Life after Reconstruction
After the Civil War:
Blacks make political and civil gains…
•13th Amendment - gave 4.3
million slaves their freedom
•14th Amendment - African
Americans given citizenship
•15th Amendment - African
American men given right to vote
2
African Americans Lost
Economic Power
•40 Acres & a Mule After slavery, many
African Americans
thought they would get
this, but didn’t
•Sharecropping Instead work on land
owned by whites &
share profits from crops
3
African Americans Lost
Political Power
•Poll Tax - had to pay
to vote
•Literacy Test - Had
to read to vote
•Grandfather Clause
- Could get around 1st
2 if your grandfather
could vote
4
1876 Presidential Tickets
The Presidential Nominees of 1876
• Election of 1876 was
controversial and
disputed.
• Republican nominee
Rutherford B. Hayes
and Democratic
nominee Samuel
Tilden.
• Tilden, the Governor
from New York was
nominated in St. Louis
alongside Indiana
Governor Thomas
Hendricks
• Rutherford B.
Hayes, Governor of
Ohio, and a former
Congressman was
nominated for the
presidency by the
Republican party in
Cincinnati at the
Republican National
Convention, with
New York
Congressman
William Wheeler
nominated as his
running mate.
Campaign Slander
• Campaign
slander was
widespread,
with slur
tactics used in
order to boost
support for
opposing
candidates.
The Initial Outcome
• It appeared initially as November 7th came to a close that Tilden
was winning the Electoral College vote with 184 electoral votes to
Hayes' 165.
• The popular vote too appeared to favor Tilden with 51% or
4,284,020 for the Democratic candidate, while Hayes received 48%
of the popular vote, or 4,036,572.
The Contested Results
• The Electoral vote, 184 for Tilden and
165 for Hayes, and 20 electoral votes
in dispute.
• Three southern states, South
Carolina with 7 electoral votes,
Florida with 4, and Louisiana with 8,
as well as Oregon (with only one of
the three electoral votes contested)
were contesting the results of their
electoral vote.
Political Cartoons
• The disputed election resulted in numerous political cartoons
dedicated to the crisis.
• The cartoon entitled "A National Game That is Played Out"
represents the discontent of the cartoonist over the apparent gamy
nature the disputed election was being handled.
• “Compromise Indeed!" represents the perceived bullying
on the part of the Democrats in their plight. The popular
press was particularly critical of the Democratic effort to
get Tilden elected.
• "A Jewel Among
Swine", presents a
rather scathing
view of the
electoral boards of
the disputed
southern states, in
this case
Louisiana.
Election Violence and the Red Shirts
• Violence and pressure
occurred during the
election particularly by
the supposed Red Shirts
of South Carolina.
• These staunch southern
Democrats were known
for their bullying and
intimidation of African
American voters.
• Accusations claimed the
Red Shirts were both
forcing African
Americans to vote
democrat, and even
preventing them from
voting altogether.
A Final Outcome
• On March 2,
1877, Rutherford
B. Hayes was
declared
President of the
United States,
bringing an end
to the four month
debate, he won
by ONE vote.
• Three days later,
on March 5,
Hayes was sworn
in as President.
The Compromise of 1877
• The Compromise of 1877
is often perceived as the
end of Reconstruction.
• Pulled federal troops out of
state politics in the South,
and ended the
Reconstruction Era.
• Through the Compromise,
Republican Rutherford B.
Hayes was awarded the
White House over
Democrat Samuel J. Tilden
on the understanding that
Hayes would remove the
federal troops whose
support was essential for
the survival of Republican
state governments in South
Carolina, Florida and
Louisiana.
• The following map portrays the Reconstruction military
redistricting of the south which came to an end with the
Compromise of 1877
SEGREGATION AND
DISCRIMINATION
• By the turn of the 20th
century, Southern
States had adopted a
broad system of legal
discrimination
• Blacks had to deal
with voting
restrictions, Jim Crow
laws, Supreme Court
set-backs, and
physical violence
WHAT IS DISCRIMINATION?
• Discrimination
involves:
• Beliefs : "This group of
people is inferior
because"
• Emotions : "I hate this
group of people."
• Actions : "I will deny
opportunity/hurt/kill
members of this
group."
What is Racial Segregation?
It is the separation of a
certain group of people,
based on their race, from
another group in daily life.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_segregation
•
Black Codes- U.S. States passed these laws
to take away the Civil Rights of African
Americans.
» Occurred in former Confederate States in the
1860s and the laws went on a state by state
basis
» Examples of Black Codes:
Literacy Tests to vote
Licenses required for work,
marriage, weapons, property
ownership, etc.
NO Vagrancy, required to work, and the
Codes regulated the type of work,
and the hours of labor
VOTING RESTRICTIONS
• All Southern states
imposed new voting
restrictions and
denied legal equality
to African Americans
• Some states limited
the vote to those who
could read, other
states had a poll tax
which had to be paid
prior to voting
Racial Segregation
• January 1, 1863:
Lincoln issued the
Emancipation
Proclamation, which
declared freedom for all
slaves.
– Intended to weaken the
South’s power during the
U.S. Civil War
– Although slaves were
“free,” black people were
affected by state laws
that prevented equality
– These laws were known
as the Jim Crow Laws
Jim Crow Laws
• The term Jim Crow comes from
the minstrel show song “Jump
Jim Crow” written in 1828 and
performed by Thomas
Dartmouth “Daddy” Rice, a
white English migrant to the
U.S. and the first to popularize
the blackface performance.
