http://www.edwardtufte.com/tufte/sculpture

Sculpture is a 3dimensional object possessing height, width and depth. It occupies real space.
http://www.sculpture.org/documents/curriculm/essay.htm

Freestanding works can be viewed in the round; each position gives the viewer a different viewpoint.

http://www.tate.org.uk/collection/T/T01/T01136_9.jpg
is attached to a flat surface and projects outward from the background. The viewer looks at the relief from a straight-on position.
This image is of Pablo Picasso’s
Still Life, 1914 and is made up of painted wood and upholstery fringe.

The process of creating a sculpture can be different than creating a painting because certain materials, such as bronze or other metals, require a technician to assist in casting or cutting.
This sculpture is by Henry
Moore.
http://tlfe.org.uk/imart/bretton%20park/Dcp_0424.jpg

http://www.mmwindowtoart.com/3d/plas4.html
Sculpture can be examined through the elements of line, colour, form, texture and of course, space. These plaster forms combine a smooth surface with texture.

You can also analyze how the elements are organized by looking at scale, balance, rhythm, proportion, emphasis, unity pattern and variety.
This image uses texture to create contrast while positive and negative space are similar in proportion to each other, creating unity.
http://www.mmwindowtoart.com/3d/plas4.html

• the artist’s background, experience and vision
• cost and availability of materials
• location of sculpture
• trends and art movements
• cultural environment
• purpose of sculpture, eg. combined with function or to depict an event.
http://www.sculpture.org/documents/curriculm/essay.htm

Where would I like my sculpture garden to be? For example, your backyard, in a shopping centre, inside a court at the new school? Be as wild and creative as you’d like.
Then reflect on whether you’d like one huge sculpture, many little ones, created by you, created by a group, etc?

shows a steady movement towards abstraction. Subject matter is less important, the human figure abandoned.
Emphasis is placed on the art object itself, or the idea behind the sculpture.
http://www.sculpture.org/documents/curriculm/essay.htm

http://www.msubillings.edu/art/images/Abstraction/Constantin%2520Bra ncusi_Bird%2520in%2520Space_1928.jpg
Constantin Brancusi’s sculpture, 1928, polished brass, height 53”, demonstrates the new abstraction. He also placed a new emphasis on materials stone had to look like stone there would no longer be an effort to trick the eye.
Integrity was the byword.

http://members.tripod.com/mihairadu/Brancusi.html
Here is one of Brancusi’s stone scupltures. In describing the evolution of his art, he said:
"One arrives at simplicity … as one approaches the real meaning of things." Two simple organic shapes predominate in his work: the egg and the elongated cylinder.
The Sleeping Muse (1906,
Museum of Art, Bucharest), shows a figure represented simply as a stylized ovoid head.

Starting around the 1950’s, incorporating found objects, welding metal and recombining what already existed were techniques being chosen over traditional casting or modeling. The assemblage, joining together of found objects in a single meaning or context was especially used by American artists in the 50’s and 60’s.
Jean Dubuffet, French, 1901-1985
The Soul of Morvan , 1954
Grape wood and vines mounted on slag base, with tar, rope, and metal
(46.5 x 38.9 x 32.4 cm)

From Wikipedia.org:
Found art, or more commonly and less confusingly,
'Found Object' is a term used to describe art created from common objects not normally considered to be artistic. The idea behind found art is that the piece of art derives its significance from the context into which it is put. Found art blurs the traditional lines of what art is and questions the very nature of art itself.

Granite sculpture outside of 2075 Bayview Ave.,
Sunnybrook Health
Centre, "L"Wing

When found objects were taken out of their usual context, people were challenged to view the new associations they would create. www.johndahlsen.com/ lastest_installation.html
Driftwood Assemblage # 1
(Diptych)
John Dahlsen, 2004
101cms x 194 cms 60 cms x 194 cms
Found objects (driftwood) on plywood.

