Today’s Standard
10.6 Students analyze the effects of the First World
War.
 Analyze the aims and negotiating roles of world leaders, the terms and
influence of the Treaty of Versailles and Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen
Points, and the causes and effects of the United States's rejection of the
League of Nations on world politics.
Today’s Objectives
1. Discuss and evaluate the conditions
of the Treaty of Versailles and how
it could lead to WWI.
2. Evaluate the human and financial
cost of war.
Chapter 11 Section 4
Making the Peace
3
Essential Question
What factors influenced the peace
treaties that ended World War I, and
how did people react to the treaties?
Costs of War
Human Costs
Millions of soldiers dead and more
wounded
 8.5 million in battle
 Est. 21 million as a result of starvation and
disease.
1918 – deadly influenza pandemic
 Killed more than 20 million people
Aftermath
Financial
of the Battle Toll
of Verdun
Mass destruction of property from
France to Russia
 Homes, farms, factories, roads and churches –
shelled to rubble
People felt bitter and wanted losers
to pay reparations
 Payments for war damage
Original caption: Aftermath Of Great War - Scenes In Berlin. The original
German caption says 'A great friend of children distributing money & food gifts
to Berlin schoolchildren.'
French War Losses
• No other nation suffered a greater percentage of its
population dead or wounded.
• Of Frenchmen between 20 and 32 at the start of the
war, more than 50% were killed.
• Property damage in northern France
•
•
300,000 houses destroyed
20,000 factories ruined
• 1,360,000 head of livestock killed or confiscated
• Bombing ravaged thousands of acres of forest and
farmland.
The Allies Meet at Versailles
January 18, 1919 - Paris
Peace Conference at the
Palace of Versailles
begins
Delegates from 32
countries meet
Russia and Germany &
its allies are NOT
represented
The Big Four
Major decisions at Peace
Conference were made
by the Big Four:
 Woodrow Wilson:
United States
 David Lloyd George:
Great Britain
 Georges Clemenceau:
France
 Vittorio Orlando:
Italy
The Big Four
Allies Dictate A Harsh Peace
 Britain & France concerned
w/ national security
 Determined to punish
Germany
 Compromises are made:
Treaty of Versailles signed
June 28, 1919
Major Provisions of Treaty
League of Nations: 5
Allied Powers and 32
allied and neutral
nations; Germany &
Russia excluded; goal
is everlasting peace
1648-1871
Territorial Losses:
Treaty of Frankfurt
1871
Franco-Prussian War
Alsace-Lorraine
&
1871-1918
colonies in Africa
& of Versailles
1919
Treaty
Pacific 1919-1940
1940-1944
1945-present
ruled by France
ceded to Germany
ruled by German Empire
restored to France
ruled by France
ruled by Third Reich
ruled by France
Military Restrictions: reduced size of
Germany’s army; restricted
importing & manufacturing of
weapons
War Guilt: Article 231; Germany was
held solely responsible; had to pay
allies $33 Billion
Creation of New Nations
Many new Independent
nations were created –
Germany divide
Austria-Hungary 
Austria, Hungary,
Czechoslovakia, &
Yugoslavia
Many nations created
from former lands of
Russia
 Poland, Romania
Estonia, Latvia, etc…
Peace Built on Quicksand
Many in US wanted to stay out of
European affairs
Many in US rejected Treaty of
Versailles
War Guilt = Bitter Germans
Many countries felt cheated b/c
wanted independence or more land
A League of Nations
One of Wilson’s 14
points
 collective security
 Keep world peace
40 Nations joined
Agreed to negotiate
disputes
U.S. Refused to enter in
the end – weakened the
league
Very weak, no way to
enforce decisions
Legacy of the War
War on a global scale
About 8.5 million soldiers died; 21
million more wounded
Economic drain on Europe; total
cost $338 billion
Countless homes, farms, & towns
destroyed
Laid foundation for WWII
Wilson’s League of Nations
“Touch Not a
Single Bough”
from Literary
Digest 8/9/1919
Wilson’s League of Nations
“Muzzled” from
Literary Digest
9/13/1919
Wilson’s League of Nations
“The Rainbow”
from Literary
Digest 9/13/1919
Wilson’s League of Nations
“Blowing
Bubbles” from
Literary Digest
9/20/1919