Intermodal
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Concept 1 Transportation Modes: An Overview Modal Competition Infrastructure / Route Mode B 1 B 2 B B B A A 5 4 3 Market Area 6 A A A Performance Comparison for Selected Freight Modes Vehicle Barge 15 barges on tow Hopper car 100 car train unit Semi-trailer truck Capacity 1500 Tons 52,500 Bushels 453,600 Gallons 22,500 Tons 787,500 Bushels 6,804,000 Gallons Equivalency NA 1 100 Tons 3,500 Bushels 30,240 Gallons 225 10,000 Tons 350,000 Bushels 3,024,000 Gallons 2.25 26 Tons 910 Bushels 7,865 Gallons 870 Concept 2 Land Transport Linearity, Capacity and Surface of Roads Hard Surface Wheeled vehicle Capacity 2 domestic animals 1 or 2 domestic animals 1 domestic animal Soft Surface 1 person Linearity The Interstate Highway System § ¨¦ ¨¦ § ¨¦ § § ¨¦ I705 I205 § ¨¦ I315 I82 § ¨¦ § ¨¦ I115 I105 § ¨¦ I84 § ¨¦ § ¨¦ I94 I535 § ¨¦ § ¨¦ § ¦ ¨ § ¦ ¨ § ¨¦ § § ¦ ¨ ¨¦ § ¨¦ ¨¦§ § ¦ ¨ § ¨¦ § ¦ ¨ § ¨¦ ¨¦ § § ¨¦ § ¨¦ § § ¦ ¨ ¦ ¨ § ¨¦ § ¦ ¨ § ¨¦ § ¨¦ § ¨¦ § § ¨¦ § § ¨¦ § ¨¦ § § ¦ ¨ ¨¦ § § ¨¦ ¨¦ § ¨¦ § ¨¦ § § ¨¦ ¨¦ ¦ ¨ ¦ ¨ § ¨¦ § § ¨¦ ¨¦ § ¨¦ ¨¦§ ¨¦ § § ¨¦ § § ¦ ¨ ¦ ¨ § ¦ ¨ ¨¦ § § ¨¦ § ¨¦ § § ¨¦ § ¦ ¨ ¦ ¨ § § ¨¦ ¦¨ § ¦ ¨ § ¨¦ § ¨¦ § ¦ ¨ § § ¦ ¨ ¦ ¨ ¨¦ § ¨¦ § § ¨¦ § § ¨¦ § § ¦ ¨ ¦ ¨ § ¨¦ ¨¦ § ¨¦ § ¨¦ § § ¦ ¨ § ¦ ¨ § § ¦ ¨ ¦ ¨ ¨¦ § ¨¦ § ¨¦ § § ¦ ¨ ¨¦ § ¦ ¨ § ¨¦ § ¦ ¨ § ¦ ¨ § ¨¦ § ¨¦ § ¨¦ ¨¦§ § ¨¦ § ¨¦ § § ¨¦ § ¨¦ ¦ ¨ § ¦ ¨ ¨¦ § ¨¦ § § ¨¦ § ¨¦ § ¨¦ § ¨¦ I89 I91 I35E § ¨¦ I5 § ¨¦ I86 I90 I29 § ¨¦ I15 I505 I680 I696 I280 I480 § ¨¦ I270 I64 I55 I295 I164 I135 I265 I581 I24 I44 I181 I35 § ¨¦ § ¨¦ I405 I805 § ¨¦ I17 I40 I540 I430 I8 I19 I85 I565 I65 I30 I185 I35W I10 I73 I124 I240 I285 § ¨¦ I440 I77 I26 I27 § ¨¦ I264 I640 I155 I244 I66 I79 I275 I44 S I515 I676 I83 I470 I57 I70 L I81 I99 I71 I39 I72 I435 I78 I76 I74 I229 I70 I25 I180 I290 I88 I69 I235 I80 I390 I271 I380 I520 I16 I526 I95 I20 I49 I45 I59 I75 I110 I12 I210 I610 I410 I510 I4 I37 § ¨¦ I195 0 100 200 I787 I87 I96 I894 I129 § ¨¦ § ¨¦ I481 I675 I94 S I43 400 600 800 Miles I495 I395 Geographical Settings of Rail Lines Penetration Lines Local / Regional Networks Transcontinental Lines Nation A Nation B Bypassing Effect of a High Speed Railway A B Concept 3 Maritime Transport Domains of Maritime Circulation St. Lawrence / Great Lakes Rhine / Ruhr / Danube Gibraltar Mississippi Panama Nile Bosporus Suez Bab el-Mandab Amazon Good Hope Magellan Hormuz Yangtze Chang Jiang Perl Mekong Malacca Types of Maritime Routes Port-to-Port Pendulum Round-the-World Evergreen Round-the-World Route, Westbound New York Norfolk Charleston Los Angeles Pusan Tokyo Hong Kong Laem Chabang Colon Columbo Thamesport Hamburg Rotterdam Zeebrugge Le Havre Osaka Hakata Kaohsiung Pendulum Route: OOCL Container Services on the North Atlantic, 2006 Atlantic Ocean Boston New York Norfolk Savannah Jacksonville Houston Miami Felixstowe Bremenhaven Rotterdam Le Havre NAX-1 NAX-2 Cabotage and Pendulum Service Country 1 A D B E Cabotage C F Country 2 Maritime Enclaves and Accessibility Less than 700 km More than 700 km Maritime Enclave Maritime Shipping Characteristics Concept 4 Air Transport Air Freedom Rights First Home Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eight Ninth Country B Country A Airline Deregulation and Hub-and-Spoke Networks Before Deregulation After Deregulation Hub Hub Major Air Traffic Flows Between