The Cold War
Korea and Vietnam
Atomic Age/Arms Race/Space Race
McCarthyism/Communism v Capitalism
The Decades
End of WWII/1945-1991
So what happens when we think we want to own the world?
And so does someone else?
Cold War vocabulary
• Iron Curtain
• Atomic Age
• NATO
• Arms Race
• Warsaw Pact
• Marshall Plan
• Containment
• Truman Doctrine
• Domino Theory
• Berlin Blockade/Berlin Airlift
Book Work – p. 836-841 in red “America” book
Write on a separate piece of paper; use the correct heading; turn
in to your class bin when you are done.
• Define ALL vocabulary listed in the box on page 836 – including the “high use”
words. Definitions could be in blue in the text, or defined in the margins.
• If you come across a term that was part of the homework list, just verify that you
wrote a definition similar to the definition in the book.
• Read all the section in “Roots of the Cold War.” Take notes on dates, places, people,
and information you are not familiar with.
• Answer all checkpoints IN COMPLETE SENTENCES.
• On page 841, complete the questions under “Comprehension and Critical Thinking,”
as well as the analysis under “Reading Skills.”
Yalta versus Potsdam Origins of the Cold War
• Please get out a piece of paper and create a Tchart/comparison chart on it.
• Label the LEFT side of the chart “YALTA.” Label the RIGHT
side of the chart “POTSDAM.”
• Use the T-chart to take notes about the Yalta and Potsdam
Conferences. (Rather than Cornell Notes).
Yalta Conference
• February, 1945. Yalta is in Russia.
• Meeting between Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin.
• Just shortly after Roosevelt was elected for the 4th time – he was very
ill.
• Germany not yet defeated (remember, didn’t surrender until May).
• “Big Three” decided to divide Germany up even though there was still war.
Yalta Conference
• Germany split into 4 zones of occupation.
• French, Russian, US, England
• The city of Berlin was in the Russian (Soviet) zone.
• Germany had to pay reparations – AGAIN!
• Free elections were to be allowed in Eastern Europe.
Yalta Conference
• German government was set up in Poland – communist and noncommunist.
• Russia agreed to join the war against Japan once Germany was
defeated.
• Creation of the United Nations (UN)
Potsdam Conference
• Remember those questions I asked
you about the photo from the Yalta
Conference? I want you to answer
those same questions about the photo
of the Potsdam Conference. These
are the questions:
HARRY S TRUMAN
rd
33 president
Potsdam Conference
• July, 1945 – Germany
• Truman, Churchill, Stalin
• Roosevelt had died; Churchill lost election so was no longer the PM of Britain
• The atmosphere at Potsdam was not nearly as friendly as at the Yalta Conference
• There were major disagreements between Stalin on one side, Truman and
Churchill on the other.
Potsdam Conference
• Reparations: Russia was given whatever reparations were agreed on for the
Soviet zone PLUS 10 percent of any industrial reparations from the western
zones.
• For example, the Soviets may have been awarded $1000 in reparations
from its zone, but was also wanting 10 percent of the amount of the
other three zones.
• Truman thought the Russians were awarded too much.
• Stalin was not allowing free elections, especially in Poland (remember, this
was the government set up to start governing Germany).
• Stalin was arresting all non-Communist leaders in Poland.
Potsdam Conference
• Many Eastern European countries had Communist governments.
• Big concern for Truman and Churchill.
• Stalin was very angry when Truman dropped the bomb on Japan.
• Truman knew about the successful bomb test, but did not inform
Stalin,
• Truman’s action did not allow Stalin to enter the Pacific theater,
and possibly earn some reparations from that part of the war.
Yalta vs Potsdam Conferences Research Paper
• 1. Who were the people and countries involved? Give facts about the people
(leaders) and how WWII affected their country.
• Research both Yalta and Potsdam Conferences.
• Write a one-page research paper comparing and contrasting the two conferences.
Answer the following:
• What was accomplished at each conference, including similarities and differences.
• How did the change in the leadership (Truman, Churchill/Atlee) affect any decisions made?
• Was there anything that could have been done at EITHER conference to preserve a positive
relationship between the US and the USSR?
• See full directions on the website, including suggestions for research website.
United Nations Headquarters, New York
United Nations Assembly Room
Before the UN
• Nations recognized that isolationism does not work
• This was realized during and after WWII.
• Most wanted to start a period of globalization
An effort to learn to work together for the good of each other and
the world.
Creation of the United Nations
• January 1, 1942: Declaration vowed to create an international postwar
peacekeeping organization.
• 26 nations, led by the US, Great Britain, Soviet Union
• Originally started to combine forces against the Axis powers of WWII
(Germany, Italy, Japan).
