Ngayon ang araw that I have a presentation.
Today is the day that I have a presentation.
¡ Mi tio greeted his amigo feliz cumpleaños !
My uncle greeted his friend a happy birthday.
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UNDERSTANDING CODESWITCHING
A Quick Overview
By Irma Sheryl Crespo
CODESWITCHING is the alternative use,
by bilinguals, of two or more languages in
the same conversation. Scholars have used
this term interchangeably with:
-
hyphenated “code-switching”
-
“codemixing” or “code-mixing”
“code alternation”
language mixing
-
“codeshifting”(occasionally)
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Codeswitching is not Borrowing.
Codeswitching can be of any length. It can occur at the
word, phrase, or sentence level as long as it is a
complete shift into the other language. Here, speakers
are aware of the grammar of both languages and their
relationship to one another and uses this knowledge to
produce grammatical sentences. Often switches occur
within the sentence or clause (intrasentential). It can
also be between sentences or clauses (intersentential).
Borrowings are short. They are phonologically and
morphologically adapted to the language being used.
They are separated from their original grammar and
they conform to the structure of the host language.
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EXAMPLES
Codeswitching: Ngayon ang araw that I
have a presentation.
Borrowing: Ngayon ang araw ng aking
presentasyon.
Combined Codeswitching and Borrowing:
Ngayon ang araw that I have a
presentasyon.
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MORE EXAMPLES
Japanese borrowed word “hai teku” for the
English term “high tech”
BORROWED
BORROWED
Yesterday, pumunta ako sa syudad para bumili ng pansit
ENGLISH
TAGALOG
CODESWITCHING
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THEORIES
Pragmatics
How do bilinguals use codeswitching?
Why do they use it in a certain way?
- Linguistics and Extralinguistics
- “We-codes”/ “They-codes”
- External and Internal
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THEORIES
Psycholinguistics
How is codeswitching processed?
- Codeswitching takes more time?
- The bilingual grammar
- The language switch mechanism.
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THEORIES
Syntactic
What is the structure of codeswitching?
- Random Switching
- Assumed Constraints and Restrictions
v Poplack and Sankoff
 FREE MORPHEME CONSTRAINT
 EQUIVALENCE CONSTRAINT
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THEORIES
POPLACK and SANKOFF
FREE MORPHEME CONSTRAINT
SPANGLISH:
I /told him/ that/ pa que/ la trajera/ ligero.
( Yo lo dije eso pa que la trajera ligero.)
(I told him that so that he would bring it fast.)
Not acceptable: eat-iendo
(English “eat” and Spanish“-iendo” which is English“-ing”)
EQUIVALENCE CONSTRAINT
SPANGLISH
No se porque I never used it.
No se porque nunca lo use.
(I do not know because I never used it.)
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THEORIES
Syntactic
- The Counter Examples
vStudies made that dispute the universality of the
constraints established by Poplack and Sankoff.
vLanguages like the Andanme-English, ArabicFrench and Kannada-English don’t follow the Free
Morpheme Constraint while Lingala-French in Zaire
is an exception to the Equivalence Point.
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CONCLUSION
To accurately state the current positions on
Codeswitching, I end this presentation with a
quote from Rodolfo Jacobson:
“…codeswitching universals are still not
within grasp. It appears that not enough
language contexts are yet known to make
any far reaching predictions about the
principles that govern ‘all’ language mixing
events…the scholarly debate was merely a
suggestion that a different route should be
taken to unravel the complexity of
codeswitching behavior.”
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THE END
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REFERENCES
Auer,Peter 1998. Code-Switching in Conversation. London:
Routledge.
Bautista, Maria Lourdes 1980. The Filipino Bilingual’s Competence,
Australia: Linguistic Circle of Canberra.
Jacobson, Rodolfo 1998. Codeswitching Worldwide, Berlin;New
York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Kamwangamalu, Nkonko Mudipanu 1989. Code-Mixing Across
Languages:Structure, Functions, and Constraints,
Michigan:University Microfilms International.
Mahootian, Shahrzad 1993. A Null Theory of Codeswitching,
Michigan: University Microfilms International.
Milroy, Lesley and Muysken, Peter 1995. One Speaker, Two
Languages, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Myers-Scotton, Carol 1997. Duelling Languages: Grammatical
Structure in Codeswtiching, New York: Oxford University Press.
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