14/15 Fall semester
Petroleum and Gas
Processing(TKK-2136)
Instructor: Rama Oktavian
Email: rama.oktavian86@gmail.com
Office Hr.: M.13-15, Tu. 13-15, W. 13-15, Th. 13-15, F. 09-11
Outlines
1. Natural gas: Intro and sources
2. Natural gas: Properties
3. Natural gas: Exploration
4. Natural gas processing (overview)
Natural gas: Intro
What is Natural Gas?
• Gas obtained from natural underground reservoir
• Contains mostly methane (CH4)
• Usually contains some impurities such as H2S and CO2
• As one of primary energy sources in Indonesia
Natural gas: Intro
What is Natural Gas?
Natural gas: Intro
What is Natural Gas?
http://www.naturalgas.com.au/about/references.html
Natural gas: Intro
Pollution comparison
http://www.propane.ca/en/about-propane/environmental-benefits
Natural gas: Intro
Natural gas reserves
Natural gas: Intro
Natural gas production
http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=4790
Natural gas: Intro
Natural gas reserves in Indonesia
Natural gas: Intro
Natural gas reserves in Indonesia
Natural gas: Intro
Natural gas: Intro
Natural gas industry in Indonesia
The largest of these are found in:
1. Arun, Aceh (Sumatra)
2. Bontang (East Kalimantan)
3. Tangguh (Papua)
4. Natuna Island
Natural gas: Intro
Natural gas based on its source
1. Conventional natural gas is usually obtained from Deep reservoir
2. Natural gas usually presents in crude oil (Associated gas)
3. Natural gas in reservoirs that contain little or no crude oil (Non-associated gas)
4. Associated gas is produced with the oil and separated at the casinghead or
wellhead
5. Non-associated gas is sometimes referred to as gas-wellgas or dry gas
Natural gas: Intro
Natural gas based on its source
Natural gas: Intro
Natural gas compositions
Natural gas: Intro
Natural gas compositions
Natural gas: Intro
Natural gas product specification
1. The composition of natural gas varies considerably from location to location
2. Natural gas product specification includes:
- Wobbe number,
- heating value,
- total inerts,
- water,
- oxygen,
- and sulfur content.
The first two criteria relate to combustion characteristics.
The latter three provide protection from pipeline plugging and corrosion
Natural gas: Intro
Natural gas properties
Colorless, odorless, tasteless, shapeless, and lighter than air
Natural gas: Intro
Natural gas properties
Specific gravity
For gas mixtures:
Compressibility factor
Z can be function of Pr and Tr
Natural gas: Intro
Natural gas properties
Compressibility factor can be function of Pr and Tr
Natural gas: Intro
Compressibility factor can be function of Pr and Tr
Natural gas: Intro
Natural gas product specification
Natural gas: Intro
Liquid product specification
1. As with gases, specifications for liquid products are based upon both
composition and performance criteria
2. the performance specifications include Reid vapor pressure, water, oxygen,
H2S, and total sulfur content
3. Safety considerations make vapor pressure especially important for the liquid
products because of regulations for shipping and storage containers
Natural gas: Intro
Liquid product specification
Natural gas: Properties
Combustion characteristics
1. Pipeline gas is normally bought and sold (custody transfer) on the basis of its
heating value, ex: MMBtu/cuft
2. Heating value: the amount of heat released during the combustion of a
specified amount of it
3. the heating value of a fuel involves two arbitrary but con-ventional standard
states for the water formed in the reaction:
- All the water formed is a liquid (gross heating value, frequently called higher
heating value [HHV]) – including latent heat of vaporization
- All the water formed is a gas (net heating value, frequently called lower heating
value [LHV])
- the heating value is normally calculated at 60°F and 1 atm (15.6°C and 1.01
atm), standard conditions for the gas industry
Natural gas: Properties
Wobbe Number
1. defined as the gross heating value (Btu/scf) of the gas divided by the square
root of the specific gravity (the ratio of the density of the gas divided by the
density of air
Natural gas: Exploration
Photo courtesy of OSHA
Natural gas: Exploration
Petroleum System Elements
Gas
Cap
Oil
Entrapment
Water
Seal Rock
Reservoir
Rock
Migration
120° F
Generation
350° F
24803
Reprint permitted by the American Association of Petroleum Geologists
Natural gas: Exploration
Reprint permitted by the American Association of Petroleum Geologists
Natural gas: Exploration
Reprint permitted by the American Association of Petroleum Geologists
Christmas
Tree
Pipeline to
Flow
Process
and
Storage
Surface
Casing
Cement
Intermediate
Casing
Cement
Production
Casing
Tubing
Completion
Fluid
Packer
Well
Fluids
Cement
Oil or Gas Zone
Perforations
Natural gas processing
Natural gas processing
Natural gas transportation
Pipeline Transmission System
Natural gas transportation
Floating LNG
ConocoPhillips_Cascade_LNG_Project1.jpg
Natural gas transportation
FSRU