HOW TO HANDLE THE DESIGN OF
MISSION CRITICAL HARDWARE
MARINE ELECTRONICS
TYPES OF SENSORS IN MARINE: GYROSCOPES – DRIFTING SENSOR
 AGI WIND EQUIPTMENT – WIND SENSOR
 LOG – SPEED SENSOR
 GPS – LATITUDE & LONGITUDE
 NAVIGATIONAL RADAR
 ECHOSOUNDER
TYPES OF ACTUATORS
 ELECTRONIC STEERING GEAR SYSTEM
ALL ARE CERTIFIED BY INTERNATIONAL MARINE
ORGANIZATION.
GYROSCOPES
FUNCTION:- TO DETECT & CALCULATE
HEADING,ROLL & PITCH.
TYPES OF GYROSCOPES:
MECHANICAL

RING LASER BEAM

MICRO ELECTRO-MECHANICAL

FIBER OPTICAL
AGI WIND EQUIPTMENT
FUNCTION:- TO DETECT & CALCULATE
THE DIRECTION TO WIND
WITH RESPECT TO TRUE
NORTH & SPEED IN KNOTS.
PRINCIPLE:- IT USES FORCE APPLIED BY
WIND ON FLY WHEEL &
ACOUSTIC RESONANCE TO
DETECT.
LOG
FUNCTION: TO DETECT & CALCULATE
SPEED & ACCELERATION OF
SHIP.
PRINCIPLE:-IT USES PEIZOELECTRIC
CRYSTAL TO DETECT THE
SPEED.
GPS
FUNCTION:- TO DETECT THE FOLLOWING
PARAMETERS: LATITUDE
 LONGITUDE
 SPEED OVER GROUND
 COURSE MADE GOOD
FUNCTION: IT USES SATELLITE FEED.
NAVIGATIONAL RADAR
FUNCTION: IT PERFORMS THE FOLLOWING
FUNCTIONS ON BOARD:
 NAVIGATION.
 COLLOSION DETECTION.
 DETECTION OF OBSTRUCTION.
 DETECTION OF ICEBERG.
 HARBOUR MANEUVERING.
ECHO SOUNDER
Echo sounding is the technique of using
sound pulses to find the depth of water.
The interval from the emission of a pulse to
reception of its echo is recorded, and the depth
calculated from the known speed of propagation of
sound through water. This information is then
Typically used for navigation purposes or in order
to obtain depths for charting purposes.
Electronic Steering Gear System
Electronic self-steering is controlled by
electronics operating according to one or more
input sensors, invariably at least a magnetic
compass and sometimes wind direction or
GPS position versus a chosen waypoint. The
electronics module calculates the required
steering movement and a drive mechanism
(usually electrical, though possibly hydraulic in
larger systems) causes the Rudder to move
accordingly.
AEROSPACE ELECTRONICS
TYPES OF ELECTRONIC EQUIPTMENT USED:
AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL RADAR.

INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM.

GYROSCOPES (STRAP DOWN INS)

RADAR ALTIMETER

GPS

BLACK BOX (FLIGHT DATA & COCKPIT VOICE
RECORDER)
AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL RADAR
FUNCTIONS: GROUND CONTROL
 AIR CONTROL (TAKE OFF & LANDING)
 FLIGHT DATA DELIVERY( CONGESTION)
 APPROACH & TERMINAL CONTROL
(SAFE HAND OVER)
INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM
An instrument landing system (ILS) is a
ground-based instrument approach system that
provides precision guidance to an aircraft
approaching and landing on a runway, using a
combination of radio signals and, in many cases,
high-intensity lighting arrays to enable a safe
Landing during instrument meteorological
Conditions such as low ceilings or reduced
visibility due to fog, rain, or blowing snow.
TYPES OF ILS
CATEGORY 1 (CAT1) for 200ft, min 550m
 CATEGORY 2 (CAT2) for 100ft, min 350m
 CATEGORY 3 (CAT3)
TYPES OF CAT3: CAT3 A -for less than 100ft, min 200m
 CAT3 B -for less than 50 ft, min 50m
 CAT3 C -no height, zero visibility

