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CHAPTER 6 Biomes and Aquatic Ecosystems Too Much of a Good Thing? • Elephant populations in southern Africa declined sharply due to hunting but have made overwhelming comebacks within nature reserves and parks. • Some worry that elephant overpopulation is causing a decline in local biodiversity and damage to farms and infrastructure. • Many efforts to control elephant populations are being considered and put into practice. Talk About It Which elephant population control effort— moving them, sterilizing them, or culling them—do you think has the best chance for long-term, positive effects? Lesson 6.1 Defining Biomes Fossil evidence suggests that the frozen continent of Antarctica was once covered in temperate forest. Lesson 6.1 Defining Biomes What is a Biome? • Groups of terrestrial ecosystems that share biotic and abiotic conditions • Biomes are primarily defined by their _______________ CLIMATE & typical ____________ PLANT & _____________ ANIMAL life. Lesson 6.1 Defining Biomes Climate AVERAGE conditions, • Climate – describes the ______________ including _________________ PRECIPITATION TEMPERATURE & __________________ over long periods in a given area. • Weather - _____________ DAY-TO-DAY conditions in Earth’s atmosphere Ex. Sunny & Humid Lesson 6.1 Defining Biomes Climate • Climatograph – climate diagram that shows conditions in a biome (temperature & precipitation). CELSIUS • Temperature is usually in _____________ • F = 1.8C + 32 • Precipitation is usually in cm or mm. • 1 inch = 2.54cm • 1 inch = 25.4 mm Lesson 6.1 Defining Biomes Climate • Each biome has a set of characteristic ORGANISMS _________________ adapted to its particular climate conditions. • However, within any biome there is a variety of plants and animals due to SOIL TYPE variation in ______________, ______________ ELEVATION & ___________________ WIND EXPOSURE Lesson 6.1 Defining Biomes Earth’s Major Biomes Lesson 6.1 Defining Biomes Earth’s Major Biomes • Patches representing the same biome tend to occur at similar _______________ LATITUDES • 10 primary biomes: • • • • • • • • • • tropical rain forest dry forest savanna desert chaparral temperate rain forest temperate forest temperate grassland chaparral boreal forest (taiga) tundra Lesson 6.1 Defining Biomes Biomes and Net Primary Production • ___________ GROSS primary production: The rate at which primary producers undergo photosynthesis and produce usable energy • ______ NET primary production: The amount of organic matter (biomass) that remains after primary producers use some to carry out cellular respiration Lesson 6.1 Defining Biomes Biomes and Net Primary Production • Ecosystems vary in their net primary productivity. •WARM, _______ _______ WET biomes generally have ____________net HIGHER primary productivity than ________ COLD, _______ DRY biomes. • This should make sense because plants require SUNLIGHT ____________ WATER & warm enough _______________, temperatures to grow. Lesson 6.1 Defining Biomes Biomes and Net Primary Production Lesson 6.2 Biomes Tundra, found at very high latitudes, is nearly as dry as a desert. Lesson 6.2 Biomes Tropical Rain Forest • Year-round _________ WARM temperatures and at least _____________ 2m (6.6 feet)precipitation a year • Near the equator, so the days are almost always 12 HOURS in length. ____________ NUTRIENT POOR • Soil is generally ____________________ Lesson 6.2 Biomes Tropical Rain Forest • The tallest trees pop through the canopy and make up the EMERGENT LAYER ___________________ • Tall trees form a dense layer CANOPY which called the ______________ keeps the forest warm and damp. • Short trees and plants make up UNDERSTORY and the _________________ must compete for light. LARGE, FLAT • _________________leaves are a common adaptation to increase sunlight intake. Lesson 6.2 Biomes Tropical Rain Forest ADAPTATIONS EPIPHYTES - plants that • _______________ grow on other plants instead of the soil. Ex. Orchids • Tall trees use ________________ BUTTRESSES (large above ground roots) for support • Because there is not much _______ WIND to assist with pollination, plants have adapted bright, colorful flowers to attract pollinators. Lesson 6.2 Biomes Tropical Rain Forest • Supports ________ MORE animal species than any other biome; animals tend to be highly ________________. SPECIALIZED Lesson 6.2 Biomes Tropical Dry Forest • Warm year-round, but rainfall is highly seasonal with a ________ RAINY & ________ DRY season. Lesson 6.2 Biomes Tropical Dry Forest ADAPTATIONS DECIDUOUS - they lose their leaves • Most trees are _______________ and cease photosynthesis part of the year. This helps reduce WATER LOSS _________________. • Plants and animals exhibit adaptations (e.g. waxy leaf coating, deep roots, estivation, migration) that enable them to survive the dry season. • ________________ ESTIVATION - animals enter a deep, sleeplike period of dormancy. Lesson 6.2 Biomes Tropical Dry Forest ESTIVATION Lesson 6.2 Biomes Savanna LESS precipitation than tropical dry forests, but • Receives _______ more than deserts; usually has a distinct RAINY ________ season Lesson 6.2 Biomes Savanna GRASSES interspersed with groups of trees • ______________ • Tree growth limited by frequent __________ WINDS and strong FIRES _________ Lesson 6.2 Biomes Savanna ADAPTATIONS • Plants are adapted to dry conditions; tend to be ________________ DECIDUOUS with deep roots, thick bark, and __________ WAXY coatings on leaves. • Elephants drink 30-50 gallons of water a day and so they must dig for water with their tusks. MIGRATE to find • Many animals _____________ water, or burrow when water is scarce. Lesson 6.2 Biomes Desert • Receives less than 25 cm (9.8 in.) of precipitation per year DRIEST biome) (____________ DAY to ___________. NIGHT • Temperatures vary widely from _______ Lesson 6.2 Biomes Desert ADAPTATIONS Did You Know? Cactus spines are modified leaves that protect the plant from thirsty animals. Photosynthesis occurs within the green stems and trunks. THICK leathery • Plants tend to have __________, leaves • Plants store water in their tissues (_________________) SUCCULENTS Ex. Aloe • Some have shallow, spread out roots to gather water. • Some have deep tap roots (up to _____ 164 ft) SPINES (modified leaves) • Tough ____________ discourage predators from eating them . Lesson 6.2 Biomes Desert • Animals get most of their water from the _________ FOOD they eat, and they tend to be _______________ NOCTURNAL (active at night). • Some have concentrated URINE ________. • Mammals have exaggerated ___________________ APPENDAGES to help regulate body temperature. Lesson 6.2 Biomes Temperate Rain Forest • Year-round MODERATE _____________ temperatures and heavy ____________. RAINFALL PACIFIC NORTHWEST OF THE US • Largest extent found in ____________________________ Lesson 6.2 Biomes Temperate Rain Forest ADAPTATIONS • Characterized by tall _________________ EVERGREEN trees, such as cedars and hemlocks, that don’t lose leaves annually; many are conifers (produce seed-bearing cones) • Forest floor is shaded, damp, covered in ________. MOSS Olympic Peninsula, Hoh River rain forest Lesson 6.2 Biomes Temperate Rain Forest • Animals that require ______________, MOISTURE such as amphibians, thrive here. VARIED diet • Squirrels, deer, elk and birds have a __________ which enables them to eat whatever food is available. Lesson 6.2 Biomes Temperate (Deciduous) Forest • Precipitation ______________________throughout the year EVENLY SPREAD HOT summers, _______ COLD winters) • Varied temperatures (________ Lesson 6.2 Biomes Temperate Forest ADAPTATIONS DECIDUOUS • Plants tend to be broad-leafed and _______________. NUTRIENTS from annual leaf • Soil is enriched with ______________ drop. Lesson 6.2 Biomes Temperate Forest ADAPTATIONS HIBERNATE MIGRATE or ______________ • Animals may _____________ STORE FOOD to survive cold conditions. • Others ________________ • __________________ CAMOUFLAGE helps animals that are exposed during the winter due to lack of foliage survive. Lesson 2.2 Biomes Temperate Grassland (Prairie) PRECIPITATION and • Moderate seasonal ___________________ fairly extreme seasonal ____________________; TEMPERATURES droughts and fires common • Rich, fertile soil Lesson 2.2 Biomes Temperate Grassland (Prairie) ADAPTATIONS • Not enough precipitation to support large ____________ TREES GRASSES which grow from their base, thrive • ______________, despite droughts, fires, animals grazing. • Seeds are dispersed by the ____________________ STRONG WINDS • Soil tends to be rich in nutrients; most of world’s grasslands have been converted to ______________. FARMLAND