• Also agreed not to create a separate peace with any Axis power
• Dedicated to ensuring "life, liberty, independence, and religious
freedom, and to preserve the rights of man and justice.“
Creation of the United Nations
• Aug and Sept, 1944: U.S., British, Soviet, and Chinese representatives
met at Dumbarton Oaks, WA.
• Drafted the charter of a postwar international organization based on
the principle of collective security.
Creation of the United Nations
• They recommended:
• A General Assembly of all member states
• A Security Council consisting of the Big Four plus six members chosen
by the Assembly.
• Voting procedures and the veto power of permanent members of the
Security Council were finalized at the Yalta Conference in 1945
Creation of the United Nations
• April-June 1945: Representatives of 50 nations met in San
Francisco to complete the Charter of the United Nations.
• The United Nations came into existence on October 24, 1945,
after 29 nations had ratified the Charter
Creation of the United Nations
• Created:
• A Security Council of 5 permanent and 6 non-permanent
members,
• Provided for an 18-member Economic and Social Council,
• an International Court of Justice
• A Trusteeship Council to oversee certain colonial
territories
• A Secretariat under a Secretary General.
Security Council
• Five permanent members: China, France, Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, and the United
States
• Each member of the Security Council has the power of veto.
• ALL members must agree to a resolution, or it does not pass.
• “Upper House.” Only the security council can authorize economic sanctions, the use of force and
the deployment of peacekeeping troops.
• Ten non-permanent members elected for two-year terms by the General Assembly (with end of
term date)
• Argentina (2014); Australia (2014); Chad (2015); Chile (2015); Jordan (2015); Lithuania (2015);
Luxembourg (2014); Nigeria (2015); Republic of Korea (2014); Rwanda (2014)
General Assembly
• All member countries are part of the General Assembly.
• Passes resolutions, and can make recommendations to the Security
Council.
• However, it has no power to require action.
The United Nations Today
• More than 60 United Nations Member States have never been Members
of the Security Council.
• “A State which is a Member of the United Nations but not of the Security Council
may participate, without a vote, in its discussions when the Council considers that
that country's interests are affected. Both Members and non-members of the
United Nations, if they are parties to a dispute being considered by the Council,
may be invited to take part, without a vote, in the Council's discussions; the
Council sets the conditions for participation by a non-member State.”
Creation of Israel
• Truman – 1946: Agreed to allow 100,000 displaced persons to enter
Palestine, then declared his approval of a new Jewish state
• UN Resolution 181: Allowed for the creation of both a Jewish and a
Palestine state
• US did not want to allow for states but for territories
• State of Israel approved in May, 1948.
Rebuilding Japan 1945-1952
• Led by Gen Douglas MacArthur
• Allied countries: US, Britain, China, USSR
• Conducted war crimes trials; disarmed the military
• Moved the economy to a capitalist system
MacArthur, Hirohito
Rebuilding Japan 1945-1952
• Emperor had no political power
• Had to renounce the right to wage war
• Does not have a traditional army, but does have a
force for territorial defense
Truman Doctrine, March, 1947
• Containment: an act or policy of restricting the territorial
growth or ideological influence of another, especially a hostile
nation.
• United States would provide political, military and economic
assistance to all democratic nations under threat from
external or internal authoritarian forces.
• Moved US foreign policy away from isolationism.
Truman Doctrine, March, 1947
• Greece and Turkey were the first postwar countries the Soviets
tried to make communist countries.
• The doctrine was to help Greece and Turkey fight communism.
• Truman asked Congress for $400 million for the Greeks and Turks.
• Great Britain did not want to help Greece.
Truman Doctrine, March, 1947
• “…(t)he policy of the United States
to support free peoples who are
resisting attempted subjugation by
armed minorities or by outside
pressures.”
George C Marshall
Marshall Plan, 1948
• June 5, 1947: Secretary of State George C. Marshall issued a
call for a comprehensive program to rebuild Europe.
• March 1948: Congress passed the Economic Cooperation Act
• Approved funding that would eventually rise to over $12
billion for the rebuilding of Western Europe.
Marshall Plan, 1948
• Eventually applied only to Western Europe.
• Recognized as a great humanitarian effort.
• The start of U.S. foreign aid programs, part of U.S. foreign
policy.
NATO/Warsaw Pact
• The Truman Doctrine: Containment of communism.
• Marshall Plan: Economic aid to western Europe to rebuild after
World War II.
• “Iron Curtain” speech:
NATO/Warsaw Pact
• 12 nations signed the original North Atlantic Treaty in 1949, which
created the strategic alliance known as NATO. Those 12 nations
were Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Britain, Iceland, Italy,
Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, and the United
States.