Chapter 13
The New Deal
1933 - 1938
Bell Ringer
How would you want
government leaders to
respond if all the
members of your family
were out of work, with
no hope of
finding a job?
Forging a New Deal
Section 1
Objectives
 Identify the programs FDR created to restore
the nation’s hope and explain the role of
Eleanor Roosevelt.
 Identify key New Deal personnel and explain
why the New Deal faltered.
 Describe the Second New Deal and how the
voters responded to it in the 1936 election.
 Define: New Deal, hundred days, public
works program, Tennessee Valley Authority
(TVA), Second New Deal, Wagner Act, Social
Security System
Main Idea
President Roosevelt sought to end
the Depression through the
programs of the New Deal.
During FDR’s first “hundred days” in
office, he created many “alphabet
agencies”—some set up by Congress,
others by executive order—to help
Americans during this difficult period.
***
FDR told the American people
at his inauguration: “This
nation asks for action and
action now!”
The New Deal is the
name given to programs
launched by President
Franklin D. Roosevelt during
1933-1937 with the goal of
relief, reform and recovery
to the national economy.
“The only thing
we have to fear is
fear itself.”
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Inaugural Address
March 4, 1933
The First Hundred Days
 FDR’s
inauguration in March
through June 1933
 FDR pushed programs
through Congress to provide
relief, create jobs and
stimulate economic recovery
Closing the Banks



FDR’s first step to restore confidence in
the nation’s banks
March 5, 1933—ordered all banks to close
for 4 days “bank holiday”
Congress passed the Emergency Banking
Act


Authorized the government to inspect the
financial health of all banks.
2/3 reopened by March 15th
FDIC
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
Insured (protected) bank deposits up to
$5000
Providing Relief and
Creating Jobs
• FERA – Federal Emergency
Relief Administration created
to send funds to local relief
agencies
–Harry Hopkins, director
“Give a man a (handout)
and you save his body
and destroy his spirit.
Give him a job and pay
him an assured wage and
you save both the body
and the spirit.”
Harry Hopkins
FERA Director
Public Works Programs
Government funded
projects to build
facilities
Civil Works Administration
(CWA)
Gave jobs building or
improving roads, parks,
airports and other
facilities to the
unemployed
4 million employees
Civilian Conservation Corps
(CCC)
Gave jobs restoring
forests, beaches and
parks
Over 2.5 million young,
unmarried men
CCC workers earned $1 per day
Workers lived in camps free of
charge
They received food, medical care
and job training
What long-term
benefits did
workers get
from working in
the CCC?
Helped Native Americans
•John Collier--FDR’s commissioner
of Indian Affairs
--Built schools, hospitals and
irrigation systems
•Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
--Ended the sale of tribal
lands (Dawes Act of 1887) and
restored ownership of some lands
to Indian groups.
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The Great Depression was the worst economic
calamity in American history
Several flawed economic and political policies
contributed to the stock market crash
The Depression affected Americans of all economic
and social classes
The New Deal demanded significant spending on
the federal level to combat the Depression
The New Deal sought to solve the problems of the
Depression by providing public works projects, as
well as by promoting the arts
The New Deal changed the role of government in
American life
The reach and impact of the New Deal affected
American life from the 1930s into the 21st century
A Helping Hand to Business
 NIRA
– National Industrial
Recovery Act wanted to raise
prices to help industries
 NRA
(National Recovery
Administration) was
established to balance the
unstable economy
 New codes to regulate wages,
working conditions,
production and prices.
 Set a minimum wage
 Gave organized labor
collective bargaining rights
Higher wages
=
Higher prices
Consumers stopped buying
Public Works Administration (PWA)
Directed by Harold Ickes
Was the best part of the NRA because the
codes they enacted had failed, but the
work of the PWA was successful
Grand Coulee Dam on Columbia River (WA)
Causeway connecting Key West to FL
Tribourough Bridge (NYC)
Grand Coulee Dam
Causeway connecting Key West
to mainland Florida
Tribourough Bridge in
New York City (1935)
Federal Securities Act
 Required companies to provide information
about their finances if they offered stock
Securities and Exchange Commission
(SEC)
 Set up to regulate the stock market
Saving Homes and Farms
• HOLC – Home Owners’ Loan
Corporation
–Refinanced mortgages to
make payments more
manageable
Saving Homes and Farms
• AAA – Agricultural Adjustment
Administration
–Tried to raise farm prices
through government financial
assistance (subsidies)
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
 Created in May 1933
 Helped farmers and created jobs
 Provided cheap electric power, flood
control and recreational opportunities
to the Tennessee River Valley
To how many states
did the TVA provide
service? (p. 407)
Eleanor Roosevelt