Lesson 2.2 Biomes Temperate Grassland (Prairie) COVER • Animals are adapted to deal with lack of _________. BURROWING • Some survive by _________________. HUGE • Others survive by being _________. Lesson 6.2 Biomes Chaparral (Mediterranean) MILD, WET winters • Highly seasonal conditions with _______________ and _______________ WARM, DRY summers DROUGHTS AND FIRES • Prolonged hot, dry periods; ________________________ common • Soil is thin and not rich in nutrients Lesson 6.2 Biomes Chaparral ADAPTATIONS • Plants are drought-resistant; many have thick, waxy HAIRS that trap __________ LEAVES or leaves with __________ moisture; _________________ SUCCULENTS are common. BARK and deep • Plants may have thick __________ __________ ROOTS to resist fire. FIRE to germinate. • Some plants require __________ OILY • Some chaparral plants contain ________ compounds that facilitate the spread of fire. Lesson 6.2 Biomes Chaparral BURROW • Many animals _____________. • Many are nocturnal to avoid heat. • Many have ________________ OVERSIZED appendages. Lesson 6.2 Biomes Boreal Forest (Taiga) LONG, COLD winters; _________________ • _________________ SHORT, COOL summers • Nutrient-poor, slightly acidic soils Lesson 6.2 Biomes Boreal Forest (Taiga) ADAPTATIONS LOW species diversity • _________ WAXY needles and • Coniferous trees with __________ CONICAL shape, adapted to harsh, snowy conditions _____________ are common. Lesson 6.2 Biomes Boreal Forest (Taiga) • Animals feed, breed, and care for young mostly during WARM season short _________ • Year-round residents tend to have thick insulation and small extremities that maintain heat. WHITE COATS • Some animals change color. They grow _______________ for the snowy season. Lesson 6.2 Biomes Tundra COLD, DARK winters; relatively sunny and • Extremely ________________ cool summers HIGH latitudes in the Northern • Found at very __________ Hemisphere Lesson 6.2 Biomes Tundra WINDS nutrient-poor soil, and freezing • Harsh _________, temperatures limit plant growth; no tall trees; mosses and lichens common • Characterized by __________________ PERMAFROST (underground soil that is frozen YEAR-ROUND ___________________) Lesson 6.2 Biomes Tundra ADAPTATIONS • Low, scrubby vegetation and ground-hugging ______________ MOSSES & _____________ LICHENS live here. CARIBOU migrate to the tundra during the • Birds and ______________ mild summer to feed on insects and lichens • Only a few species live here year-round (including musk oxen and polar bears). Lesson 6.2 Biomes Polar Ice • Not classified as a biome • No land under polar ice in Northern Hemisphere; ice sits atop Antarctica in Southern Hemisphere • Very few plants; most life is in surrounding ocean NOTOTHENIOD – ANTIFREEZE PROTEINS Lesson 6.2 Biomes Mountains • Not classified as a biome • Mountain communities ELEVATION change with _______________, similar to how biome communities change with latitude. Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems 75% of Earth’s surface is covered by water. Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Describing Aquatic Ecosystems • Normally, biomes are used to describe TERRESTRIAL ___________________ environments but 75% of Earth is covered in water. • Aquatic Ecosystems are described by their ______________, SALINITY _____________ and movement of DEPTH water. Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Describing Aquatic Ecosystems • Salinity: the amount of dissolved SALT ______ present in water. • Measured in parts per thousand (ppt) • Salt water = _________ppt 30-50 • Fresh water = 0.5ppt or less 0.5 to 30 • Brackish = Between __________ppt Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Describing Aquatic Ecosystems • Photosynthesis tends to be limited by _________ LIGHT availability, which is a function of depth and water clarity. Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Describing Aquatic Ecosystems • Aquatic ecosystem zones: photic, aphotic, benthic • Photic zone: Where there is enough light for ______________________. PHOTOSYNTHESIS • Aphotic zone: Photosynthesis cannot occur because there is not enough sunlight • Benthic zone: Very ____________ BOTTOM of the body of water Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Describing Aquatic Ecosystems • The photic zone has much more OXYGEN so more dissolved ____________, life is found here (both producers and consumers). • Sunlight also causes water to be _____________ WARMER UPPER • ______________ layers of aquatic ecosystems tend to be warmer than _____________ DEEPER layers Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater Ecosystems: Ponds, Lakes, Inland Seas • Salinity is less than 0.5 ppt (parts per thousand) PONDS, LAKE AND INLAND SEAS • Includes _______________________________________ • Ponds and lakes are similar, except in ______ SIZE • Inland seas are huge and contain organisms adapted for _________ OPEN water. Ex. Great Lakes and The Caspian Sea Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater Ecosystems: Ponds, Lakes, Inland Seas • Ponds and lakes are divided horizontally into 2 zones: littoral and limnetic. SHALLOW enough for plants to • Littoral Zone – water is ______________ grow from the mud to above the water’s surface SNAILS & CRAYFISH • Includes many invertebrates like ____________________ FARTHER • Limnetic Zone – ____________from shore where there are no rooted plants Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater Ecosystems: Ponds, Lakes, Inland Seas Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater Ecosystems: Wetlands • Wetland - Area of land _______________ FLOODED with water at least _________________________ PART OF THE YEAR • Includes freshwater MARSHES, SWAMPS, BOGS & FENS ________________________________________________ FLOW SLOWLY through wetlands • Water can either ______________________ or into other bodies of water or, it can remainYEAR-ROUND _____________ Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater Ecosystems: Wetlands • Freshwater Marsh – shallow-water wetland characterized by GRASSLIKE plants. Ex. Cattails and Bulrushes ________________ Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater Ecosystems: Wetlands • Swamp – shallow water wetland characterized by woody ______________________ SHRUBS & TREES instead of grasses. Ex. Cypress Trees BEAVERS cause the formation of swamps by building • _____________ DAMS across streams and causing flooding upstream. __________ Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater Ecosystems: Wetlands • Bog – wetland characterized by low nutrients, acidic water and MOSS thick floating mats of vegetation (usually ________) • Fen – connected to a source of GROUNDWATER ___________________, less acidic and more nutrient rich Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater Ecosystems: Wetlands Benefits of Wetlands • They help prevent ______________ FLOODING by absorbing excess water AQUIFERS • Recharge ________________ POLLUTANTS & __________________ SEDIMENTS • Filter _________________ ANIMALS • Provide habitats for many _________________ Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater Ecosystems: Rivers and Streams • Bodies of surface water that flow DOWNHILL eventually _______________, reaching an ocean or a landlocked body of water TRIBUTARY - a small river • _____________ flowing into a larger one WATERSHED The area of • _________________: land drained by a river and its tributaries Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater Ecosystems: Rivers and Streams • Rivers shape the ________________ LANDSCAPE through which they run. SOURCE or beginning of ________ MOST rivers is high • The ___________ in the mountains where melting snow collects due to GRAVITY ____________ • Characteristics of the source COLD • _____________ FULL OF OXYGEN • _________________________ FEW ORGANISMS • _________________________ CUTS A DEEP, STRAIGHT PATH • _____________________________________ Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater Ecosystems: Rivers and Streams • Characteristics of a river as it leaves its source. WARMER • ___________________ SLOWER • ___________________ MORE ORGANISMS • ___________________ LESS OXYGEN • ___________________ MEANDERS • ___________________ CAN CREATE AN • ___________________ OXBOW LAKE Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater Ecosystems: Rivers and Streams • FLOOD _________________– PLAIN area near a river’s course that is periodically flooded MOUTH – where the river empties • __________ Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Estuaries OCEAN or a freshwater • Occur where a river flows into the _________ body of water BRACKISH