During these years, conceptual art became an important idea in the art world. It was an art form in which the idea and the process by which it is presented take precedence over the physical or tangible product .
Conceptual art works sometimes exist only as descriptions of concepts or ideas. One of the reasons for this trend was to avoid the commercialization of art. Art was big business!

is famous for some of the earliest examples of found art. For the work
Fountain,1917, he signed a urinal with the pseudonym "R. Mutt" and mounted it face up. Why?
Duchamp wanted to show the world that art could take any form .
In 2004, a poll of 500 art experts declared that Duchamp’s Urinal topped the list of the most influencial work of modern art of all time. HU???
"The choice of Duchamp's Fountain as the most influential work of modern art ahead of works by Picasso and Matisse comes as a bit of a shock," said art expert Simon Wilson. "But it reflects the dynamic nature of art today and the idea that the creative process that goes into a work of art is the most important thing - the work itself can be made of anything and can take any form." http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4059997.stm

The 60’s was known as an era when people questioned traditions and values. Social commentary was expressed through sculpture and other media and popular culture became a favourite subject.
Robert Indiana, who created this sculpture in 1976 said:
“Some people like to paint trees. I like to paint love. I find it more meaningful than painting trees”.
www.writedesignonline.com/ history-culture/pop.htm

Apple Core, 1992
Claes Oldenburg,
American, born 1929
Stainless steel, urethane foam, resin, and urethane enamel
Height: 3 m (9 ft 9 in)

The broadening of the definition of 3-dimensional art then extended itself to installation s, in which the viewer could experience the work in different ways, Installations not by just standing in front of it.
Where Life is
Better ,
Pat Badani,
2003
Multimedia
Installation http://www.ibiblio.org/pbadani/i_space1.html

Installation at the Koffler
Gallery, BJCC, 2005

Steel &
Wood, installed in 1995 outside the BJCC

Vera Frenkel is one of
Canada's most renowned multidisciplinary artists, respected both internationally and at home. Her installations, videotapes, performances and new media projects address the forces at work in human migration, the learning and unlearning of cultural memory, and the ever-increasing bureaucratization of experience.

Body Missing, 1994+
About the Nazi looting of art. The
Body Missing comprises a 6 channel video installation and display and a web site. It has now toured
15 cities and 10 countries.

Christo & Jeanne-Claude

Christo and
Jeanne-Claude
The Wall -
13,000 Oil
Barrels
Gasometer,
Oberhausen,
Germany 1999

Wrapped Trees
The Fondation Beyeler,
Berower Park, Riehen, Switzerland

Another movement that emerged from conceptual art was that of earthworks or environmental art . Works were not installed in traditional venues of galleries and museums, but are built to be part of their surroundings. http://faculty.evansville.edu/rl29/art105/img/smithson_spiraljetty.jpg
Environmental Art
Robert Smithson used the earth itself to create sculptural landscapes called earthworks.
Spiral Jetty was done through the use of heavy equipment moving earth around. Its form was invented by the the moundbuilding societies of early native American people.

Do you have something to say?!?!?!
Do you want to make a statement?
Or reflect something in your life?
Or in nature?
Or interpret something in a unique way?

The Toronto Sculpture Garden opened in 1981. It is located at 115 King Street East and offers a variety of contemporary sculptures through different exhibitions.

The sculpture pictured to the right is Universal Man by Gerald
Gladstone. The CN Railway commissioned Gladstone to produce a work of art to create a balance of human scale to the CN Tower. The work represents the largest bronze male figure in Canada.
The sculpture symbolizes earthbound human energies reaching towards a higher universal knowledge through communications.
http://www.geraldgladstone.ca/psc.htm

Male Figure Sitting on a Bench
Corten steel, 70" x 32" x 48"

Untitled
Steel, Installed in 1992 at the BJCC, Koffler Gallery

Environment Canada
Atmospheric Environment Service
Installed June 1971
Title of Work: The sculptor never gives names to any of his works, however he uses the following verse to describe his sculpture (edited by teacher to avoid references to avodah zarah):
Three dark figures making the weather
In folk, in myth, in legend
One is isolate,Two is divisive,Three is peace.
Three is Torment. Three is Potent.
Power, Power, Power. Air, Fire, Water.
Three dark figures Making the weather.

ENTRANCE GATEWAY
TO MEL LASTMAN SQUARE
NORTH YORK CITY HALL
Welded steel, painted. Stainless steel cylinder etched,
8m high x 7m.

Snakes & Ladders Fence

Post-Modern Man,
Sellers Swing Gate

A closer look at the gracefully arching pine being bent by the wind reveals the form of a woman, embodying our human connection to our wilderness heritage. The sculpture is rooted on a platform of
Muskoka granite,and stands nine feet tall.
--------------------------------------
Location: 900 Don Mills Road,
Tilley Endurables

Campsite Founding
(Brad Golden and Lynne
Eichenberg, at Simcoe Place
Park 1994) Commemorates the contributions of John
Graves Simcoe and wife
Elizabeth to the establishment of Upper Canada.
What critics say: Doesn't suit the site. Should be moved closer to the lake - and maybe thrown in.
http://www.nowtoronto.com/issues/2004-10-21/news_insight_p.html

Time to record some more ideas…
Will your work be permanent or temporary?
Will you use natural materials or man-made?
Are you inspired by anything you’ve seen in this PowerPoint or in Toronto or in your travels or in books or on the internet….. ?

