AME EDUCATION
SECTOR PROFILE
Indonesia
Indonesia
Education Structure
Education System Structure
and Gross Enrollments 2007
Source: World Bank EdStats, UNESCO Institute for Statistics
Indonesia
Education Structure
• Compulsory education in Indonesia consists of grades 1-9.
• 25% of children at primary level are over-age as indicated by the large
gross enrollment percentage.
% Net
% Gross
Enrollments Enrollments
Education Configuration and Enrollments 2007
Classification
Level/Grade
Pre-primary Pre-school
Ages
2007
2007
4-5
31%
44%
95%
117%
62%*
91%
42%*
57%
N/A
13%
N/A
18%**
Primary, grades 1-6
7-12
Junior Secondary, grades
Pre-university 7-9
13-15
Senior secondary, grades
10-12
16-18
Tertiary
TVET Secondary
16-18
Post secondary TVET
19-22
2 year degree
19-20
4 year degree
18-22
*2005 data. ** Includes all degree levels of Tertiary.
Source: World Bank EdStats, UNESCO Institute for Statistics
.
Indonesia
Population Structure
• 54% of the population is less than 30 years old.
•Indonesia’s total population is the fourth largest in the world at
240,271,522.
Population Structure: Indonesia (2008)
15-29 years
27%
0-14 years
27%
65+ years
6%
Source: International Labor Organization
30-65 years
40%
Indonesia
Education Policy
Relevant Policies:
• National Education Strategic Plan 2005-2009
(RENSTRA)
http://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/upload/Indonesia/Indonesia%20EducationPlan2005-2009.pdf
• National EFA Action Plan 2003/2015
http://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/upload/Indonesia/Indonesia_EFA_MDA.pdf
• Inclusive Education: The Way of the Future 2008
http://www.ibe.unesco.org/National_Reports/ICE_2008/indonesia_NR08.pdf
Indonesia
Education Access: Pre-university
• Primary enrollments have declined incrementally
• Secondary enrollments are growing strongly, more than 28% since
1990.
Pre-university Enrollment Rates
120.0%
1990
Enrollments (%)
100.0%
2007
80.0%
60.0%
• Pre-
primary,
lower and
upper
secondary:
gross
enrollments
from 2000.
40.0%
20.0%
0.0%
Pre-primary*
Primary
Lower
Secondary*
Upper
Secondary*
Source: World Bank EdStats, Indonesia Ministry of National Education
Total
Secondary
Indonesia
Education Access: Tertiary
• Every year, 450,000 students take the national university entrance
exam to compete for 75,000 seats at public universities.
• Private universities enroll more than double the number of students
who enroll in public universities.
Post-Secondary Gross Enrollments
Number of Students (000)
3500
Public
Private
3000
Total
2500
2000
1500
*Public/
1000
private data
not
available for
2006.
500
0
1990
2000
Source: World Development Indicators, UNESCO 2006
2003
2006
Indonesia
Education Access: Gender
•At the secondary level, the gender gap has closed as a result of girls
and boys enrolling in equal numbers.
• The Gender Parity Index for combined primary and secondary
levels (gross enrollment) is .98.
Percentagbe Enrollments
100.0%
Pre-university Net Enrollments by Gender
80.0%
60.0%
40.0%
20.0%
1990
2000
Primary Boys
Primary Girls
Source: World Bank EdStats
2004
Secondary Boys
2007
Secondary Girls
Indonesia
Education Quality: Teachers
• 63% of teachers have less than a four-year post-secondary education
the government stipulates as a minimum teaching qualification.
• 81% of teachers with the lowest levels of education themselves teach
at the primary level of education.
Teacher Academic Qualifications (2005)
1 year
4%
2 year
26%
3 year
7%
Sr Sec.
26%
Master
0%
Source: Indonesia Ministry of National Education 2008
Bachelor
37%
Indonesia
Education Quality: Teachers
• 66% of remote primary schools do not have enough teachers.
• 68% of urban primary schools have too many teachers.
Over/under Supply of Primary Teachers by Location 2005
80
60
68
55
52
Supply (%)
40
17
20
0
-20
Total
Urban
Rural
Remote
-21
-40
-34
-37
-60
-66
-80
Over-supply
Source: Employment and Deployment Survey 2005
Under-supply
Indonesia
Education Quality: Completion
• Indonesian children are very successful at completing primary
education, in the past girls more so than boys.
