JOG YOUR MEMORY
FOR SAFETY
ELLEN M. TOM
AVIATION SAFETY INSPECTOR
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OR......
MNEMONICS,
FORMULAE AND
OTHER AVIATION
TRIVIA
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Introduction
REVIEW
MANY SUBJECTS QUICKLY
WEATHER
AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE
WEIGHT AND BALANCE
NAVIGATION
STUFF
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WEATHER WISE
STANDARDS: SEA LEVEL PRESSURE
29.92
TEMPERATURE
59F/15C
CONVERTING TEMPERATURES
EASY WAY: C to F/Double + 30
Example: 15 C 15 x 2=30 + 30 = 60F (59)
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FORMULA
C = 5/9 X (F - 32)
Example: 15C = 5/9 x (59 - 32)
5/9 x 27
5 x 27=135 div. 9 = 15
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FORMULA
F=(9/5 X C) +32
Example: 59F=(9/5 x 15) + 32
9 x 15 = 135
135 div. 5 = 27
27+32 = 59F
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TEMPERATURE LAPSE
RATE
NORMAL: 3.5deg F per 1000’Altitude
Example: 75F on ground
WHERE (APPROX.)IS FREEZING LEVEL?
75 - 32 = 43 degrees to drop to freezing
43 divided by 3.5 = 12.3
freezing level approx. 12,500 AGL
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HEIGHT OF CLOUD BASE
Ceiling Definition: Lowest Level of clouds
described as broken, overcast, not thin or
partial.
TO CALCULATE:
SURFACE TEMP - DEW POINT
DIVIDED BY 4.4F or 2.5C
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CLOUD BASE FORMULA
Surface temperature minus dew point
Example: 77F-53=24div4.4=5.45(5500AGL)
33C-25=18div2.5=7.2(7200AGL)
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CLOUDS
STRATUS CLOUDS:
SURFACE (LOW TO GROUND)
 SMOOTH AIR
 STABLE SYSTEM
 SHOWERY PRECIPITATION

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CLOUDS
CUMULUS CLOUDS
 CHOPPY AIR
 CLEAR VISIBILITY
 CHIMNEY LIKE
DEVELOPMENTS
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FOG
EXPECT WHEN ?
WHEN TEMPERATURE AND DEWPOINT
SPREAD OF
2 DEGREES OR LESS
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VISIBILITY
WHEN SURFACE IS JUST VISIBLE
OVER NOSE OF AIRCRAFT, GROUND
VISIBILITY IS APPROXIMATELY 1
MILE FOR EVERY 1000 FEET OF
ALTITUDE.
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CALCULATING
VISIBILITY
EXAMPLE: When cruising at 5000 AGL,
ground is visible over nose....surface
visibility is roughly 5 miles.
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PRESSURE PATTERNS
NORTHERN
HEMISPHERE
 HIGH PRESSURE:CLOCKWISE
CIRCULATION

LOW PRESSURE: COUNTER
CLOCKWISE CIRCULATION
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HIGH PRESSURE
MEMORY AIDE:
Use Thumb
fingers travel clockwise (high)
up,
Use Thumb down, fingers travel
counter clockwise (low).
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PRACTICAL USE
On Extended Flight
from East to West
Fly North of Low
and South of High
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SURFACE WEATHER
MAPS
ISOBARS

Lines of equal pressure

bars
barometer
ISOTACHS

Lines of equal wind velocity

tach into the wind
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SURFACE WEATHER
MAPS
ISOTHERMS
Lines of equal temperature
therm
thermometer
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AIRCRAFT
PERFORMANCE
ENGINE FAILURE
(FLR)
Fly the aircraft
Look for a place to land
Restart attempt
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PRESSURE CHANGES
1 INCH OF PRESSURE = 1000 FEET
example: actual altimeter

