Current Indian
Reservations in
Texas:
1.AlabamaCoushatta
2.Kickapoo
(They own
a casino)
3.Tigua
•HOW DID
TEXAS GET
IT’S NAME??
• The state name originates from
the Caddo Indian word "teysha"
meaning "friends" Texas comes
from the Caddo Indian tribe.
The Spanish Conquistadors
encountered the Caddo Indians
around 1540 in the area of East
Texas. The Caddos referred to
the Spanish as "tayshas,"
which meant "friend" or
"allies." The Spanish
translation was "tejas." The
Americans converted it to
"Texas."
1. The Caddo Indians- Most
Advanced Indians in Texas
Caddo Man
Caddo Woman
Caddo Village
•Caddo Village- Were part of the
Mound Building Tribe
Caddo Village
•Caddo Indians- They farmed
crops such as “Maize”- Corn
•Caddo- Built their Villages on
the Red River; made it easier to
gather water
•Caddo Pottery- helped to carry
water, cook food, and trade or
“barter” with other tribes
Caddo Pottery
Whitebread, Caddo chief (caddi)
from 1902-1913
Mrs. Whitebread, wife of Caddo
chief (caddi), 1902-1913
Jose Maria
José Maria, famous chief of the
Anadarko (Nadaco), who rose
to become principal chief of all
Caddo groups during the
turbulent years of the mid1800s. José Maria, whose
Caddo name was Iesh
(Aasch), was famed both as a
warrior and statesman. It was
he who led the Caddo from the
short-lived Brazos Reserve in
Texas to the Indian Territory in
1859. This bronze bust by
sculptor Leonard McMurry is
on display at the National Hall
of Fame for Famous American
Indians in Anadarko,
Oklahoma.
Sho-We-Tit (Billy Thomas), a Caddo man
photographed by Joseph Dixon on
June 21, 1913
•The Caddo lived in beehive shaped huts.
*Caddo Indians moved tons of dirt in
baskets to build their enormous temple
mounds in East Texas.
•Caddo- Celebrated by having a
Ceremonial Dance
Caddo Woman Arranges Daughter’s Hair
Caddo Woman & Daughter
1890’s
Caddo Women Dance the Turkey
Dance
2. Coahuiltecan Indians
•Coahuiltecan men would pursue a
deer for an entire day until the deer
dropped from exhaustion!
-Lived in South
Texas where we live today
• Coahuiltecans often
fought with other tribes
• They used hit and run
techniques
• They fought to secure
better hunting land
3. Karankawa Indians
• Lived along the coast between Corpus
Christi and Galveston Bay
• Cannibals- ate their enemies for “Strength”
• Migrated from California
Perdiz Arrowpoints
Commonly found at Karankawa
Excavation Sites
Karankawa Indian SmokingPipe
4. APACHE INDIANS
•Apache Indian Encampment
Texas Hill Country
Lipan Apache Warrior
Lipan Apache
Apache Indians
Apache Devil Dance
Apache Wickiup
Apache P
none
Netscape
http://www
White Mountain Apache
Scouts
Apache Men in Camp
Tonkawa Indians
Chiricahua Apache man,
No-talq
Camp of the Lipans, as depicted in an idyllic scene
by Theodore Gentilz, 1840s.
Lipan Apache brave
Hattie, Chiricahua Apache,
circa 1899
San Juan, a Mescalero Apache
chief
Lipan Apache girl
Bison of the Plains, 1906
Apache P
none
Netscape
http://www
Apache Camp
Tonkawa
Culture
The Tonkawa Indians were actually a group of independent bands, the
Tonkawas proper, the Mayeyes, and a number of smaller groups that
may have included the Cava, Cantona, Emet, Sana, Toho, and Tohaha
Indians. The remnants of these tribes united in the early eighteenth
century in the region of Central Texas near Austin. The Tonkawa were
hunters and fishermen, they did not farm. They hunted buffalo, deer,
turkey and rabbits and caught fish, mussels and fresh water prawns.
They also gathered and ate a number of herbs, roots, fruit, seeds,
acorns, and pecans. When Anglo settlers moved into their region,
pecans became an item of barter.
In aboriginal days the Tonkawas lived in short, squat tepees covered
with buffalo hides. As the buffalo became scarce, brush arbors,
resembling the tepee in structure but covered with brush branches
and grass, replaced the buffalo-skin tepee. Still later, these structures
were replaced with simple flat-topped huts covered with brush. The
Tonkawas intermarried with Lipans and other Indians or whites to the
extent that they were no longer distinguishable as a separate tribe by
1951.
