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大部荘と武家
- 室町時代を中心に-
Warriors and Ôbe Estate in the
Muromachi Period
野田泰三
京都光華女子大学)
Noda Taizô
Kyôto Kôka Women’s University
I.南北朝・室町期の守護の
分国支配と荘園
Estates and the Control of Provinces
by Military Governors in the
Nanbokuchô (1336-1392) and
Muromachi (1392-1573) Periods
I.1 守護支配の浸透
The Establishment of Shugo Control
内乱期を通じ、播磨はしばしば前戦場に
Harima: frequent battlefield during civil war
period
守護による戦争遂行体制の構築*
Construction of a System of Military Mobilization
by the Military Governor (Shugo) (1)
• 国内荘園公領への様々
な課役・夫役の賦課
– 城山城拵人夫・材木引
人夫、鎌倉殿弘山御在
所塀塗夫、兵粮米
• Levies of material &
labor on estates w/in the
province
– Construction workers,
porters, provisions for
soldiers, etc.
– Ex.: workers on Shôgun
Ashikaga Yoshiakira’s
Harima stronghold
*cf. 伊藤俊一“一国総動員体制”
Itô Shun’ichi, “The Province-Wide Mobilization System”
守護による戦争遂行体制の構築*
Construction of a System of Military Mobilization
by the Military Governor (Shugo) (2)
• 寺社本所領の代官・沙
汰人に対する軍事動員
(「寺社本所代官着到
」)
– 暦応年間(1338-42)、預
所・公文代官らが西摂山
系の南朝軍攻略に参陣
• 荘官側には守護の軍勢
催促に応じることによ
って所領所職を確保す
る意図
• 賦課の恒常化により、
「守護役」として定着
• Officials of temple &
shrine holdings mobilized
troops
– 1338-42: Ôbe custodian &
reeve joined shugo’s army
in attack on southern court
– Thus guaranteeing their
holdings & positions
• Levies regularized:
permanent shugo yaku
• 守護は国衙機能、一国規
模祭祀なども掌握し、国
内秩序の担い手に
– 節季夫(若菜夫、八朔夫
)など荘園公事の系譜を
引く賦課
• 荘園経営を保障するのは
形式上は幕府、実質的に
は守護
– 荘家から守護方(おもに
郡代レベル)に対して日
常的に恒例・臨時の礼物
や夫役、物資(炭・茶・
材木など)の提供・贈与、
見返りに荘園経営が保障
される
• Military governors
assert control over
existing system
– E.g., they appropriate
seasonal laborers once
levied by proprietor
• Bakufu formally
guarantees security of
estates; but de facto
guarantor is the shugo
– Shugo exacted various
levies in return for
protection of estate
officials’ rights
I.2. 播磨における寺社本所領
Temple and Shrine Holdings in Harima
大部荘の浄土寺の浄土堂
Jôdodô, Jôdoji, Ôbe estate
土一揆 (1428-9)
Peasant Uprisings
丹波国土一揆以外蜂起之
間、守護(細川持元)
明日可遣人、仍寺社権
門領等之領内ニ専此一
揆在之、厳密ニ可致沙
汰処、自方々被歎申時
、被閣者不可有正体也
、此由可得上意、次如
播磨国諸権門領等可致
其沙汰旨、可被下御教
書旨、同申入了、条々
不可有相違旨御返事在
之、(『満済准后日記
』正長2年2月5)
• Temple & shrine holdings
became hotbeds of peasant
unrest
• Bakufu, following the
example of the Akamatsu
in Harima, decided to
crush the uprisings
播磨の徳政一揆 (1428, 冬)
Debt relief uprisings in Harima, winter 1428
• 東寺領矢野荘、法隆寺
領鵤荘、宍粟郡伊和社
領など
• 守護方の対応
– 「就土一揆之事、矢野庄
守護方ヨリ押置之由注進
」
– 「地下押使入」
– 「庄家押使入」
– 「土一揆兵粮米」
(『廿一口方評定引付』)
• Uprisings on Tôji’s Yano
estate, Hôryûji’s Ikaruga
estate, and the holding of
Iwa shrine in Shiso-gun
• Shugo takes action
– Sends agents to estates
– Violently represses
uprisings & re-establishes
control
– Levies provisions for
soldiers to support military
action
土一揆の拠点としての寺社本所領
To what extent were temple & shrine holdings the
bases for uprisings?
• 寺社本所領は武家の介
入を忌避する傾向、相
対的に緩やかな支配
• 大部荘代官職請文:「
守護方権門之者等」と
契約しない文言
• Temple & shrine
holdings: relatively
peaceful because they
avoided warrior
interference
• Document from Ôbe
officials states that
they did not make a
contract with the
shugo
II. 嘉吉の乱後の守護職の交代
と在地社会への影響
Transfer of the shugo office after
the Kakitsu rebellion and its
influence on provincial society
守護職の交替
Transfer of the shugo position
• 嘉吉元年(1441)9月 赤松氏滅亡 →播磨守護職は三郡を除き山
名持豊へ
1441/9: Akamatsu are defeated; Yamana Mochitoyo becomes shugo of all
but 3 Harima districts (Akashi, Miki, Katô);
• 文安元年(1444)正月 三郡(明石・三木・加東)が赤松満政か
ら山名氏へ;10月 赤松満政・同則尚ら播磨下向・挙兵(→翌年鎮
圧)
1444/1: Yamana assume control of the 3 remaining districts
1444/10: Akamatsu Mitsumasa, Norinao raise troops in Harima; they
were defeated the next year.