aircraft’s setting

error in altitude
 250 feet in error (1000 x .25)
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29.94
29.69
.25
TEMPERATURE CHANGES
FROM HIGH TO LOW
LOOK OUT BELOW
Colder than standard temperature or
pressure will place aircraft lower than
the altimeter indicates.
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ALTITUDES
TRUE: Height above sea level
ABSOLUTE:Height above terrain
PRESSURE: Height above
standard data plane at 29.92
DENSITY:
Pressure altitude
corrected for non-standard temperature.
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AIRCRAFT
PERFORMANCE
Airspeeds
ICE TEA
I
C
E
T
Indicated Airspeed
Calibrated
Equivalent
True
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AIRSPEEDS
Add 2% of indicated for
each 1000’ of altitude
Example: 150KIAS at 5000’ MSL
2% of 150=3
3X5 (1000’s of feet)=15
150+15=165K approximate TAS
Give
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ALTIMETERS
ACCEPTABLE
ERROR = +/- 75 FT.
PITOT STATIC
TEST: 24 CAL. MO
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TIRE HYDROPLANING
square root of tire pressure
X9
example: 100 psi tire
square root is 10
10 x 9 = 90 K approx
hydroplaning speed
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AIRCRAFT
PERFORMANCE
V SPEEDS
Vne:
Va:
Vle:
Vlo:
Vfe:
do not exceed
maneuvering speed
gear extended speed
gear operating speed
flap extended speed
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AIRCRAFT
PERFORMANCE
 Vso: Stall speed in landing configuration
 Vs1: Stall speed in clean configuration
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WEIGHT AND BALANCE
WAM
WEIGHT X
ARM=MOMENTS
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WEIGHT AND BALANCE
Total Momemts divided by Total Weight=
Center of Gravity
TMTGCG
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WEIGHT AND BALANCE
ARM=MOMENTS DIVIDED BY
WEIGHT
WEIGHT=MOMENTS
DIVIDED BY ARM
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WEIGHTS
100LL and 80 Oct= 6lbs gallon
Jet A= 6.72 lbs. per gallon
100LL=Blue
80Oct=Red
100Oct=Green
JetA=Clear
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FORMULA
Jet Fuel Weight Calculation:
Request 1000 lbs of Jet A
Drop Last Zero
100
Divide in half
50
Add both
150 gal equal 1000#Jet A
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NAVIGATION
ALTITUDES TO FLY
EAST IS ODD
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DIRECTIONS
EAST IS ODD
EAST ODD PLUS 500 VFR
WEST EVEN PLUS 500 VFR
IFR SAME ONLY DROP 500
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TRIVIA
IFR ABOVE FL 290
EAST IS 290/330/370/410/450/490
WEST IS 310/350/390/430/470/510
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NAVIGATION
VARIATION
EAST IS LEAST AND
WEST IS BEST
Subtract Easterly variation and add
Westerly variation
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COMPASS TRICKS
ANDS
ACCELERATE NORTH
DECELERATE SOUTH
MOST APPARENT ON EAST OR WEST
HEADINGS.
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COMPASS TRICKS
Why?
Due to the dip of the earth’s magnetic field.
The aft end of the compass card tilts upward
when accelerating and tilts downward when
decelerating.
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COMPASS TRICKS
LAGS NORTH/LEADS SOUTH
If you are on a northerly heading and turn East
or West, compass lags your turn.
If you are on a southerly heading and turn
East or West, compass leads your turn.
Leads and lags by degrees of latitude of your
location, i.e., CLE 41 deg. North.
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TIME TO STATION
60 X MINUTES
BETWEEN BEARING
CHANGE
DIVIDED BY DEGREES
OF BEARING CHANGE
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TIME TO STATION
EXAMPLE
60 X 4 (TIME TO FLY 10 DEG.
BEARING CHANGE)
DIVIDED BY 10 DEGREES BEARING
CHANGE
240 DIVIDED BY 10=APPROXIMATELY
24 MINUTES TO STATION
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DISTANCE TO STATION
TAS X MINUTES BETWEEN BEARING
CHANGE
DIVIDED BY
DEGREES OF BEARING CHANGE
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DISTANCE TO STATION
EXAMPLE
125 ktas X 2.5 MINUTES (TIME TO FLY
5 DEGREES BEARING CHANGE)
DIVIDED BY
5 DEGREES BEARING CHANGE
125 X 2.5=312.5
DIVIDED BY 5 =
62.5 NM APPROX TO STATION
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NAVIGATION
ADF ORIENTATION
True Bearing to Station=TH+Rel Bearing
Mag Bearing to Station=MH + RB
Relative Bearing=MB - MH
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COURSE
True Course +/- WCA= TH
TH +/- Mag Variation=MH
MH +/- Deviation=Compass Hdg.
Mag Variation: Off the chart
Deviation: Compass Corr. Card
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STUFF
AIRSPACE
A
B
C
Above FL 180
Busy Airport
Crowed Airport
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AIRSPACE
 D
E
G
Controlled
Directly above Control
Tower and its approach
path
Everything else
Controlled
Ground to
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LIGHTS
VASI
RED OVER RED
YOU ARE DEAD
WHITE OVER WHITE
HIGH AS A KITE
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LIGHTS
VASI
RED OVER WHITE

YOU’RE ALRIGHT.
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TRANSPONDER
7500
7600
7700
7777
HIJACK
LOST COMM.
EMERGENCY
NEVER
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ALTERNATES
1-2-3
Alternate
not needed if:
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ALTERNATES
FOR ONE HOUR BEFORE
TO ONE HOUR AFTER
SCHED ARRIVAL,
DESTINATION IS ATLEAST
2000/3
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RECIPROCALS
YES, SOME PEOPLE STILL HAVE
TROUBLE WITH THIS!!!!!
WHEN YOU ARE HEADING BETWEEN
020-189 DEGREES:
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RECIPROCALS
ADD 2 TO THE FIRST NUMBER
SUBTRACT 2 FROM THE 2ND NUMBER
EXAMPLE: 025 DEG.
+2
225
- 2
205 DEGREE RECIPROCAL
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RECIPROCALS
WHEN YOU ARE HEADING BETWEEN
200 AND 360 DEGREES:
SUBTRACT 2 FROM THE 1ST
NUMBER
ADD 2 TO THE 2ND NUMBER
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RECIPROCAL EXAMPLE
320 DEGREE HEADING
-2
120
+2
140 DEGREE RECIPROCAL HEADING
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AND ON AND ON ..............
OAT
MSL
EGT
TT
TTSN
NDH
CHT
OUTSIDE AIR TEMP
MEAN SEA LEVEL
EXHAUST GAS TEMP
TOTAL TIME
TOTAL TIME SINCE NEW
NO DAMAGE HISTORY
CYLINDER HEAD TEMP
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THANKS!
REMEMBER,
FOR
BEST RESULTS,
JOG YOUR
MEMORY
FREQUENTLY!
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