GYROSCOPES (STRAP DOWN INS)
FUNCTION:- TO DETECT & CALCULATE
HEADING,ROLL & PITCH.
TYPES OF GYROSCOPES: MECHANICAL
 RING LASER BEAM
 MICRO ELECTRO-MECHANICAL
RADAR ALTIMETER
A Radar altimeter measures altitude above the
terrain presently beneath an aircraft This type
of altimeter provides the distance between the
plane and the ground directly below it. FMCW
Radars which use Doppler effect are used as
altimeters.
GPS
FUNCTION:- TO DETECT THE FOLLOWING
PARAMETERS: LATITUDE
 LONGITUDE
 SPEED OVER GROUND
 COURSE MADE GOOD
FUNCTION: IT USES SATELLITE FEED.
BLACK BOX
A flight data recorder (FDR) (also ADR, for accident
data recorder) is an electronic device employed to
record any instructions sent to any electronic
systems on an aircraft. It is a device used to record
specific aircraft performance parameters. Another
kind of flight recorder is the cockpit voice Recorder
(CVR), which records conversation in the cockpit,
radio communications between the cockpit crew and
others (including conversation with air traffic control),
as well as ambient sounds. In this both functions
have been combined into a single unit.
MEDICAL ELECTRONICS





COMPUTER AIDED TOMOGRAPHY
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
ULTRASOUND
ELECTRO CARDIOGRAM
DIGITAL X-RAY
COMPUTER AIDED TOMOGRAPHY
Computed aided tomography (CAT), is a
medical imaging technique employing
tomography created by computer processing.
Digital Geometry Processing is used to
generate a three dimensional image of the
inside of an object from a large series of twodimensional X-ray images taken around a
single axis of rotation.
MAGNETIC RESONACE IMAGING
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a
medical imaging technique used in radiology
to visualize detailed internal structures. An
MRI machine uses a powerful magnetic field
to align the magnetization of some atomic
nuclei in the body, and radio frequency fields
to systematically alter the alignment of this
magnetization
ULTRASOUND
ULTRASOUND is an ultrasound-based
diagnostic medical imaging technique used
to visualize muscles, tendons, and many
internal organs, to capture their size,
structure and any pathological lesions with
real time tomography images. It uses cyclic
sound pressure with a frequency greater
than the upper limit of human hearing.
ELECTRO CARDIOGRAM
ECG is interpretation of the electrical activity of
the heart over a period of Time, as detected by
electrodes attached to the outer surface of the
skin and recorded by a device external to the
body.
DIGITAL X-RAY
Digital X-RAY is a form of X-ray imaging,where digital
X-ray sensors are used instead of traditional
photographic film. A high-density line-scan solid state
detector is composed of a photo stimulable barium
fluoro bromide doped with europium (BaFBr:Eu) or
caesium Bromide (CsBr) phosphor. The phosphor
detector records the X-ray energy during exposure and
is scanned by a laser diode to excite the stored energy
which is released and read out by a digital image
capture array of a CCD.
DEFENCE ELECTRONICS





RADARS
MISSILES
ELECTRONIC WARFARE SYSTEM
ECM JAMMERS
ECCM JAMMERS
RADARS
Radar is an object-detection system which
uses radio waves to determine the range,
altitude, direction, or speed of objects.
The radar dish or antenna transmits pulses of
radio waves or microwaves which return back
Echo signal for any object in their path.
TYPES OF RADARS








Detection and search radars (Surveillance)
Targeting radars (WEAPON GUIDANCE)
Triggers (Radars inside Missiles)
Weather-sensing radar systems
Navigational radars
Mapping radars
Road radar
Radars for biological research
MISSILES
A missile is a self-propelled guided weapon
system. Missiles have five system
components:- Detection & guidance
radar, motion sensor ,flight control system,
engine and warhead.
TYPES OF MISSILES



Conventional guided missiles
Cruise missile
Ballistic missile
ELECTRONIC WARFARE SYSTEM
Electronic warfare system refers to system
involving the use of the electromagnetic
spectrum or directed radio energy to control the
spectrum, attack an enemy, or impede enemy
assaults via the spectrum. It includes
three major subdivisions: Electronic Attack,
Electronic Protection and Electronic Warfare
Support.
ECM JAMMERS
An electronic countermeasure (ECM)
Jammer is an electrical or electronic device
designed to trick or deceive radar, sonar or
other detection systems, like infrared (IR) or
lasers. It may be used both offensively and
defensively to deny targeting information to an
enemy.
ECCM JAMMER
Electronic counter-countermeasures
JAMMER (ECCM) is a part of electronic
warfare which includes a variety of practices
which attempt to reduce or eliminate the effect
of electronic countermeasures (ECM) on
electronic sensors aboard vehicles, ships and
aircraft and weapons such as missiles.