• A caricature of a shabbily
dressed rural black named “Jim
Crow” became a standard
character in minstrel shows.
Rise of Jim Crow
• Jim Crow laws (1877)
• Segregation
• “Separate but Equal” Rule
• separate facilities: schools, railroad carts,
bathrooms, and later water fountains.
• African Americans were prevented from
living in “white” sections of towns, and they
were limited to mostly laborious jobs.
JIM CROW LAWS
• Southern states passed
segregation laws to
separate white and black
people in public and
private facilities
• These laws came to be
known as “Jim Crow
Laws”, named after an
old minstrel song
• Racial segregation was
put into effect in
schools, hospitals,
parks, and
transportation systems
throughout the South
Rise of Jim Crow
Key Figures/ Groups
Anti-Jim Crow
•
•
•
•
W.E.B. Du Bois
Booker T. Washington
NAACP
NACW
How Did Washington and Du Bois
Differ in Response to the Laws?
W.E.B. Du Bois
• He accepted social segregation
•
Du Bois believe equality among
the races could be achieved
through vocational education.
• He started the Tuskegee
Vocational School (1881)
Booker T. Washington
• He believed in total social,
political, and civil rights for all
African Americans.
• He did not accept segregation and
he wanted an end to
discrimination.
• He started the NAACP (National
Association for the Advancement
of Colored People)
Rise of Jim Crow
Pro Jim Crow Groups
• Ku Klux Klan
• Democratic Party
Etiquette
• Blacks were expected to
refer to whites with titles of
superiority like BOSS, SIR,
CAPTIAN, MISS, or MRS.
• Whites referred to blacks
using derogatory terms like
BOY, LADY, GIRL and the
N word.
• Blacks were expected to
lets whites walk of the
sidewalk and signs reading
things like “Negroes and
Dogs Not Allowed” were
common
RACE RELATIONS - 1900
• Blacks faced legal
discrimination as well as
informal rules and
customs
• Meant to humiliate these
“rules” included; whites
never shaking the hand
of an African America,
blacks had to yield the
sidewalk to whites,
blacks also had to
remove their hats in the
presence of whites
DISCRIMINATION IN THE NORTH
• While most African
Americans lived in the
segregated South, many
blacks had migrated to
the North in hopes of
better jobs & equality
• However, the North had
its own brand of racism
as blacks got low paying
jobs and lived in
segregated
neighborhoods
Plessy vs. Ferguson
• Strengthened the already
popular Jim Crow Laws
• In 1892, 30-year-old Homer Plessy was jailed
for sitting in a “white” section of a railroad car
• Plessy was 1/8th black, but under Louisiana
law, he was considered “colored” and was
supposed to ride in the “colored car.”
• Plessy argued that his arrest was a violation
of the Constitution
• Ferguson, the judge, found Plessy GUILTY of
refusing the leave the “white car.”
Plessy vs. Ferguson:
•What? Homer
Plessey tried to sit in
a whites-only train
car
•How did the
Supreme Court
Rule? Segregation
is ok as long as the
facilities are equal
37
•“Separate But
Equal”
Plessy vs. Ferguson
• After an appeal, the case
went to the Supreme
Court, which upheld the
decision (did NOT violate
the 14th Amendment) and
perpetuated the concept of
“separate but equal.”
• This enabled schools,
courthouses, libraries,
hotels, theaters,
restaurants, public
transportation, etc., to
segregate “coloreds” from
“whites.”
What parts of society were segregated?
Segregated Drinking Fountains
39
•Schools,
cemeteries, courts,
hospitals, mental
institutions,
orphanages,
prisons, & Bibles
to swear on in
trials
Problem:
Separate But Equal is Never Equal
•Example: Whites would
never fund black schools
equally
•Goes against 14th
Amendment (grants
citizenship to everyone
born in the U.S. and
subject to its jurisdiction
and protects civil and
political liberties)
40
Jim Crow Violence:
How else did Southern Whites enforce Jim Crow?
•Ku Klux Klan secret terrorist
society that beat,
raped, and
murdered African
Americans
•http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/stori
es_org_kkk.html
41
How else did Southern Whites enforce Jim Crow?
•Lynching - a mob puts
someone to death without a trial
•Between 1880-1968
nearly 5000 blacks were
lynched
•Why?
•“incorrect behavior”
•economic competition
between blacks and whites
42
VIOLENCE
• African Americans who
did not follow the racial
etiquette could face
severe punishment or
death
• Between 1882-1892,
more than 1,400 black
men and women were
shot, burned, or lynched
• Lynching peaked in the
1880s and 90s but
continued well into the
20th century
MAJOR AREAS OF LYNCHING
Jim Crow & Segregation:
How did African Americans resist?
•Spoke out against
discrimination
•Organized boycotts
of segregated
facilities
•Tried to improve
segregated facilities
45
Segregated School
When did it end?
•WWII jumpstarted
the Civil Rights
movement in the US
Man removes segregation
sign 1956
46
•1954 Brown V. Board
of Education declared
segregation in
schools illegal
Quickwrite:
•Is there ever a time when
separate treatment IS equal
treatment?
47