Untitled (Mountain)
(Anish Kapoor, at
Simcoe Place Park 1995)
"Was not necessarily created to pose any specific question or to seek a finite resolution to any particular issue," is what the city's Art Walk brochure says - which is where the controversy begins.
What critics say: A brave choice or complete waste of money, depending on whom you talk to.

Selections From The Synopsis Of Categories
(Micah Lexier, inside Metro Hall 1992) An ode to city employees.
What critics say: A success. Allows for contemplation and doesn't get in the way of what you're there to do.

(Ruth Abernethy, at the south entrance of CBC Building on
Front 1999)
Tribute to internationally renowned pianist Glenn Gould based on a photograph by Don
Hunstein.
What critics say: Enough already with the statues of famous people sitting on benches.

( Michael Snow, at Skydome,
1989) Animated figures face the city, turning the everyday activities and lives of its occupants into a spectacle.
What critics says. Whimsical, oddly fascinating and a good counterbalance to "artier" pieces in the city's collection.

(Ted Bieler, at Front and
University, 1984)
Commissioned by Marathon
Realty to mark Toronto's sesquicentennial and symbolize growth of our city.
What critics say: A rare example of corporate art that actually fits into its surroundings.

Gardiner East Public
Art Project
(overseen by artist
John McKinnon)
Columns of the former
Gardiner Expressway restored to provide "a frame for the entranceway to the new urban corridor."
What critics say:
Creates a surprising sense of space in windblown wasteland.

(Kosso Eloul, at Toronto
General Hospital's
Elizabeth Street entrance,
1978) One of many modular pieces by Eloul scattered across the city as part of a study in balance.
What critics say: Way too linear -- and way too many of them.

(Sorel Etrog, at University and King, 1984) Bronze commissioned by Sun Life
Assurance Company and dedicated to the city.
What critics say: Tame. A good example of the bad art that happens when artists try to satisfy corporate clients instead of creating art for the public.

Sorel Etrog , a Jewish artist who was born in Romania, moved first to Israel and then settled in Canada, designed the statuette for the Genie awards in 1968. He is a member of the
Order of Canada. He is also a writer and playwright.

(Henry Moore, at Nathan
Phillips Square 1966)
Specially designed and created by Moore and purchased and erected for the city by private subscription.
What critics say: Exquisite .
Conceived in relation to the notion of space.
http://www.city.toronto.on.ca/city_hall_tour/images/archer_3_200.jpg

(Stephen Cruise, at
Richmond and Spadina)
Nine-foot stack of coloured buttons capped by bronze thimble commemorates contributions of fashion industry workers.
What critics say: A good argument for bringing back wide-open competitions for public art projects.
Monument to Fashion

(Mark Di Suvero, in
High Park, 1967) A remnant of the
Midsummer Night's
Dream International
Sculpture Symposium and one of two Di
Suvero "sculptures" in
High Park.
What critics say: We don't care - it looks like junk.
No Shoes

Patterns For The
"Tree Of Life"
( John McEwen, on
Park Street, 1989)
Commissioned by the city of Toronto and
Crown Life Insurance
Company.
Inscription: "In the faces of our children in the songs of our voices." to a public art collection obsessed with animals

November Pyramid
(Bernard Schottlander, in
High Park, 1967) Centrepiece of High Park sculpture garden and yet another commission of the Midsummer Night's
Dream International Sculpture
Symposium.
What critics say: Far less than local residents, who've defaced the piece so often that the city was forced to apply a protective wax coating in
1999.

Bronze &
Wood at BJCC, installed in
2004

Tengoku, 1977-78.
Interior garden for
Sogetsu Kaikan, Tokyo,
Japan. Photo: Michio
Noguchi.

Delegates Patio, Gardens for UNESCO, 1956-58,
UNESCO Headquarters, Paris, France.

Detail of the Billy Rose Sculpture Garden, 1960-65,
The Israel Museum, Jerusalem.

Model for U.S. Pavilion, Expo 70, painted plaster. Unrealized. Collection of the Isamu
Noguchi Foundation, Inc. Photo: Kevin Noble.

International Directory of Sculpture Gardens http://www.artnut.com/intl.html
Toronto Sculpture Garden
115 King Street East http://www.torontosculpturegarden.com
Toronto Sculptures http://www.ruthard.ca/art/bathurst.html