Tonkawa Woman
Tonkawa
TONKAWA
The Tonkawan Indians of Texas
The Tonkawa were a nomadic buffalo hunting people roaming from somewhere around what is now Hillsboro, Texas to
the vicinity of present day San Antonio, Texas. They lived in scattered villages of tepees constructed from buffalo
hides or arbors made from brush and grass. They ate most kinds of small game, fish and shellfish. They excepted
the coyote and wolf from their diet for religious reasons. They collected nuts (especially pecans), herbs, acorns
and fruits to supplement their meats. They even attempted some farming in the latter part of the eighteenth
century.
Their tribal culture was similar to many Plains Indian tribes, especially the Crow. Each band of Tonkawa elected a chief
to lead them under an elected tribal head chief. Clan membership, determined by the mother's clan, was another
important aspect of Tonkawa society. Marriage came with little ceremony, but funeral rites were extensive.
Mourning lasted three days and was followed by a four day pipe smoking purification.DressThe Tonkawa were
notable warriors who used bows, spears and firearms. The warriors wore protective leather jackets and caps
decorated with horn and brilliant plumage. They traded tallow, deerskins and buffalo robes to the Spanish to obtain
their first firearms in the late 18th century. The Tonkawa are known to have worn breastplates, chokers and ear
pendants made with hair pipes. Breechclout, leggings and moccasins completed their warm weather clothing. A
buffalo robe would be added on top for cold weather.
Male and female Tonkawans tattoed and painted their bodies for adornment or religious purposes. A picture taken in
1871 shows Castile, a Tonkawan, with a long belt made of linked silver conchos, each an oval of about four by six
inches. A line of small silver buttons or beads runs down the outside of each of his leggings. He is wearing a
beaded feather hanging from over his right ear and dangling in front of his shoulder. Castile is reported to have
been chief of the Tonkawas and a scout for both the Texas Rangers and the U.S. Army.
Reports of cannibalism among the Texas tribes were often applied to the Karankawa and the Tonkawa.
Apache on Horseback
Apache Man & Woman
Plains Indians Relied on the Buffalo
Atakapan in Dugout Canoe
Comanche Horsemanship
Comanche
Women Cut Buffalo Strips to Dry
Comanche Village
Comanche Teepee
Comanche Braves
Quanah Parker
Cynthia AnnParker
and her daughter, Topsannah
Comanche Woman
Comanche
Comanche
Comanche Woman
Comanche chief "Ee-shah-ko-nee"
(the bow and quiver).
From Catlin 1926.
Plains Indian Woman
Artist Friedrich Richard Petri painted a variety of people and scenes in the area of his
Fredericksburg home in the Texas Hill Country.
Battle of Plum Creek
(Comanches)
Comanche Indians Chasing Buffalo
by George Catlan
Tonkawa Beaded Moccasin
Wichita Grass House
Wichita Camp 1904
Wee-Ta-Ra-Sha-Ro, Head Chief of the
Wichita. Painted by George Catlin in 1834
Kiowa painting of Koba (Wild Horse) wearing
feathered headdress on horseback with group of
men including Etahdeleuh (Boy Hunting), carrying
lances. Watercolor, 1875
Kiowa brave. Tow-An-Kee, son of Lone
Wolf. Killed in Texas in 1873
Kiowa boy, wearing bone breastplate and
striped cotton clothing.
Photo circa 1867-1874,
Kiowa Man & Wife
Kiowa Woman
Beaded Kiowa Moccasins
Kiowa Beaded Horse Halter
Kiowa on Reservation
Circa 1900
Kiowa Baby
Kiowa Women
Kiowa camp, ca. 1867-1874.
Making Medicine." Kiowa drawing by
Mopope, reflecting importance of buffalo to
the Indian
Topin Tone-oneo, daughter of Kicking Bird.
The only one of the great Kiowa chief's
children to survive him.
Enchanted Rock near
Fredericksburg was considered a
sacred (holy) place for the Native
Americans that lived there.
•
•
During the winter the Karankawas stayed near the coast. Large
schools of fish would come into the shallow bays, making them easy
to catch. Clams and oysters were also available on the coast and
were safe to eat in the winter.
In the summer, when the fish moved too far out to sea to catch, the
Karankawas moved inland. They survived by hunting deer, rabbits,
turkeys, and turtles, and by gathering berries, plants, and a special
root that grew in shallow water.
Jumanos