AME EDUCATION SECTOR PROFILE EGYPT EGYPT Education Structure Public and private schools offer a secular curriculum. The Al-Azhar schools, a quasi-governmental system, offer a religious curriculum. Source: World Bank 2005 EGYPT Education Structure The public system serves about 85% of all Egyptian students, primary to tertiary, and is free at all levels. Education Configuration and Enrollment Percentages Classification Pre-primary Pre-university Tertiary Level/Grade % Net Enrollments Ages 2004 2007 Pre-school 4-5 16%* 17%* Primary, grades 1-6 6-11 98% 96% Lower Secondary, grades 7-9 12-14 82% N/A Upper secondary, grades 10-12 15-17 29% N/A Vocational secondary, grades 10-12 15-17 37% N/A Undergraduate study 18-22 33%* N/A Post graduate study 22+ *Gross Enrollment Rate Source: World Bank 2005, World Development Indicators 2009 EGYPT Population Structure • 63% of Egypt’s population is below the age of 30. • By 2015, the 30-64 year group will be 37%. Young people need good education opportunities now to become effective workers later. 65+ years 4% 30-64 years 33% 0-14 years 34% 15-29 years 29% Egypt’s Population Structure Source: Assaad and Barsoum 2007, EPDC 2009 EGYPT Education Policy Relevant Policies: • National Plan for Education for All 2003-2015 http://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/format_liste_en.php?Chp2=Egypt • National Strategic Plan for Pre-University Education Reform in Egypt 2007-2012 http://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/format_liste_en.php?Chp2=Egypt • Higher Education Reform Strategy 2009 http://www.heep.edu.eg/pmu-report.htm EGYPT Education Access: Pre-university • Primary level is almost full. • Lower secondary level grew at the fastest rate from 1996-2004 (4.15% average change). Net Enrollments Pre-university Education 100.0% 1996 Enrollment (%) 80.0% 2004 • Initial primary data Is from 1990. 60.0% 40.0% 20.0% 0.0% Pre-primary Source: World Bank 2005 Primary Low Secondary Voc Secondary Gen Secondary EGYPT Education Access: Tertiary • Egypt has invested heavily in higher education. • University enrollment increased more than 11% from 1996-2004 University Enrollments 1,600,000 Number of Students 1,400,000 1,200,000 1996 1,000,000 2004 800,000 600,000 400,000 200,000 0 Post Graduate Undergraduate Total University Source: World Bank 2005 EGYPT Education Access: Gender • Girls have nearly reached the same enrollment rates as boys. • Egypt has been very successful in attaining gender parity at this level. Net Primary Enrollments by Gender Percentage Enrollments 100 95 90 85 80 75 Boys 70 Girls 65 60 1991 Source: World Bank EdStats 2000 2002 2004 2007 EGYPT Education Access: Gender Percentage Enrollments • Gender parity has been reached at the secondary levels. • Girls represent 48% of total student numbers at the pre-university level. 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 Secondary Net Enrollments by Gender 1996 Source: World Bank 2005 1998 2000 2002 Lower Secondary Boys Lower Secondary Girls Upper Secondary Boys Upper Secondary Girls 2004 EGYPT Education Quality: Teachers A new teacher professional development and promotion system was adopted in 2007. Source: CIDA 2009 EGYPT Education Quality: Class Density Class Sizes of 40 or More Students in Public Primary Education, Selected Rural Governorates/Metropolitan Areas 2003/04 Fayoum Qena Minya Cairo 61-90 Giza 51-60 Alexandria 41-50 Beheira Assuit 0 Source: World Bank 2005 200 400 600 800 1000 EGYPT Education Quality: Testing • Egypt ranked 37th out of 45 participating countries on an international achievement test in math and science. • Egyptian students scored lower in the 2007 test with an average math score of 396 (406 in 2003) and science score of 408 (421 in 2003). 50% Grade 8 Student Performance TIMSS 2003 40% Science 30% Math 20% 10% 0% Below low (<400) Low (400) Intermed-iate (475) High (550) Advanced (625) Scoring Benchmarks Source: Ministry of Education 2006, World Bank 2007 EGYPT Education Equity: Gender/ Geographic Disparities Gender and geographic disparities in lower secondary enrollment are evident at the governorate level. % Lower Secondary Net Enrollments by Sex and Selected Governorates 2003/04 Metropolitan Boys Girls Gap Alexandra 112.5 110.5 2 Cairo 112.7 113.6 -0.9 Dakahia 89.2 93.1 -3.9 Sharkia 84.9 90.2 -5.3 Beni Suef 91.2 83.1 8.1 Fayoum 86.3 79.6 6.7 Minya 95.8 85.0 10.8 Assiut 86.5 81.2 5.3 Suhag 73.5 73.8 -0.3 Lower Egypt Upper Egypt Source: World Bank 2005 EGYPT Education Equity: Income Disparities Gender, wealth and geographic disparities in school attendance remain, especially at the secondary