Programmes
designed for the
activation of youth
through
entrepreneurship
Active citizents
combating youth
unemployment
International
conference
Eger, Hungary
13-14 Nov-2013
dr. Agnieszka Klucznik-Törő,
Poland
dr.Aga Törő, ICE
Aim, thesis, questions
Aim:

to get insight into the youth unemployment situation in Poland and to show the
most important tools applied by the educational institutions and by the policy
makers to balance the labour market inequalities

Thesis:



The main reason of the relatively high Polish youth unemployment is low labour
demand.
The inequalities in the labour market can be balanced by advanced
education, entrepreneurial programmes and financial support for young
entrepreneurs.
Main questions:
1.
2.
3.
What does youth employability mean and what does it depend on?
How Polish political and academic sphere cope with the implementation of
the youth employability process?
How to combat youth unemployment in Poland through entrepreneurship?
1. What does youth
employability mean/depend on?
dr.Aga Törő, ICE
State of the
labour
market
Socioeconomic
factors
with improvements of Aga Törő (2013)
dr.Aga Törő, ICE
2. How political and academic
sphere cope with the implementation of
the youth employability process?
Source: The Economist, www.economist.com , downloaded: Nov 5th 2013
dr.Aga Törő, ICE
Youth unemployment in Poland
Source: Eurostat, Youth Unemployment Rate Chart
dr.Aga Törő, ICE
Youth unemployment by education
35
higher education
30
25
vocational secondary
%
20
15
general seconadary
10
basic vocational
5
0
2004
2006
2008
2010
years
Source: Eurostat, with own calcullations
2012
2014
primary and incomplete
primary
dr.Aga Törő, ICE
3. How to combat youth unemployment in
Poland through entrepreneurship?

Importance to boost youth entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship - ability to Discover, Select, Process,
Interpret and use the necessary Data to take Decisions in
an uncertain world and, then, to exploit market
opportunities.

The main factors affecting entrepreneurial ability are:


certain personal characteristics, i.e. creativity,
imagination, degree of risk aversion, alertness,
competences acquired through



formal education
on-the-job experience.
tacit knowledge embedded in the life environment
dr.Aga Törő, ICE
What could be the most
important in boosting youth
entrepreneurship in Poland?
Money? Culture? Incubation of resources? Human
capital?
1st factor: Advanced education supports entrepreneurial
entry through:






The acquisition of skills –students have more chances to
develop necessary skills important for an entrepreneur,
especially critical thinking, communication and teamwork,
Providing an access to certain social networks,
Serve as a positive signal for nascent entrepreneurs when
evaluated by resource providers, e.g. business angels,
venture capitalists.
Sorting people by ambition and assertiveness.
50% of Polish youth participate in HE (!)
dr.Aga Törő, ICE

2nd factor: It was confirmed while testing the effect of
entrepreneurship programmes on entrepreneurial attitudes
and intention of students that:

Inspiration (and not learning or resource-utilisation) was the
entrepreneurial programme's benefit related to the increase of
subjective norm and intention towards self-employment.

Entrepreneurship programmes:



Youth in the labour market programme (since 2012)


Human Capital Operational Programme
30 minus programme (since 2010)
Sub-programme „Your career-your choice”
The First Job programme (2002)

First Business programme (2005)
dr.Aga Törő, ICE
 3rd
factor - Work experience - gives and
access to: social networks, market
information, capital, potential customers.
 Compulsory
level of HE
internship at 1st, 2nd and 3rd
dr.Aga Törő, ICE
Summary

Employability

Insufficient labour demand -> entrepreneurial
programmes

Entrepreneurship

3 factors important for boosting youth
entrepreneurship:



Advanced education,
Entrepreneurship programmes,
Work experience.
Thank you for
your attention
eente@eente.eu