• 享徳3年(1454)11月 赤松則尚、播磨下向(→翌年5月備前で
自害)
1454/11: Norinao enters Harima (commits suicide in Bingo, 1455/5)
在地勢力の交代:
赤松方被官の没落・牢籠、山名方の隆盛
Changes in Local Power:
Fall of the Akamatsu, Rise of the Yamana
• 『建内記』嘉吉元年
10月28日条):
西守護代宇野満貴は
「近所之道場」に居
住、「彼舎弟十一歳
属守護山名手、仮彼
勢威可支地下(高家
荘)之由」
• 大部荘に入部する垂
井中務丞
• Kennaiki 1441/10/28:
“Uno Mitsutaka, deputy
shugo in the west, lives in
a nearby dôjô. His 11year-old brother serves the
shugo (Yamana). He shall
unjustly assume control of
Takie estate.”
• Tarui Nakatsukasa no jô
enters Ôbe estate
II.2 新守護山名氏の支配
Control by the new shugo, the Yamana
• 「奪取寺社本所・武
家人々所領年貢等、
猛悪無度云々、
• 彼若補守護者、一国
可滅亡歟云々」
• 「表濫吹之輩」
• Yamana have “plundered
rents that belonged to
temple and shrine
proprietors and the
military;” their actions
were “limitless savagery.”
• “The whole province will
perish if they are
appointed shugo!”
• They are “gangs of alien
thugs.”
• 三郡寺社本所領に対する「
郡散号」、代官・給人の配
置
– 寺社本所領の田数・年貢員数
・長夫立帰夫の実情、本所直
務の実否、赤松・満政期での
本所直務・守護請の変更、闕
所地の調査
• 強圧的な支配と荘園押領
• 寺社本所は幕府御教書
– 幕府-守護体制”に依拠
– 「存礼儀之輩如管領・畠山云
々」
• 細川京兆家を中心に幕閣を
構成し寺社本所保護を方針
とする一派とそれに対抗的
な派閥の形成(応仁大乱の
萌芽)
• Yamana replace officials of
temple & shrine holdings in
Akashi, Miki, & Katô
• Oppressive control &
invasions of estates
• Proprietors appeal to the
bakufu
– Dependence on bakufu-shugo
system
– “There are people of virtue, like
the Hatakeyama deputy
shoguns.”
• Conflicting policies w/in
bakufu re shrine & temple
holdings (seeds of Ônin war)
II.2 享徳3年(1454)冬、大
部荘百姓五郎左衛門の殺害
Winter of 1454: the prominent
Ôbe estate cultivator
Gorôzaemon is murdered
五郎左衛門の殺害 (1454)
Gorôzaemon’s assassination
• 「彼五郎左衛門者、数年此方為
披官、子息五郎又別而扶持人候
」
• 「図師職源左衛門尉所持分内、
数年掠持之由」
• 「百姓五郎左衛門と申候者、常
陸方(則尚)へ連々内通心さし
お存候間、地下人等於以後其煩
と申候て、去年十月丗日夜おし
よせ、さた仕候処に、常陸方十
一月ニ乱入候間、五郎左衛門か
子おひたち方より地下ニすへら
れ候処候、今度ちくてん仕候、
」
• 「就播州大部庄五郎さ衛門之跡
事、自御屋形被付給主候」
• Gorôzaemon: Yamana
retainer who secretly
plotted with Akamatsu
• Local people feared this
would bring chaos to the
estate, & therefore killed
Gorôzaemon
• Local residents’
relationships with shugo
influenced estates &
caused unrest
守護と荘園
Military governors & estates
• 守護方との被官関係→荘園
現地に様々な影響と混乱
• 相論や政治的混乱を契機と
した武家方の介入
– 公文職:王氏一族間での相
論 → 豊福氏の掠給、足利義
満による東大寺への寄進
– 図師職:山名氏の介入、応
仁元年には赤松被官(上月
源次郎・三島右京亮)
– 矢野荘でも赤松則尚没落時
に例名に給主設置を企図
• Shugo-retainer relationships
influenced estates & led to
conflict
• Warriors used disputes as a
chance to intervene, e.g.
– Quarrel over the reeve’s
position w/in the Ô family
→Toyofuku invaded
– Yamana seized Gorôzaemon’s
record-keeper position but lost
it to Akamatsu retainer
– Yano estate: plots to put one
person after another in charge
after Akamatsu Norinao died
既成事実化により寺社本所領
内部に武家領の形成
Thus warrior fiefs formed within
estates. . .
→戦国期大名権力の基盤
And became the basis for the
power of the Sengoku daimyô.
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