and tertiary levels. Net Enrollment Rates by Income Quintile and Level 2004/05 120 100 Percentage 85.45 97.63 95.65 93.9 90.76 80 67.82 73.07 60.77 60 43.97 51.09 46.95 40 28.56 19.52 20 12.93 9.67 0 Poorest 2 Grade 1-9 Source: World Bank 2007 3 Income Quintiles Secondary 4 University Richest EGYPT Education Equity: Academic Disparities • A two-track system at secondary level (grades 10-12) streams about 60% of students into Vocational Education. • Tracking is based on 6th and 9th grade test exams scores. Percentage Enrollments at Secondary Education 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 General Secondary 30.5% 32.3% 33.6% 33.2% 34.3% Vocational Secondary 69.5% 67.7% 66.4% 66.8% 65.7% Total Students 1,419,861 Source: World Bank 2005 1,447,030 1,551,518 1,724,454 1,804,835 EGYPT Education Efficiency: Expenditure Public spending on education is high by regional and international standards. Public Spending on Education in MENA as Percentage (Most Recent Year During 1999-2003) Share of GDP OECD 5 1 MENA 11.5 2.3 28 12.5 Yemen 6.2 Jordan 6.5 Source: World Bank 2007 17.5 6.2 Morocco Egypt 18 5.2 West Bank/Gaza Lebanon Share of Publc Spending 6 16.8 13.5 18 EGYPT Education Efficiency: Expenditure Tertiary level absorbs 28% of the budget to service 2 million students while pre-university levels receive 70% to support 16 million students. 2% 28% 30% 17% Pre-school Gen. Secondary 12% 11% Primary Voc. Secondary Lower Secondary Tertiary Egypt Public Education Expenditure Pattern 2002 Source: World Bank 2005 EGYPT Education Efficiency: Repetition • Repetition rates have seen a steady reduction, particularly impressive at the general secondary level. • Repetition at preparatory level remains an issue (average 8%) as it does in Grade 4 and 5 primary levels (both grades average 5.6%). Pre-university Repetition Rates Percetage Repetition 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1996 Primary Source: World Bank 2005 1998 2000 Lower Secondary 2002 Total Secondary 2004 EGYPT Education Efficiency: Repetition Egypt is not as efficient in reducing repetition as other countries which spend similar amounts of public money on education. Public Spending on Education and Primary Repetition Rates 2003/04 12 % GDP Repetition Percentage 10 8 6 4 2 0 Egypt Source: World Bank 2008 Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Yemen MENA OECD EGYPT Education Efficiency: Staff Ratios The teaching to non-teaching/administrator staff ratio at preuniversity levels is about 1:.8, representing an highly inefficient use of public funds. Education Workforce: 1.4 million personnel in the system (2005) Teaching 795,000 (57%) Non-teaching 89,000 (6%) Administrators 516,000 (37%) Source: World Bank 2007 EGYPT Education Efficiency: Staff Ratios The growth of teaching (2%) and non-teaching staff (3.6%) is outpacing the growth of the relevant student populations (1%) at all school levels. % Change in Student Enrollment, Teaching and Non90 teaching/administrative Staff, 1995/96 to 2003/04 80 Students Teaching Staff Non-teaching staff Percentage Change 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 -10 Primary Source: World Bank 2007 Lower Secondary Combined Grades 1-9 Upper Secondary EGYPT Education Efficiency: Private Tutoring A rampant private tutoring system exists. • Theoretically illegal and unacknowledged by the • • • government but a booming business given the low salaries of teachers, high class densities and poor teaching quality, and competitiveness of national exams. Private tutoring expenditure in the aggregate: about 4% of GDP, almost equal to government expenditure on education (about 6%). 40% of students, 60% at secondary level, receive private tutoring (est.). The richest quintile spends 10 times more than the poorest quintile giving them a greater advantage in accessing more desirable education options. Source: World Bank 2007, Assaad and Barsoum 2007, Personal email communication 2009. EGYPT Education: Conclusion Successes: • Access: Near universal primary enrollment. • Quality: Existence of a teacher professional development system. • Equity: Approaching gender equality system-wide. • Efficiency: High levels of public expenditure on education. Challenges: • Access: Geographic and wealth disparities in school enrollment especially at upper education levels. • Quality: High repetition rates at specific grades and level. • Equity: Inequitable academic division of students at secondary education. Inequitable spending patterns on education levels. • Efficiency: Highly uneven staff ratios. Existence of a rampant private tutoring system.