PHILOSOPHY
of SCIENCE
Week 3:
Paradigms of Science
PARADIGM
PARADIGM
STRUCTURE
Theory
Facts
OBJECTS
Isaac Newton’s
Paradigmatic Revolution
Aristotelian  Newtonian
• Matter
• Space
• Time
• Cause
Hylomorphism
Atomism
Finite spherical
Infinite
Cyclic, circular
Infinite, linear
4 organic causes
1 mechanical cause
Paradigms of Science
(implicit philosophical bases of
science)
• Ontological Paradigms
• Epistemological Paradigms
• Axiological Paradigms
ICAS Jakarta 2003
4
Ontological Paradigms
• Materialism
• Atomism
• Mechanism
ICAS Jakarta 2003
5
Ontological Paradigm 1
Materialism
• The objects of science
are pieces of matter
• Matter is the ultimate
reality
• Mind is a material
property
ICAS Jakarta 2003
6
Ontological Paradigm 2
Atomism
• The objects of science
are the sum of parts
• The property of
material objects is
determined by the
interactions of parts
• There are smallest
parts of matter
ICAS Jakarta 2003
7
Ontological Paradigm 3
Mechanism
• The world is a great
machine
• The parts of the world
are machines
• To explain the world,
find its mechanisms
ICAS Jakarta 2003
8
Epistemological Paradigms
• Rationalism
• Empiricism
• Reductionism
ICAS Jakarta 2003
9
Epistemological Paradigm 1
Rationalism
• The universe has a
rational order
• Science find natural
laws rationally
• Science uses Logics
and Mathematics
ICAS Jakarta 2003
10
Epistemological Paradigm 2
Empiricism
• The source of
scientific knowledge
is in the senses
• Instruments are the
extensions of
senses and muscles
ICAS Jakarta 2003
11
Epistemological Paradigm 3
Reductionism
• The whole is the sum
of the parts
• The property of the
whole is only caused
by the interaction of
the parts
• All systems reduced
to machines
12
Axiological Paradigm
• Neutralism
• Humanism
• Individualism
13
Axiological Paradigm 1
Neutralism
• Science is about facts
not values
• Science is value-free
• Science is neutral
ICAS Jakarta 2003
14
Axiological Paradigm 2
Humanism
• Science is human
knowledge
• Science is the highest
knowledge
• Science is for human
welfare
ICAS Jakarta 2003
15
Axiological Paradigm 3
Individualism
• Science is atomistic
• Individual is the atom of
society
• The ultimate goal of
science
is the happiness of the
individuals
ICAS Jakarta 2003
16
PARADIGM OF SCIENCE
AXIOLOGICAL
PARADIGM
Neutralis
m
Humanism
Individualism
Rationalism
TEORI
EPISTEMOLOGICAL
PARADIGM
ONTOLOGICAL
PARADIGM
Empiricis
m
Reductionism
FAKTA
Materialism
Mechanism
Atomism