CHAPTER TWO
FEDERALISM
AND THE STATES
The Concept of Federalism
• Unitary, Confederate, and Federal Systems
• The Advantages and Disadvantages of
Federalism
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The History of U.S. Federalism
• Early History
• The Move Toward Federalism
– The Articles of Confederation
– The Constitutional Convention
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The History of U.S. Federalism
(continued)
• State-Centered Federalism
• The Growth of National Power Through the
Constitution and the Judiciary
– The National Supremacy Clause
– The Necessary and Proper Clause
– The Commerce Clause
– The General Welfare Clause
– The Fourteenth Amendment
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The History of U.S. Federalism
(continued)
• The Growth of National Power Through
Congress
– Taxing and Spending Power
– Federal Preemption
– Smothering (Then Resuscitating) the Tenth
Amendment
• A New Era of State Resurgence?
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Intergovernmental Relations
• Tribal Governments
• Interstate Cooperation
– Cooperation Under the Constitution
– Informal Cooperation Among the States
• Intergovernmental Financial Relations
– Discretion of Recipients
– Conditions for Grants
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Models of Federalism
• Dual Federalism (1787–1932)
• Cooperative Federalism (1933–1964)
– Contemporary Variations on Cooperative Federalism
(Since 1964)
– Nixon’s Federalism
– Reagan’s New Federalism
– Bush’s New Federalism
– President Clinton, the Republican Congress, and the
“Devolution Revolution”
– George W. Bush and New Federalism
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Federal Purse Strings
• The Importance of Federal Funds
• Here’s the Check and Here’s What to Do
with It: Mandates, Pre-emptions, SetAsides, and Cost Ceilings
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Figure 2.1 Historical Trends in Federal
Grant-in-Aid Outlays
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Table 2.1 Federal Grants to State and
Local Governments, 2004, in Rank Order
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Table 2.1 Federal Grants to State and Local
Governments, 2004, in Rank Order (continued)
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