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Beginnings of the Cold War
Dealing With a New World
President in His Own Right
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The Korean War

Beginnings of the Cold War
Section 1
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Truman
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United Nations
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Controlling the Atom
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Problems with the Russians
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Truman Doctrine

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Missouri
No College Education
Farmer
Served in WWI
County Judge
Senator
Very intelligent, hardworking, and fair

B. Building a New World
Organization
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United Nations—replaced League of nations and goal was to preserve peace
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US Congress ratified UN Charter with a vote of 8-2

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General Assembly—
Included delegates from every member nation. (town hall meeting of the world)
– Each member got one vote (except for Russia which got 3)
– Responsible for budget and electing new members

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Security Council—eleven members including the Big Five (police force of the world)
– Big Five had permanent seats and right to veto
– Others were elected to two-year terms
– Looked into disputes

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Bernard Baruch— proposed a world agency that would oversee atomic energy and inspect atomic plants.
Program failed because of the USSR

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Forced Communism on Poland
Eastern European
Countries became
Communist
Iron Curtain—term used by Churchill to describe the line between Sovietdominated Europe and the West.

Problems with the Russians
(continued)
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Soviets prevented free passage of people, information, and ideas across its borders.
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Turkey and Greece were both facing
Communist insurgents
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Atomic secrets had been leaked to the
Russians

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Containment—trying to keep the Soviet
Union from expanding its area of influence
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George Keenan—warned that Communism must be contained because they plan to conquer the world.

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Dean Ascheson—warned that if Greece fell to Communism, Asia, Africa, and Europe were in grave danger
George Marshall (along with Ascheson)— developed a plan so this would not happen.
Truman Doctrine—US policy of economic and military support to those who were being subjugated to outside forces

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First law giving aid to oppose Communist expansion
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Helped defeat the influence of
Communism in their countries

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US would help Europe economically over the next 3-4 years to keep its economy healthy and invulnerable.
Huge Success…in addition, they were able to buy our goods and kept our economy flourishing.

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Gave economic aid to the poor free nations in Asia, Africa, and Latin America

Section 2: Dealing with a New
World
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Bringing the Boys
Home
Atomic Energy Act
Converting to
Peacetime
Taft-Hartley Act
An Active Congress
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The Fair Deal
Problems with
Germany
Berlin Blockade
NATO
Election of 1948

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1946—armed forces decreased from 12 million to 3 million
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GI Bill of Rights
– Provided hospitals and clinics
– Payments to unemployed veterans
– Preference for federal jobs
– Free tuition, books, and on-the-job training

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Transferred the control of atomic energy from government to civilian hands
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However, all production facilities and nuclear plants would be government owned.
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Commission was set up to control the peacetime development of atomic energy

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1 st time the nation did not face a depression after the war
No shortage of jobs
Troubled by strikes, shortages of resources, and inflation.

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Limited Union activities in order to prevent strikes and corruption
– Outlawed the closed shop—had to pay dues to join a union
– Allowed the union shop—required workers to join a union
– Permitted states to enact a right-to-work law—forbid the union shop in that state
– Law was passed over Truman’s veto.

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Lowered taxes (especially for the wealthy)
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Cut back on aid to farmers, social security, and education
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22 nd Amendment—limited a president to two terms
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Presidential Succession Act—changed the order in which someone became President if the President dies during office.

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Extension of FDR’s New Deal that included civil rights laws.
– Desegregated armed forces
– Appointed first black governor and judge
– Fought for rights of blacks in civil rights cases

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After WWII, Germany was split into 4 zones of occupation: US,
Russia, Britain, and
France.
US, Britain, and
France merged their together to become one territory
Russia felt threatened and started the Berlin
Blockade

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Leaders met to confirm that Nazi “war criminals” would be tried
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Many were executed.
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Many Japanese leaders later faced the same fate

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Germany was divided into eastern and western Germany
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Russia banned all supplies from entering
West Berlin to prevent the Western
Powers from forming a government there.

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US, England, and France supplied the city with clothing, food and coal by air (Berlin Airlift)
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Russia accepted defeat and lifted the ban
The two sides remained separated with Eastern
Germany becoming a satellite nation of Russia.

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North Atlantic Treaty Organization—
Atlantic Pact that created allies between the US, Canada and ten other Western
European nation
– Military enforcement for the prevention of the spread of communism
– Eisenhower is named first Commander of
NATO forces

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Tom Dewey—R
Truman –D
Democrats were divided:
– Dixiecrats—insisted on segregation of blacks and nominated Strom Thurmond
– Progressives—believed in cooperating with
Russia and nominated Henry Wallace
– Truman still wins despite the division due to his hard work on his campaign.

Section 3: President in His Own
Right
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Truman’s Fair Deal (pros and cons)
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The Second Red Scare
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World Situation Worsens
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Rise of McCarthyism
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Protecting the United States

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Successful: minimum wage increase, extension of social security, and money for projects to help the poor
Unsuccessful: civil rights laws, national health insurance, and aid to farmers

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House Un-American Activities Committee
(HUAC)—held public hearings against those who were suspicious of communist activities
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Richard Nixon—one of the most active members of the HUAC.
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Alger Hiss—accused of providing documents to the Russians. “Red Herring”

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Soviet Union explodes an atomic bomb in
1949
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Klaus Fuchs—confessed to giving Russians secrets about the bomb
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China becomes Communist under Mao
Zedong

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Joseph McCarthy— senator who claimed that the State department was infested with
Communists

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McCarran Act—required all Communist
Organizations to register with the Attorney
General
McCarran-Warren Act—new immigration law to keep out Communists.
– Quota system, loyalty checks, and deportation
Rosenbergs—sentenced to death for giving key secrets to Russians about the bomb.