Supported New Deal
programs and FDR
 Traveled for FDR
(who was disabled)
 FDR was her distant
cousin; together
they had six children
Read the biography on p. 407
FDR was the first
president with a significant
physical disability. FDR
was diagnosed with
infantile paralysis, better
known as polio, in 1921, at
the age of 39. Although
dealing with this crippling
disease was difficult, many
believe that his personal
struggles helped shape
FDR, both as a man and
as a president.
The New Deal Falters (Fails)


Programs failed to bring significant
economic improvement
People worried about the increased
power that New Deal agencies gave
the federal government.
A Second New Deal
The period in 1935
where FDR launched
a new burst of
legislative activity
Second New Deal, cont.
More social welfare benefits
Stricter controls over business
Stronger support for unions
Higher taxes on rich
WPA (Works Progress Administration)
 set up in 1935
 provided 8 million jobs
 constructed or improved
playgrounds, schools, hospitals
and airfields
 supported work of artists and
writers
Resettlement Agency
(replaced later by Farm
Security Administration (FSA)
in 1937
• loaned over $1 billion to
farmers and set up camps
for migrant workers
New Labor Legislation
•
Workers wanted their rights
protected
– National Labor Relations Act
(Wagner Act)
– named after leading advocate,
Robert Wagner
» legalized collective bargaining
» outlawed spying on union
activities and blacklisting
NLRB
(National Labor Relations
Board)
– set up to enforce Wagner
Act
Fair Labor Standards Act (1938)
banned child labor
established minimum
wage
Social Security Act (1935)
 established a Social Security System
 provide regular payments to people who
could not support themselves
 old-age pensions and survivor’s benefits
 unemployment insurance
 aid for dependent children, blind and
physically disabled
1936 Election

FDR won in a landslide
victory

Showed that most
Americans supported the
New Deal
AGENCY
CCC
WPA
PWA
NRA
NLRB
FDIC
SEC
AAA
SSA
PURPOSE
What was the general mood
when FDR was sworn into
office on March 4, 1933?
1.How is FDR
portrayed?
2.What challenges
does FDR face as
he embarks on
his new job as
president?
3.What objects are
included in the
cartoon and what
do they
symbolize?
4.What does “man
of the hour”
mean?
The New Deal’s Critics
Section 2
What are some of the
agencies set up by FDR with
the New Deal?
Objectives
• Identify which Americans received only
limited benefits from the New Deal.
• Describe how politicians and
demagogues criticized the New Deal.
• Define:
– American Liberty League
– Demagogue
– Nationalization
“I pledge to you, I pledge
myself, to a new deal for
the American people”
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Democratic National
Convention
Main Idea
A variety of critics pointed
out the shortcomings of the
New Deal as well as its
potential for restricting
individual freedom.
Limits of the New Deal
Women put at a disadvantage
a. NRA codes allowed lower wages for women’s work
b. Men and boys received preference in relief and job
programs
African Americans
a. Racial segregation reinforced by relief programs in
the South
b. Kept out of skilled jobs and received lower pay
c. “last hired, first fired”
i. Highest unemployment rate of any group during the Great
Depression
Political Critics
I. New Deal Does Too Much
a. Many Republicans opposed Roosevelt
i. Felt the New Deal went too far
b. Wealthy people
i. Higher taxes on the rich
c. American Liberty League
i. Founded in 1934
ii. Led much of the opposition to the New Deal
iii. Alfred E. Smith, leader
iv. John J. Raskob and DuPont Family
v. Argued that the New Deal limited individual freedom and
was “un-American”
American Liberty League
Founded
in 1934 and led
much of the opposition to the
New Deal
II. New Deal Does Not Do Enough
a. Progressives and Socialists attacked programs for
not providing enough help
b. 1934 – Upton Sinclair (muckraker) ran for
governor of California
i. EPIC –END POVERTY IN CALIFORNIA
ii. Opponents used shady tactics to discredit
him
c. New Deal did not eliminate poverty
i. Led to a revival in progressivism in
Minnesota and Wisconsin
1. Robert La Follette, Jr. (WI)
2. Philip La Follette
III. Other Critics
a. Demagogues –manipulate people with half-truths,
deceptive promises and scare tactics
i. Father Charles E. Coughlin
1. used his radio broadcast in Detroit to criticize
the New Deal
2. attacks grew beyond FDR and also toward
Jews
ii. Huey Long
1. worked to help underprivileged, improving
education and medical care
2. wanted to “share the wealth” with limits on
income and higher taxes
Demagogue
Leaders
who manipulate
people with half-truths,
deceptive promises and
scare tactics
Father Charles E. Coughlin
“Radio Priest” in Detroit
Nationalization

Conversion to government ownership

Charles E. Coughlin advocated for
government ownership of banks and the
redistribution of their wealth
IV. Court-Packing Scheme
a. FDR’s attempt to “pack” the
Supreme Court
i. Put more judges in place that
favored the New Deal
Last Days of the New Deal
Section 3
Bell Ringer
*What
are the three “R’s”
that FDR’s programs and
the New Deal were aimed
to do?
*Name one demagogue
who criticized FDR and the
New Deal.
Objectives
• Explain what caused the recession of 1937.
• Identify labor union triumphs resulting from the
New Deal.
• Describe the effects of the New Deal in terms of
culture and lasting achievements.
• Define:
– National debt
– Revenue
– Coalition
– Sit-down strike
national debt
The
total amount of money
the federal government has
borrowed and not yet paid
back
revenue
income
coalition
alliance
goals
of groups with similar
sit-down strike
where
laborers stop working
but refuse to leave the
workplace
Main Idea
The New Deal had a
lasting effect on many
aspects of American life.
The Recession of 1937
I. The New Deal did not end the Depression
a. Massive government spending led to economic
improvement
b. Economy collapsed in 1937
i. Industrial production fell, employment levels
dropped
II. Social Security tax partly to blame
a. Tax came out of worker’s paychecks
b. Less money in paychecks; workers bought fewer
goods
III. Concern about national debt caused a
reduction in government spending
National Debt
Year
1933
1940
2014
Amount
$21,000,000,000
$43,000,000,000
$18,000,000,000,000
Running National Debt Clock
(click)
Unions Triumph
The Wagner Act provided federal
protection for the activities of labor
unions, making unions more
attractive to workers.
Union membership rose from 3
million to 10.5 million by 1941.
I. A New Labor Organization
A. Congress of Industrial Organizations
1. formerly CIO
2. sought to organize workers
3. a coalition (alliance of groups with
similar interests)
4. John J. Lewis; first president
5. aim was to challenge industry conditions
II. An Era of Strikes
A. Sit-Down Strikes
1. laborers stopped working but refused to leave
the workplace
2. UAW (United Auto Workers) occupied GM’s
plants in Flint, MI
a. Most famous strike
b. GM executives turned off the heat and
blocked entry of food, called police
c. Violence erupted
d. Eventually GM gave in
3. Henry Ford resisted unions
a. UAW officials were beaten near Detroit
Flint Sit-Down Strike (5m)
Strike Riots-1937 (1:30m)
Henry Ford 1941 Strike (3m)
New Deal’s Effects on Culture
I. Literature
A. The Good Earth by Pearl S.
Buck (1931)
B. The Grapes of Wrath by John
Steinbeck (1939)
C. Their Eyes are Watching God
by Zora Neale Hurston (1937)
ENTERTAINMENT
A. Radio was a major source of
entertainment
B. Soap operas
C. Technicolor movies (1933)
D. Drive-in movie theaters (1933)
E. The Wizard of Oz (1939)
F. Snow White and the Seven
Dwarfs (1937)
III. The WPA and the Arts
A. Federal Writer’s Project
1. established in 1935
2. assisted over 6000 writers
B. Federal Music Project
1. started community symphonies and
free music lessons
C. Federal Art Project
1. 1935; directed by Hallie Flanagan
a. Used drama to create awareness of
social problems
b. Controversial
Lasting New Deal Achievements
I. Public Works and Federal Agencies
A. Many bridges, dams, tunnels, public
buildings and hospitals still stand today
B. TVA is a model for government
planning
C. FDIC still guarantees bank deposits
D. SEC still monitors stock market
E. Farmers still plant according to
government guidelines in rural areas
I. Social Security
A. Still many critics
II. A Legacy of Hope
A. The New Deal restored a
sense of hope
Questions
1. In what sense did labor triumph in the
1930s?
2. Look at the chart on p. 417. In which year
was the deficit the greatest? The lowest?
3. How did sit-down strikes differ from other
strikes?
4. In what ways can art be considered a
necessity and not a luxury?
5. How did the Wagner Act affect labor unions
in the United States?
Why did President
Roosevelt and the New
Deal spark criticism?
Ch. 13 Sect. 1-2 Quiz
Name/Date/Hour
1. Name the three “R’s” that FDR’s New
Deal programs were aimed to do.
2. What was FDR’s wife’s first name?
3. Name one demagogue who criticized
FDR’s New Deal.
1.Who are the
three people
depicted in this
cartoon?
2. How is Roosevelt
depicted by the
illustrator?
3. Do you think this
cartoon is
optimistic or
pessimistic of the
“New Deal”
Programs?
New Deal Parody
• What is a parody?
• How is FDR
portrayed?
• What is the
message here
about the New
Deal?
FDR Playing with Alphabet Cards, 1933
Supporters v. Critics
What was everyone saying?
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In each stack provided, you have 16
statements.
Sort the statements between supporters and
critics of the New Deal
What would supporters have said to defend
FDR and the New Deal?
What did critics (other politicians and
demagogues think about the New Deal?
Don’t forget
your hashtag!
*Take on the perspective of either a
supporter or critic of the New Deal.
*Send a tweet of fact-based
information regarding your position.
*You may send it to anyone from
the time period.