
next emperor on the same body.
小马托福
Part2 TPO18-L2
010-62699622
内容精讲
Roman copies
of Greek
sculpture
Why copy
R1: copy is hard
R1:Impressed by
Greek art works
R2: Lacked
creativity and skill
(traditional)
P1: admire
Greek sculpture
Gazda’s view
1: Plaster casts
Way of making
sculptures
P2: Political
function
R2: beauty of
human body
R: Show Roman
way&authority
R1:Change gestures
2: Removable
head
R2:Reuse body for new
emperor
小马托福
010-62699622
Part3 TPO19-L4
Points about
portraitists——convey
personal vision
basic info
结构图
R1: family of president
successful&importance
subjects:
women&children
Eg: sister&nephew
face&hands: thinking
subject: friend
Eg: CB
one work: The
Dreamer
things that catch
eyes
dream theme
CB’s vision: reveal
state of mind
R2: key role in famous
institutions
eyes&contrasting
colors
vague background
influence by French
impressionists
another artist
(JSS)
isolation
小马托福
Part3 TPO21-L4
Basic info
Difficulties: exhibition in 70s
Intro two styles
010-62699622
结构图
R: photo replaced portrait
Realism: accurate——
appearance
Expressionism: distorted——
emotion
Intro AN
Style: realism&
expressionism
Bold color of clothing: expressionism
AN's techs
Eyes&face: realism
Stretchy figures: expressionism
Combine techs
Uniqueness
Belief: people best
reflect the reality
Reinforce why AN became
famous so late
Eg: big range of
subjects
R: Abstract art dominated
小马托福
010-62699622
Part4 信号词总结
名称
举例
抽象概念
research, theory, view, style, technique,
hypothesis, property, feature, impact,
influence
解释
in other words, I mean, that is to say
强调
really, only, important, amazing,
fascinating, remember, keep that in mind,
especially, certainly
否定描述
no, not
转折
but, actually, however, in fact
小马托福
010-62699622
Part4 信号词总结
名称
举例
分类补充
and, also, another, type
顺序过程
process, before, eventually, finally, first
举例
for example, for instance, say, take,
consider
比较
-er, -est, same
暗示揭示
suggest, reveal, show
原因结果
reason, result, because, so, therefore,
thus
小马托福
http://bbs.xiaoma.com/forum-233-1.html
http://bbs.xiaoma.com/forum-233-1.html
See You Next Time
010-62699622