GLOBAL POSITIONING
SYSTEM FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT
CONTENTS
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INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
ELEMENTS
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
MEASURING DISTANCE
GPS MEASUREMENT ERRORS
TECHNIQUES TO IMPROVE ACCURACY
APPLICATIONS
INTRODUCTION
• GIS
– It is a computerized information storage
processing and retrieval system that has
hardware and software especially designed to
cope with geographical referenced spatial
data
GIS
• Techniques to input geographical information
converting the information to digital form
• Techniques for sorting information in a compact
format on computer disk or digital storage media
• Can analyze, make measurements and find
optimum sites or routes and a hosts of other
tasks
• Can predict outcome of various scenarios, can
display data in the form of maps, images etc
GPS HISTORY
• LAUNCH OF SPUTNIK IN 1957
• TRANSIT SYSTEM IN 1960
• F.O.C (Full Operational Capacity) IN JULY 17
1995
• ICO
• NAVSTAR
• DESIGNED BY U.S DoD
• PRECISE LOCATION
• ACCURATE TIME
GPS ELEMENTS
• 1. SPACE SEGMENT
• 2. CONTROL SEGMENT
• 3. USER SEGMENT
SPACE SEGMENT
24 SATELLITES IN A CONSTELLATION OF 6
ORBITAL PLANES, EACH SATELLITE
COMPLETES 1 REVOLUTION IN 12 HOURS
6 ORBITS INCLINED 55 DEGREES FROM
THE EQUATOR
4 SATELLITES FOR 3-D POSITIONING
This configuration provides for at least 4 equally
spaced satellites within each of the orbital
planes
CONTROL SEGMENT
• MONITOR STATIONS
• MASTER CONTROL STATION
• Frequency L1=1575.42 MHz C/A code,
L2=1227.60 MHz P code
CONTROL SEGMENT
USER SEGMENT
• CONSISTS OF GPS
RECEIVER,ANTENNA
AND PROCESSOR
• SPS-STANDARD
POSITIONING
SERVICE
• PPS-PRECISE
POSITIONING
SERVICE
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
• TRILATERATION PRINCIPLE
– A body cannot occupy 2 positions in space
simultaneously
• 2-D TRILATERATION
• 3-D TRILATERATION
2-D TRILATERATION
3-D TRILATERATION
MEASURING DISTANCE
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SATELLITE AND THE RECEIVER GENERATE SAME PSEUDORANDOM CODES AT THE SAME TIME
MEASURING HOW LONG THE SIGNAL TAKES TO REACH US
MULTIPLY THE TRAVEL TIME BY THE SPEED OF LIGHT
GPS MEASUREMENT
ERRORS
• CLOCK
• IONOSPHERE
• MULTIPATH
TECHNIQUES TO IMPROVE
ACCURACY
• DGPS
– DIFFERENTIAL GPS
• WAAS
– WIDE AREA AUGMENTATION SYSTEM
APPLICATION
Environmental Management
• Data Representation
– Vector method
– Raster method
• Predict climate
changes, outcome of
various scenarios
APPLICATIONS
MILITARY APPLICATIONS
MISSILE GUIDANCE
AIR NAVIGATION
• MOST DIRECT ROUTES BETWEEN AIRPORTS
GPS IN COCKPIT
.ACCURATE POSITION DATA
SEA NAVIGATION
• MORE ACCURATE MAPS: NAUTICAL &
AERONAUTICAL MAPS
LAND NAVIGATION
GPS IN VEHICLES
MAPPING THE EARTH
SET YOUR WATCH
SURVEY
SURVEYING WITH GPS
SCIENCE IN THE FIELD
AGRICULTURE
GPS AND AGRICULTURE
YIELD MAP
CONCLUSION
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Satellite based navigational aid
Guide by 24 satellites round the globe in 6 orbits
3D positioning and time
Type of terrain and weather does not effect
positioning
• Cheap and precise operating equipment
• Inherent error correction mode
• A variant of GPS , DGPS has already been
introduced
thank u…