Chapter 8

Splash Screen

2

CHAPTER FOCUS

SECTION 1 Ancient African Kingdoms

SECTION 2 The Middle Kingdoms

SECTION 3 East African Civilizations

SECTION 4 Path to the Americas

SECTION 5 Mesoamerica

SECTION 6 The Incas

CHAPTER SUMMARY & STUDY GUIDE

CHAPTER ASSESSMENT

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Contents

3

Overview

• Chapter 8 focuses on the development of civilization in Africa and the Americas. 

– Section 1 discusses the Kush and Aksum civilizations. 

– Section 2 describes West African kingdoms. 

– Section 3 describes the contributions of the

East African civilizations. 

– Section 4 explains why people migrated to the

Americas. 

– Section 5 summarizes the civilizations of

Mesoamerica. 

– Section 6 analyzes the Inca civilization of

South America.

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Chapter Focus 1

4

Objectives

After studying this chapter, you will be able to:

• discuss how the ancient civilizations of Kush and Aksum passed along their culture. 

• summarize how West African and East African kingdoms developed because of trade. 

• explain how bands of people crossed into the

Americas. 

• describe the civilizations that developed in

Mesoamerica. 

• discuss Inca culture.


Chapter Focus 2

5

Read to Discover

• How the ancient African civilizations of Kush and Aksum passed along elements of their culture 

• How West African kingdoms and East African civilizations grew because of trade 

• How Native Americans developed farming and other skills 

• What kinds of civilizations developed in

Mesoamerica 

• What life was like for the Inca of South

America

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Chapter Focus is on page 129 of your textbook.

Chapter Focus 3

6

Terms to Learn

• silent barter



• pilgrimage



• population explosion 

• quipus



People to Know

• Sunni Ali



• Pachacuti



(cont.)

• Askia Muhammad



• Montezuma II



People to Know

• Kashta



• Piankhi



• Ezana



• Sundiata Keita



• Mansa Musa



Places to Locate

• Meroë



• Timbuktu



• Zimbabwe



• Bering Strait



• Tenochtitlán



• Kilwa

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Chapter Focus 4

7

Why It’s Important

While armies carved out empires in the

Middle East, civilizations developed in

Africa south of the Sahara and in the

Americas. Through conquest and trade,

Africans and early Americans built great kingdoms and empires that rivaled civilizations elsewhere in the world.

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Chapter Focus 5

End of Chapter Focus

9

Ancient African Kingdoms

• Other civilizations besides Egypt flourished in ancient Africa. 

• Less is known about them than about

Egypt. 

• However, archaeologists have discovered enough remains to be able to tell what

African civilizations were like.

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1 begins on page 129 of your textbook.

Section 1-1

10

Kush

• The first of these African civilizations was

Kush, which lay south of Egypt on the Nile

River in present-day Sudan. 

• About 2000

B.C.

, the Kushites were nomadic cattle herders, grazing long-horned cattle on a savannah , or grassy plain. 

• During the New Kingdom, Egyptian armies conquered Kush. 

• About 1160

B.C.

, Egypt’s power declined and the Kushites won back their independence and set up a capital at Napata.


Section 1-2

11

Kush

(cont.)

• About 750 B.C., the Kushite king Kashta set out to conquer Egypt. 

• His son Piankhi completed the conquest and founded a dynasty that ruled Egypt for 70 years.



• However, during the 600s

B.C.

, the

Assyrians invaded Egypt, and drove the

Kushites back to the south. 

• Despite their losses, the Kushites did gain something: they learned the secret of ironsmelting from the Assyrians.


Section 1-3

12

Kush

(cont.)

• Soon, Kushite farmers, using iron hoes, were growing large amounts of grain. 

• Around 540 B.C., the Kushites moved their capital to Meroë.



• Kush remained a great trading country for some 600 years, and then began to decline. 

• As it declined, Aksum, in present-day

Ethiopia, rose to take its place. 

• About 350

A.D.

, Aksumite armies burned

Meroë to the ground.


Section 1-4

13

Aksum

• Like Kush, Aksum was a trading country.



• Jewish, Greek, and Arab merchants settled in Aksum. 

• It was most likely the Greeks who brought

Christianity to Aksum. 

• Emperor Ezana, whose armies had destroyed Meroë, converted to

Christianity in 324

A.D.



• This heritage was passed down to the present day.


Section 1-5

14

Aksum

(cont.)

• Aksumites developed a writing system, minted gold coins, and learned to farm on terraces , or raised levels of land. 

• Over time, Aksum’s power as a trading country began to decline. 

• After Arab armies swept across North

Africa in the 600s

A.D.

, the Aksumites retreated toward the interior, or inland areas, of their country. 

• There, they lived in isolation for more than

1,000 years.


Section 1-6

15

Section Assessment

How did the Kushites and

Egyptians influence each other?

Kushites learned to worship the god

Amon-Re, how to work in copper and bronze, and to adapt hieroglyphs to fit their language. Egypt was also ruled for a time by Kush and was also influenced through trade.

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Section 1-Assessment 1

16


(cont.)

Why did the Kushites choose

Meroë as their capital?

It was on the Nile, it lay near large deposits of iron ore and trees to fuel smelting furnaces, and it had good grazing land.



17


(cont.)

Making Generalizations How were the kingdoms of Kush and

Aksum influenced by other cultures?

Kushites learned iron-smelting from the Assyrians; they worshiped the same god and built pyramids like the

Egyptians; Aksumites took

Christianity from the Greeks.



18


(cont.)

Draw a diagram like the one on page 131 of your textbook, and use it to show the effects of ironsmelting on Kush.

Possible effects: made iron hoes, which increased grain production; made iron knives and spears for trade; moved capital to Meroë, where large deposits of iron ore and trees to fuel smelting could be found; grew into a great trading nation.



End of Section 1

20

The Middle Kingdoms

• Several large trading kingdoms arose in

West Africa after 400

A.D.



• Their rise was aided by the knowledge of iron-smelting. 

• This was most likely brought to West

Africa by refugees, or people who flee for safety, from Kush.


Section 2-1

21

Ghana

• The first of these trading kingdoms was

Ghana. 

• Legend has it that Ghana was founded about 200

A.D.



• Around 350

A.D.

, the Ghanians learned how to smelt iron. 

• They also gained control over West

Africa’s major trade routes.



• The most important traded goods were salt and gold.


Section 2-2

22

Ghana

(cont.)

• Caravans carried salt south from Taghaza in present-day Algeria and returned north with gold from Wangara, an area southwest of

Ghana. 

• Ghanian merchants and Wangara gold miners used a trading technique called silent barter .



• In 1042

A.D.

, Arabs from North Africa started a war against Ghana.


Section 2-3

Ghana

(cont.)

• The Arabs destroyed the capital and made the Ghanians give them tribute. 

• Ghana managed to regain its independence but was not strong enough to survive.

23


Section 2-4

24

Mali

• By 1240

A.D.

, Ghana was a part of Mali, the second large trading kingdom in West

Africa. 

• Sundiata Keita, the king of Mali, did several things to make his kingdom strong: 

– He reestablished the salt-gold trade, which the

Arabs had disrupted. 

– He organized a permanent army.



– He divided the kingdom into provinces, each headed by a general. 

– He moved his capital from place to place.


Section 2-5

25

Mali

(cont.)

• One of the most famous kings of Mali was

Mansa Musa I, or King Moses I. 

• He led a pilgrimage , or religious journey, to Arabia in 1324 –25; it took more than 14 months to cover the 3,000 miles. 

• Within 100 years after Mansa Musa’s death, Mali lost its land to others due to weak leadership.


Section 2-6

26

Songhai

• The kingdom that replaced Mali as the most powerful in West Africa was Songhai. 

• The Sultan Sunni Ali, in 1464, ruled

Songhai from the city of Gao. 

• Following Sunni Ali’s death, Askia

Muhammad came to power in Songhai. 

• Songhai was more organized than the other two kingdoms. 

• It was divided into provinces with a governor for each.


Section 2-7

27

Songhai

(cont.)

• Despite its power, Songhai lasted only 100 years. 

• In 1591

A.D.

, a Moroccan army, armed with guns, sought to capture Songhai’s gold mines. 

• The Moroccans defeated Songhai’s soldiers, who were armed with swords and spears.


Section 2-8


What were two important trade goods in West Africa?

Two important trade goods were salt and gold.

28



29


(cont.)

How was the kingdom of Songhai organized?

It was divided into provinces, each with a governor. Everyone used the same weights, measures, and legal system.



30


(cont.)

Making Inferences Why do you think

Ghanian merchants set up a system called silent barter?

Answers will vary but might include that Ghanian merchants might have been dealing with people who did not speak their language.



31


(cont.)

Draw a diagram like the one on page

134 of your textbook, and use it to summarize the accomplishments of the three great West African kingdoms.

Accomplishments should reflect the policies established by the rulers of each kingdom, particularly the growth of trade and encouragement of learning.



End of Section 2

33

East African Civilizations

• The growth of trading kingdoms in West

Africa was matched by the rise of trading kingdoms and city-states in East Africa.



• Goods moved from the interior of East

Africa to coastal markets, which, in time, became large city-states. 

• Each of these had its own ruler and government.


Section 3-1

34

Zimbabwe

• One of the best-known trading kingdoms was Zimbabwe. 

• Their ancestors, the Shona, once lived in present-day Nigeria in West Africa.



• About 100

A.D.

, a population explosion , or a large and sudden growth in population, took place forcing some people to move. 

• The Shona settled in Zimbabwe in East

Africa about 700

A.D.

, where they built towns of stone.


Section 3-2

35

Zimbabwe

(cont.)

• The people of Zimbabwe viewed their chief as a god-king. 

• Officials imitated him; if he coughed, they coughed; when he ate, they ate.



• Zimbabwe’s people traded gold, copper, and ivory from the interior to merchants from cities along Africa’s east coast.


Section 3-3

36

Kilwa

• Another important trading city-state in East

Africa was Kilwa. 

• The people of Kilwa collected heavy taxes from traders of other countries. 

• They used their wealth to extend their power over neighboring city-states. 

• A culture known as Swahili–a mix of

African and Arabic cultures –developed in

Kilwa and other East African city-states.


Section 3-4


How did the people of Zimbabwe view their leader?

They viewed him as a god-king.

37


Section 3- Assessment 1

38


(cont.)

How did the people at Kilwa use their wealth?

They used their wealth to extend their power over neighboring city-states, to dress in fine cotton and silk, and to fill their houses with riches from India and China.



39


(cont.)

Understanding Cause and Effect A population explosion among the

Shona caused many of these people to leave their homeland. What are some of the events or conditions that might cause people to leave their homelands today?

People might leave their homelands because of war, famine, disease, religious persecution, or simply hope of a better life.



40


(cont.)

Draw a diagram like the one on page 137 of your textbook, and use it to show features of

Swahili culture.

Swahili culture was made up of citystates, traded with people across the

Red Sea and Indian Ocean, and spoke a language created from

Arabic and Bantu.



End of Section 3

42

Path to the Americas

• Until about 25,000 years ago, there were no people in the Americas.



• Then, bands of people began to cross into the Americas from Asia over a land bridge formed during the last Ice Age. 

• Today, this bridge is covered by the waters of the Bering Strait. 

• Experts believe people reached the southern tip of South America by about

9000

B.C.


Section 4-1

43

Path to the Americas

(cont.)

• About 7000

B.C.

, the last Ice Age ended and the climate became hotter and drier. 

• By 6000

B.C.

, people in the Tehuacán

Valley south of present-day Mexico City had developed farming. 

• By 3000

B.C.

, there were thousands of small farming villages all through the

Americas. 

• Between 3000

B.C.

and 1000

B.C.

, people developed such skills as weaving and pottery making.


Section 4-2


How did hunting-and-gathering bands travel to the Americas?

They came across a land bridge over the Bering Strait.

44



45


(cont.)

How long may it have taken for people to spread out over North and South America?

It may have taken from 23,000

B.C.

to

9000

B.C.

, or about 14,000 years to spread out.



46


(cont.)

When and where did farming first appear?

By about 6000

B.C.

, people in the

Tehuacán Valley south of present-day

Mexico City had developed farming.



47


(cont.)

Understanding Cause and Effect

What do you think caused huntingand-gathering bands to push farther south into the Americas?

Answers will vary but could include the need for food, safety from attack, weather, or curiosity.



48


(cont.)


138 of your textbook, and use it to show the cause and effects of the invention of farming in Mesoamerica.

cause –end of the last Ice Age and the disappearance of most large game effects –rise of farming villages, development of weaving and pottery making, construction of irrigation ditches, population growth



End of Section 4

Mesoamerica

• As the number of people grew, societies became more complex. 

• Several great civilizations rose in

Mesoamerica, or Middle America, before

900

A.D.

and others later.

50


Section 5-1

51

The Olmecs

• One of the earliest civilizations in

Mesoamerica was that of the Olmecs which came into being around 1000

B.C.



• About 900 years later, it disappeared mysteriously.



• They developed planned cities, hieroglyphic writing, and a calendar. 

• The Olmecs lived along the southern coast of the Gulf of Mexico.


Section 5-2

52

The Mayas

• Another great civilization, that of the Mayas, began in Mesoamerica about 500

B.C.



• It reached its peak between 300 and

900

A.D. 

• The Mayas lived in present-day southeast

Mexico, Belize, and Guatemala. 

• The Mayas were great traders and their cities were linked by roads paved with white cement.


Section 5-3

53

The Mayas

(cont.)

• The Maya adapted their own hieroglyphs from the Olmecs. 

• Mayan mathematicians came up with the idea of zero and a counting system based on 20. 

• They also made cotton cloth and paper.



• About 900

A.D.

, most Mayas abandoned their cities and disappeared. 

• No one knows exactly why.


Section 5-4

54

The Aztecs

• Later, a third great civilization, that of the

Aztecs, rose in Mesoamerica. 

• About 1200

A.D.

, the Aztecs began moving south into the central valley of Mexico. 

• By 1400

A.D.

, the Aztec Empire had 5 million people. 

• Tenochtitlán, their capital, was built on an island in Lake Texcoco and was home to about 300,000 people. 

• Causeways , or paved roads, connected the island to the mainland.


Section 5-5

55

The Aztecs

(cont.)

• To feed the people, they filled in parts of the lake and dug drainage canals to create more farmland. 

• To the Aztecs, war and religion were closely connected. 

• The people worshiped two major gods–the rain god who stood for the peaceful life of farming and the sun god who stood for war and expanding empire. 

• The Aztecs believed that the sun god needed human sacrifices.


Section 5-6

The Aztecs

(cont.)

• The Aztec Empire reached its height in the early 1500s under Montezuma II. 

• Easily defeated by the Spaniards, the

Aztecs lost their empire.

56


Section 5-7


What were some of the accomplishments of the Olmec?

They farmed and built stone cities.

57




How did the Aztec Empire come to an end?

The Spaniards, who had guns and horses, defeated the Aztecs.

58



59


(cont.)

Drawing Conclusions Why do you think Mayan civilization ended?

Answers will vary but could include disease, conquering army, poor farming, and bad weather conditions.



60


(cont.)


140 of your textbook, and use it to summarize the accomplishments of the three great Mesoamerican civilizations

Olmec –planned cities, hieroglyphic writing, calendar; Maya –religious cities, cement roads for trade, hieroglyphic writing, idea of zero and counting system based on 20, ability to predict eclipses, 365-day calendar, production of cotton cloth and paper; Aztec –construction of huge empire, monumental architecture of

Tenochtitlán, use of drainage canals and aqueducts



End of Section 5

62

The Incas

• About the same time the Aztecs moved south into central Mexico, the Incas moved out from Peru. 

• They established an empire that stretched along the west coast of South America for about 2,500 miles. 

• By the 1500s, there were 12 million people in the Inca Empire.


Section 6-1

63

History

• The Incas started out as farmers and shepherds. 

• In 1438, the Inca ruler Pachacuti conquered several neighboring peoples and founded the Inca Empire. 

• Pachacuti had a huge system of stonepaved roads built for military and government use.


Section 6-2

64

Inca Way of Life

• A ruler, known as the Inca, determined the way of life. 

• Land belonged to the ruler and not to the people who worked it. 

• Special accountants used quipus , or counting devices, to keep track of people and goods. 

• The wealth of the Inca Empire was evident in the Inca’s extravagant surroundings.


Section 6-3

Inca Way of Life

(cont.)

• His palace, the size of a town, had hundreds of rooms and thousands of servants. 

• A desire for this wealth was part of the reason the Spaniards destroyed the Inca

Empire in the early 1500s.

65


Section 6-4


How big was the Inca Empire at its peak?

The Inca Empire had 12 million people.

66



67


(cont.)

How did Pachacuti hold the Inca

Empire together?

He ordered conquered peoples to worship the Inca sun god, made

Quechua the official language, and moved people who had been living under Inca rule into newly conquered lands.



68


(cont.)

Demonstrating Reasoned Judgment

Suppose the Inca had the choice of keeping Pachacuti as their leader or electing a new one. Which choice do you think they would have taken?

Explain.

Some people might have preferred to replace him with a less strict, less dictatorial leader. Others may have wanted to keep him as a leader since he provided well for them.



69


(cont.)


142 of your textbook, and use it to show the changes that Pachacuti brought to the Incan way of life.

before – made up of farmers and shepherds living in scattered villages after – a large unified empire connected by roads and customs



End of Section 6

71

Chapter Summary & Study Guide

• The Kushites and Egyptians influenced each other through conquest and trade. 

• The Aksumites destroyed Kush and later converted to Christianity. 

• The kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai built West African empires based on a trade in salt and gold. 

• A population explosion led the Shona to build Zimbabwe in East Africa.


Chapter Summary 1

72

Chapter Summary & Study Guide

(cont.)

• Kilwa and other coastal cities handled trade between Africa and Arabia, Persia,

India, and China. 

• The Olmec and the Maya invented many new ideas, including forms of writing and a calendar. 

• The Aztec and the Inca built complex civilizations that lasted until the time of

European arrival in the Americas.


Chapter Summary 2

End of Chapter Summary

Understanding the Main Idea

How did Ghana gain control of

West African trade routes?

by the use of iron swords and lances

74


Chapter Assessment 1

75


What was the effect of Mansa

Musa’s pilgrimage?

News of Mansa Musa and Mali spread as far as Europe. Mansa

Musa also met a Spanish architect while in Arabia and convinced him to help build a university in Timbuktu.



76


What was the main difference between the Mesoamerican civilizations that developed before and after 900

A.D.

?

The earlier civilizations were peaceful, had rulers interested in learning, religion and trade; later civilizations were warlike, with religions marked by human sacrifice.




What did the Olmec contribute to other civilizations?

planned cities, hieroglyphic writing, a calendar

77



78


How did the Aztec treat the people they conquered?

The Aztecs made them pay tribute and sacrificed some of them to the sun god.




Who directed and controlled the

Incan way of life?

the ruler

79



Critical Thinking

How do you think the development of African civilization might have been different if the Kushites did not develop iron-smelting?

Answers will vary.

80




Why was trade important to the growth of African civilization?

Without trade, African civilizations would not have interacted.

81



82


Which Mesoamerican civilization would you choose to live in? Why?



What contributions did early

American civilizations make to present-day life in the United

States?

Answers will vary.

83



84

Geography in History

Location Compare the maps of early empires found on page 135 and 141 of your textbook. What similarities in location of these civilizations can you find? What differences in location are there between the two areas?

Similarities : both are contiguous, close to the Equator, and coastal; Differences :

Mesoamerican empires stretched north and bordered the Pacific Ocean; African kingdoms stretched east and bordered the Atlantic and Indian oceans.



85

You dig up pottery from a past civilization and know that it was made by the Olmec. What evidence helped you reach your conclusion?

The pottery is adobe clay, was found near the ruins of a city, contains kernels of corn, etc.



End of Chapter Assessment

87

Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter.

Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the Human

Heritage: A World History Web site. At this site, you will find interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to http://www.humanheritage.glencoe.com

History Online

88

500 B.C.

Mayan civilization begins

200 A.D.

Ghana founded

750 B.C.

Kushites conquer

Egypt


Global Chronology

89

700 A.D.

Shona settle in

Zimbabwe

1400 A.D.

Aztec Empire prospers

1240 A.D.

Kingdom of

Mali established


Global Chronology

90

Mansa Musa I

C.

1337 A.D.

West African Emperor

A grandson or grandnephew of the warrior king Sundiata Keita, Mansa

Musa guided Mali to its height of power. Under his rule, Mali grew to the size of western Europe and, in terms of gold, it outdid the wealth of Egypt.

Mansa Musa used his large army to secure safe passage of travelers and traders through his empire and to keep order for nearly 25 years.

People in History 2.1

91

A Brave Queen

One warriorqueen of Meroë,

Amanirenas, challenged the Romans who seized Egypt after the death of

Cleopatra. The Romans eventually drove Amanirenas back into Meroë, but she fought valiantly and her deeds are recorded in Greek and Roman histories of the time.

Fun Facts 1.1

92

Busy Markets

Markets played an important part in the economic and social life of the Aztec.

The market at Tlateloco was the largest in the ancient Americas. About 60,000 people may have visited the market each day.

Fun Facts 5.1

93

Growing Grains

The Aztecs and Incas grew highprotein grains called amaranth and quinoa. Today these grains, native to the Americas, have become important in parts of India, Pakistan, Nepal, and

China. Amaranth and quinoa, in the form of flour and cereals, have become common in U.S. health-food stores.

Then & Now 6.1

94

Reading Latitude

• To measure distances north and south, mapmakers use imaginary lines on maps and globes. 

• These are called lines of latitude and they run east and west around Earth. 

• Lines of latitude are often called parallels because they never meet and remain the same distance from each other all the way around Earth.

Continued on next slide.


Map Skills 1.1

95


• Latitude is measured in degrees, as shown by the symbol º.



• The Equator, which is a line of latitude, is marked 0º because all other lines of latitude are measured from it. 

• One degree of latitude equals about 69 miles, or 110 kilometers. 

• There are 90 lines of latitude from the

Equator to each pole.



Map Skills 1.2

96


• Those lines north of the Equator are marked with an N . 

• Those lines south of the equator are marked with an S .



Map Skills 1.3

97


Study the map on page 135 of your textbook showing Early Africa. Then answer the questions that follow.


Map Skills 1.4

98


Which civilization was located closest to the Equator?

Mali



Map Skills 1.5

99


Which city, Timbuktu or Napata, was located closest to the 20º N line of latitude?

Napata



Map Skills 1.6

100


Which line of latitude runs through the center of the great trading civilization of Zimbabwe?

20º S


Map Skills 1.7

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