ecosystems; • Coastal estuaries are _______________ organisms must tolerate wide salinity and temperature ranges. • Some estuaries (like the _______________________) THE GREAT LAKES contain only __________________. FRESHWATER Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Estuaries Two types of estuary ecosystems: SALT MARSHES – along 1) ____________________ coasts at temperate latitudes Characterized by salt-tolerant grasses 2) MANGROVE ________________________– FOREST along coasts at subtropical and tropical latitudes Include mangrove trees Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Estuaries Benefits of Estuaries: SOIL EROSION & __________________ FLOODING 1) Prevent __________________ SEA 2) Protective barrier between ________ LAND & __________ ANIMALS some which are 3) Home to many ______________, commercially beneficial Destruction of Estuaries: • Many are being destroyed for housing and commerce • Flooding from Katrina was significantly worse where the salt marshes had been destroyed Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Oceans 71% of • All of the Earth’s major oceans combined occupy _______ the Earth’s surface. • If we evaporated all of the water from the oceans, there would 200 FEET deep left. be a layer of salt approximately ___________ Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Oceans • Currents are driven by WATER ___________________________ TEMPERATURE and ____________________________, DENSITY DIFFERENCES wind, and gravity. DECREASES • Water density increases as temperature _______________ INCREASES and salinity (salt content) _________________. • Heavier (________________________) COLDER & SALTIER water sinks WARMER & LESS SALTY • Lighter (_________________________________) water remains near the surface. Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Oceans Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Oceans VERTICAL • Surface winds and heating generate _______________ currents that transport nutrients and oxygen. • __________________ UPWELLING - the flow of cold, nutrient rich water towards the surface. It occurs when horizontal currents _______________ DIVERGE (flow apart). DOWNWELLING - the flow of warm water, full of • ____________________ dissolved gases away from the surface, into the deep ocean. It occurs when horizontal ocean currents ________________ CONVERGE (flow together). Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Ocean Ecosystems Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Ocean Ecosystems • INTERTIDAL ______________: Highly diverse; extreme range of temperature, moisture, and salinity. Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Ocean Ecosystems NERITIC Extends from the low tide mark to the edge of • ___________: the ____________________________. CONTINENTAL SHELF • Two productive ecosystems exist here: FOREST - large brown algae grows from the 1) KELP ________________ continental shelf. CORAL REEF - Exists in subtropical and tropical 2) ________________ CALCIUM CARBONATE waters. A mass of ____________________________ composed of SKELETONS ______________ of marine coral. Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Ocean Ecosystems • Open ocean: Begins at the edge of the ___________________ CONTINENTAL shelf 90% of the Earth’s oceans • Makes up _______ • Low productivity due to low ___________________________ LIGHT PENETRATION • ______________________ PHYTOPLANKTON are at base of food chain • Includes jelly fish, whales, sea turtles, squids, large fish & sharks. Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Ocean Ecosystems • In the aphotic open-ocean, animals have many adaptations to help them survive. CARCASSES • Ex. SCAVENGE ______________________________ BIOLUMINESCENCE - sometimes a symbiotic • Ex. ________________________ relationship with bacteria Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Ocean Ecosystems Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Ocean Ecosystems • Benthic Ecosystems around _______________________ HYDROTHERMAL vents (hot water flows out from the sea floor) are home to come strange organisms. • Bacteria use chemicals to make energy (AKA ________________________) CHEMOSYNTHESIS TUBEWORMS are in a symbiotic • Other organisms like ___________________ relationship with the bacteria and survive using the energy they make.