Regions, 2000 (% of IATA Scheduled Passengers) North America 1.7 3.9 Europe 23.2 35.5 1.8 15.9 1.3 1.5 Middle East Central America 1.3 South America 1.7 1.7 1.9 Asia 1.1 Africa Southwest Pacific 3.2 2.6 Concept 5 Intermodal Transportation Intermodal Transport Chain Composition Interchange Connection Local / Regional Distribution Decomposition National / International Distribution Transport Terminal Piggyback and Doublestack Train Cars Piggyback (TOFC) 40’ (12.2 m) 9’ (2.7 m) 17’ (2.7 m) 85’ (25.9 m) 18’ (5.5 m) Doublestack (COFC) 65’ (19.8 m) Multimodal and Intermodal Transportation Multimodal Point-to-Point Network C A Intermodal Integrated Network C A B B Transshipment Rail Road D D Transshipment F E F E Transport costs per unit Distance, Modal Choice and Transport Costs C1 Road C2 C3 Rail D1 Maritime D2 Distance Locality Region Nation Articulation points Distribution centers Multimodal Transport System Terminals Flows Transshipment Modal Function Competition / Cooperation Handling Intermodal Function Maritime / Land interface Driving Forces of Containerization and Multimodal Transport Containerization Unitization Cellular ships Specialized terminals Land consumption Standardization Gantry cranes Transshipment productivity Multi-rate structure Management and coordination Mergers Modal integration Logistics Control over cargo Multimodal operators Through rates and billing Deregulation Multimodal Transportation Intermodal Transportation Cost Function C(T) Local / Regional Distribution Cost Decomposition C(dc) Connection C(cn) Costs National / International Distribution Cost C(I) Interchange C(cn) Connection Composition C(cp) Origin Transshipment Destination Impacts of River / Sea Shipping Origin Road / Rail Road / Rail Fluvial Port Fluvial Seaport Maritime Maritime River/sea Fluvial Road / Rail Road / Rail Destination A B C Five Generations of Containerships First Generation (1956-1970) Length Draft 135 m Converted Cargo Vessel Converted Tanker TEU 500 <9m 800 200 m Second Generation (1970-1980) Cellular Containership 215 m 10 m 1,000 – 2,500 Third Generation (1980-1988) 3,000 250 m 11-12 m Panamax Class 4,000 290 m Fourth Generation (1988-2000) Post Panamax 275 – 305 m 4,000 – 11-13 m 5,000 335 m 13-14 m Fifth Generation (2000-?) Post Panamax Plus 5,000 – 8,000 Pipeline System Trend: Apply electric motors Provide an ideal system for freight transportation over a much longer distance at a relatively high efficiency and less environment pollution Trans-European Network • Develop efficient interfaces between different modes of transportation • Promotes the interoperability and interconnectivity of different modes (intermodality) Underground Freight Transportation (UFT) Sustainable development: Environmental Economic Social Could be achieved by: New means of transport UFT Definition: Network of underground pipelines along which packed goods can be transported in an efficient way. Traditional underground systems have existed for more than 200 years. Moving efficiently liquid freight and passengers. UFT: Artist Impression Underground Freight Transportation (UFT) Provides a solution to congestion Electrically driven, less pollution Automated driverless operation, short intervals between trains, optimizing the use of infrastructure and high speed Barriers: Financial and social acceptance