Primary Completion Rates
Percentage Completion
108
106
104
102
100
98
96
94
92
90
88
1995
2001
Boys
Source: World Bank EdStats
2004
Girls
Total
2007
Indonesia
Education Quality: Testing
• Indonesia grade 8 students placed 34 out of 45 participating countries
on the 2003 TIMSS and 36 out of 49 on the 2007 TIMSS.
• On the 2007math test, 29% of students did not attain the lowest
benchmark score of 400 and 48% achieved the low benchmark score.
Grade 8 Student Performance TIMSS Math 2007
Percentage Attainment
60%
50%
Math
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Below low
(<400)
Low (400)
Intermed-iate
(475)
Scoring Benchmarks
Source: TIMSS 2007 International Math Report
High (550)
Advanced (625)
Indonesia
Education Equity: Geographic Disparities
• The diverse and wide variation in geographic and population
distribution patterns of Indonesia challenge national education
reform planning and implementation.
• For example, in 2004, net enrollment rates in primary education
ranged from approximately 80% in the province of Papua to about
95% in Kalimantan Tengah.
• At the junior secondary level, net enrollment rates varied from
about 41% in Papua to approximately 77% in D.I Yogyakarta, and at
the senior secondary level, from around 20% in Sulawesi Barat to
approximately 62% in D.I. Yogyakarta.
• The system must also be responsive to the religious and cultural
diversity in the country, acknowledging many faiths and ethnicities
of the population.
Source: EFA Mid Decade Assessment Indonesia 2007
Indonesia
Education Equity: Income Disparities
• Primary enrollment is almost universal across wealth quintiles.
• The poorest students have little access to university education.
Enrollments by Income Quintile and Level (2003)
120
Enrollment (%)
100
80
Primary
60
Jr
Secondary
40
Sr
Secondary
University
20
0
Poorest Q
Q2
Source: Triaswati and Roesian 2003
Q3
Q4
Richest Q
Indonesia
Education Equity: Academic Disparities
• Pre-primary education is largely provided by private entities.
• A large proportion of technical-vocational education is offered
privately but recent research questions quality of education offered at
these institutions.
Private Share of Education Provision
Enrollment Percentage
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2000
Pre-primary
Sr. Secondary
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics
2002
2004
Primary
TVET Secondary
2007
Jr. Secondary
Indonesia
Education Efficiency: Expenditure
• Education share of GDP has increased from 2.5% to 3.9% and
share of public expenditure has risen from 12% to 16.8% since
2000.
Public Spending on Education in
SE Asia % (Most recent year 2000-2005)
OECD
% Public
Spending
% GDP
ASEAN
Bangladesh
Laos
Indonesia
India
Cambodia
Thailand
Philippines
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
Source: World Bank Education at a Glance, Global Monitoring Report 2008
25.0%
30.0%
Indonesia
Education Efficiency: Expenditure
• The large expenditures on primary education have paid off in
almost universal enrollments at that level.
Education Spending Pattern 2005
Jr Secondary
27%
Primary
46%
Tertiary
12%
Source: World Bank 2007 Investing in Indonesia’ s Education
Sr Secondary
15%
Indonesia
Education Efficiency: Repetition
• Apparently, primary repetition rates have been a target of the
government in the past and are now quite low.
• Repetition appears to be no issue at the secondary level.
Primary and Secondary Repetition Rates
7
REpetition (%)
6
Primary
5
Secondary
4
3
2
1
0
2000
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics
2002
2004
2007
Indonesia
Education Efficiency: Repetition
• Indonesia compares favorably with other ASEAN countries with
similar spending rates to address repetition at the primary level.
14
Public Spending on education and primary repetition rates
ASEAN (most recent year 2000-2006)
Percentages
12
%GDP
10
8
6
4
2
0
Source: World Bank Education at a Glance
Repetition
Indonesia
Education: Conclusion
Successes:
• Access: Near universal primary enrollments. Strong secondary growth.
• Quality: High primary completion rates.
• Equity: Approaching gender parity across pre-university levels.
• Efficiency: Increasing public education expenditures. Low/falling repetition
rates.
Challenges:
• Access: Limited public tertiary growth.
• Quality: Low teacher academic qualifications. Poor student academic
achievement as measured by international testing.
• Equity: Geographic and wealth disparities in school enrollments especially
at upper education levels. Private provision of education at all levels but
quality and cost issues.
• Efficiency: