History of Tourism
Travel and exploration are basic to human nature.
Man has traveled since the earliest times although the term
tourism was used only in the early 19th century.
Tourism is derived from the Hebrew word torah, which
means studying, learning, searching.
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Principles of Tourism Part 1 By: Zenaida L. Cruz, Ph.D.
Early Tourism
• Early tourism has two forms:
1. Travel for business
2. Travel for religious reasons
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Principles of Tourism Part 1 By: Zenaida L. Cruz, Ph.D.
Travel for Business
• Throughout the history, merchants have
traveled extensively in order to trade with
other nations or tribes.
• The invention of money, writing and wheel
by the Sumerians facilitated travel and
exchange of goods.
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Principles of Tourism Part 1 By: Zenaida L. Cruz, Ph.D.
Travel for Business
• The early Phoenicians toured the
Mediterranean as traders.
• Both the Greeks and Romans were wellknown traders and as their respective
empires increased, travel became
necessary.
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Principles of Tourism Part 1 By: Zenaida L. Cruz, Ph.D.
Travel for Business
• At this time, there was also travel for
private purposes.
• Roman traveler was largely aided by
improvement in communications, first
class roads and inns (forerunners of
modern hotels).
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Principles of Tourism Part 1 By: Zenaida L. Cruz, Ph.D.
Travel for Religious Reasons
• Took the form of pilgrimages to places of
worship.
• Pilgrimages were made to fulfill a vow as
in case of illness or of great danger or as
penance for sins.
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Principles of Tourism Part 1 By: Zenaida L. Cruz, Ph.D.
Travel for Religious Reasons
• Besides Rome and Jerusalem, St. James
of Galicia was the foremost destination of
English pilgrims in the 14th century.
• Beginning in 1388, English pilgrims were
required to obtain and carry permits, the
forerunner of the modern passport.
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Principles of Tourism Part 1 By: Zenaida L. Cruz, Ph.D.
Tourism in the Medieval Period
• During the medieval period, travel
declined.
• Travel, derived from the word travail,
became burdensome, dangerous and
demanding during this time.
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Principles of Tourism Part 1 By: Zenaida L. Cruz, Ph.D.
Tourism in the Medieval Period
• After the decline of the Roman Empire in
the 5th century, roads were not maintained
and they became unsafe.
• Thieves inflicted harm on those who dared
to travel.
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Principles of Tourism Part 1 By: Zenaida L. Cruz, Ph.D.
Tourism in the Medieval Period
• No one during this time traveled for
pleasure.
• Crusaders and pilgrims were the only ones
who traveled.
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Principles of Tourism Part 1 By: Zenaida L. Cruz, Ph.D.
Tourism During the Renaissance
and Elizabethan Eras
• With the Renaissance, a few renowned
universities developed so that travel for
education was introduced largely by the
British.
• Travel for education became popular in
the 16th century.
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Principles of Tourism Part 1 By: Zenaida L. Cruz, Ph.D.
Tourism During the Renaissance
and Elizabethan Eras
• Under Elizabeth I, young men seeking
positions in court were encouraged to
travel to the continent to widen their
education.
• This practice was gradually adopted by
others in the lower social scale.
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Principles of Tourism Part 1 By: Zenaida L. Cruz, Ph.D.
Tourism During the Renaissance
and Elizabethan Eras
• In time, it became recognized that the
education of a gentleman should be
completed by a “Grand Tour” of the
cultural centers of the continent which
lasted for three years.
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Principles of Tourism Part 1 By: Zenaida L. Cruz, Ph.D.
Tourism During the Renaissance
and Elizabethan Eras
• The term was used as early as 1670. While apparently
educational, the appeal became social.
• Pleasure-seeking young men of leisure traveled
predominantly throughout France and Italy to enjoy the
cultures and social life of Europe, with Venice, Florence
and Paris as the key attractions.
• By the end of the 18th century, the practice had become
institutionalized for the upper class of society.
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Principles of Tourism Part 1 By: Zenaida L. Cruz, Ph.D.
Tourism During the Renaissance
and Elizabethan Eras
• As young men sought intellectual improvement in the
continent, the sick sought a remedy for their illness in
“spas” or medicinal baths.
• The term “spa” is derived from the Waloon word “espa”
meaning fountain.
• Travelers immersed themselves in the healing waters.
Soon entertainment was added and dozens of watering
places became resort hotels.
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Principles of Tourism Part 1 By: Zenaida L. Cruz, Ph.D.
Tourism During the Industrial
Revolution
• The Industrial Revolution brought about
major changes in the scale and type of
tourism development.
• It brought about not only technological
changes but also essential social changes
that made travel desirable as a
recreational activity.
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Principles of Tourism Part 1 By: Zenaida L. Cruz, Ph.D.
Tourism During the Industrial
Revolution
• The increase in productivity, regular
employment, and growing urbanization
gave more people the motivation and
opportunity to go on holiday.
• The emerging middle class combined
higher incomes and growing education
into annual holidays.
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Principles of Tourism Part 1 By: Zenaida L. Cruz, Ph.D.
Tourism During the Industrial
Revolution
• To escape from their responsibilities and
the crowded city environment, they
traveled to the countryside or seashore for
their holidays.
• This led to the creation of working class
resorts near major industrial centers.
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Principles of Tourism Part 1 By: Zenaida L. Cruz, Ph.D.
Tourism in the 19th Century
• Two technological developments in the
early part of the 19th century:
1. Introduction of the railway and the;
2. Development of steam power
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Principles of Tourism Part 1 By: Zenaida L. Cruz, Ph.D.
Tourism in the 19th Century
• The railroads created not only more business by
providing reliable and cheap transportation but
also more competition as various private
companies invested heavily in hotels, resorts,
and entertainment facilities.
• Thus tourism was transformed from a small
business catering to the elite into the start of a
mass market, that is travel by a large number of
individuals.
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Principles of Tourism Part 1 By: Zenaida L. Cruz, Ph.D.
Tourism in the 19th Century
• The use of steam power provided the increased
mobility needed by the tourism business.
• Steamers on the major rivers provided reliable
and inexpensive transportation that led to the
popular day trip cruises and the growth of
coastal resorts near large industrial towns.
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Principles of Tourism Part 1 By: Zenaida L. Cruz, Ph.D.
Tourism in the 19th Century
• As tourism became organized in the later years
of the 19th century, the organization of travel
became an established institution. Travel
organizers emerged.
• The first and most famous of these was Thomas
Cook.
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Principles of Tourism Part 1 By: Zenaida L. Cruz, Ph.D.
Tourism in the 19th Century
• His first excursion train trip was between Leicester and
Loughborough in 1841 with 50 passengers at a round
trip fare of one shilling.
• The success of this venture encouraged him to arrange
similar excursions using chartered trains. In 1866, he
organized his first American tour. In 1874, he introduced
“circular notes” which were accepted by banks, hotels
shops, and restaurants.
• These were in effect the first travelers’ checks.
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Principles of Tourism Part 1 By: Zenaida L. Cruz, Ph.D.
Tourism in the 19th Century
• Other tour companies which appeared in Britain at this time were
Dean and Dawson in 1871, the Polytechnic Touring Association in
1872 and Frames in 1881. In the United States, American Express
was founded by Henry and William Fargo.
• As the 19th century drew to a close, photography and guide books
became popular. A huge variety of guide books which dealt with
both local and overseas travel were sold to tourists.
• The most popular of these was Baedecker, first published in 1839,
which became the leading guide for European countries at the end
of the century.
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Principles of Tourism Part 1 By: Zenaida L. Cruz, Ph.D.
Tourism in the 20th Century
• At the beginning of the 20th century, pleasure
travel continued to expand, encouraged by the
increasing wealth, curiosity and outgoing
attitudes of the people as well as the increasing
ease of such movement.
• World war I brought about many changes which
influenced the volume of tourism.
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Principles of Tourism Part 1 By: Zenaida L. Cruz, Ph.D.
Tourism in the 20th Century
• Early post-war prosperity, coupled with large-scale
migration boosted the demand for international travel.
• Interest in foreign travel was further enhanced by the
first-hand experience of foreign countries.
• New forms of mass communication stimulated curiosity
about other countries. In addition to the influence of
posters and the press, the cinema, radio and television
widened knowledge and interest in travel
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Principles of Tourism Part 1 By: Zenaida L. Cruz, Ph.D.
Tourism in the 20th Century
• After world war I, forms of travel began to
change radically.
• The railways as a means of travel declined with
the introduction of the motor car.
• Motorized public road transport and improved
road conditions led to the popularity of seaside
tours.
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Principles of Tourism Part 1 By: Zenaida L. Cruz, Ph.D.
Tourism in the 20th Century
• World War II also led to the increased interest in
travel. The war had introduced combatants not
only to new countries but to new continents,
generating new friendships and an interest in
different cultures.
• Another outcome of the war was the progress in
aircraft technology.
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Principles of Tourism Part 1 By: Zenaida L. Cruz, Ph.D.
Tourism in the 20th Century
• Air travel had become more comfortable, safer,
faster and cheaper in comparison with other
forms of transport.
• With the introduction of the Boeing 707 in 1958,
the age of air travel for the masses arrived,
hastening the decline of sea travel.
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Principles of Tourism Part 1 By: Zenaida L. Cruz, Ph.D.
Tourism in the 20th Century
• After the post-war recovery years, there was an increase
in private car ownership.
• Travelers switched to the use of private cars and this
change affected both coach and rail services.
• The private car provided flexible transportation which
freed people from the schedules and fixed routes of
public transport.
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Principles of Tourism Part 1 By: Zenaida L. Cruz, Ph.D.
Tourism in the 20th Century
• It encouraged the growth of excursions and short-stay holidays.
• Resorts near major centers of population benefited considerably.
Road improvements brought more distant resorts closer to the major
cities.
• The resourceful tour operators devised flexible packages.
• Hotels devised their own programs of short-stay holidays
• The demand for hired cars on holidays overseas also increased
substantially.
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Principles of Tourism Part 1 By: Zenaida L. Cruz, Ph.D.
Tourism in the 20th Century
• The post-war economic recovery provided an increase in
discretionary income and leisure which many people
converted into increased recreation and travel.
• Due to labor negotiations and social legislation, the
length of official and paid holidays increased.
• Governments have created more vacation time by
incorporating isolated public holidays into the familiar
long “weekends” throughout the year.
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Principles of Tourism Part 1 By: Zenaida L. Cruz, Ph.D.
Tourism in the 20th Century
• As business and trade prospered in the developed
countries, business travel also flourished, leading to the
demand not only for individual travel but also for
conference and incentive travel on a world-wide scale.
• The 1970 have also seen the emergence of new
patterns of tourism. As economic power has shifted
between countries, new tourism generating countries
arose, notably the oil-rich Arab countries and Japan.
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Principles of Tourism Part 1 By: Zenaida L. Cruz, Ph.D.
Tourism in the 20th Century
• Europe as well as the developing tourist-based economies of Asia
have benefited from this influx.
• The Philippines, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia have
strengthened their tourist attractions to appeal to new markets.
• Governments of many nations are encouraging the growth of both
domestic and international tourism as a means of job creation,
economic diversification, and source of foreign exchange.
• Beyond its economic significance, there is a growing realization of
the role of international travel in promoting world peace and
prosperity.
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Principles of Tourism Part 1 By: Zenaida L. Cruz, Ph.D.
Origin of Tourism in the
Philippines
• Tourism in the Philippines began when the
original inhabitants of the country roamed
around in search for food.
• Inter-tribe travel occurred although mode of
travel was crude.
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Principles of Tourism Part 1 By: Zenaida L. Cruz, Ph.D.
Origin of Tourism in the
Philippines
• A more recognizable form of tourism appeared
in the Philippines when the country was
discovered by Ferdinand Magellan and when
galleons or wooden boats sailed between
Mexico and the Philippines during the galleon
trade.
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Principles of Tourism Part 1 By: Zenaida L. Cruz, Ph.D.
Origin of Tourism in the
Philippines
• During the American occupation of the
Philippines, American were able to reach Manila
after two weeks on board the Pan American
Airways air-clippers.
• In the 190’s steamship and the airline pioneers,
the “China Clipper” and the “Manila Clipper”
brought some passengers to Manila via Hong
Kong.
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Principles of Tourism Part 1 By: Zenaida L. Cruz, Ph.D.
Origin of Tourism in the
Philippines
• The introduction of more comfortable and faster
means of transportation gave the early impetus
for tourism in the Philippines.
• Travelers from the US, China, Japan and
Europe were provided inland tours by
entrepreneurs with their unregistered private
cars and coaches called “colorum.”
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Principles of Tourism Part 1 By: Zenaida L. Cruz, Ph.D.
Origin of Tourism in the
Philippines
• Colorum means illegal tour handling and the
illegal use of private vehicles for public use. It
was tolerated by the government authorities at
that time since tourism at this time was not yet
developed.
• In 1952, the first tourism association in the
Philippines was organized. This was the
Philippine Tourist and Travel Association (PTTA)
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Principles of Tourism Part 1 By: Zenaida L. Cruz, Ph.D.
Origin of Tourism in the
Philippines
• The Philippine Tourist and Travel Association (PTTA) which
was organized to put together all existing travel
establishments serving both domestic and international
travelers.
• The PTTA was funded by the government to promote the
country’s tourism industry.
• Later, the government organized the Board of Travel and
Tourist Industry (BTTI) to regulate, supervise and control the
tourism industry and to subsidize the PTTA as its promotional
arm.
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Principles of Tourism Part 1 By: Zenaida L. Cruz, Ph.D.
Origin of Tourism in the
Philippines
• The Philippines has undergone economic, social and political
crises starting in the 1960s up to the 70s which hindered the
development and promotion of tourism.
• Accommodations were inadequate and airline industries were
not given much incentive to promote the Philippines as a
visitor destination.
• Due to the turbulent conditions in the country, the tourist
industry was denied the peace and order, sanitation, financial
support , and other important factors for tourism development
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Principles of Tourism Part 1 By: Zenaida L. Cruz, Ph.D.
Origin of Tourism in the
Philippines
• It was only in 1972, after the declaration of martial law when
tourism in the Philippines prospered.
• This was due to favorable conditions such as safety of
tourists, better services and sanitation facilities, more financial
support from the government and the vigorous cooperation of
the private sector.
• Thus the Philippines became a “bargain destination” to foreign
visitors.
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Principles of Tourism Part 1 By: Zenaida L. Cruz, Ph.D.
Origin of Tourism in the
Philippines
• As several tour groups arrived in the Philippines,
more accommodations, food and beverage
facilities and more airline frequencies were
established.
• A temporary “tourist boom” existed in the
Philippines in the early 70s.
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Principles of Tourism Part 1 By: Zenaida L. Cruz, Ph.D.
Tourism in the Philippines
• The Philippine tourism industry flourished in the 1970s
and early 1980s but declined in the mid 1980s, with the
average length of tourist stay falling from 12.6 days in
earlier years to 8.9 days in 1988.
• In 1987, tourism growth was slower in the Philippines
than in other Southeast Asian countries.
• About 1.2 million tourists visited the Philippines in 1992,
which was a record high in the number of tourist visits
since 1989.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Philippines
Tourism in the Philippines
• In 2000, the Philippines' tourist arrivals totaled 2.2 million. In
2003, it totaled 2,838,000, a growth of almost 29%, and was
expected to grow as much as 3.4 million in 2007.
• In the first quarter of 2007, the tourist arrival in the Philippines
grew as much as 20% in same period last year.
• In 2011, the Department of Tourism recorded 3.9 million
tourists visiting the country, 11.2 percent higher than the 3.5
million registered in 2010.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Philippines
Tourism in the Philippines
• In 2012, the Philippines recorded 4.27 million tourist arrivals, after
the Department of Tourism launched a widely publicized tourism
marketing campaign titled "It's More Fun In the Philippines".
• The tourism industry employed 3.8 million Filipinos, or 10.2 per cent
of national employment in 2011, according to data gathered by the
National Statistical Coordination Board.
•
In a greater thrust by the Aquino administration to pump billions of
dollars into the sector, tourism is expected to employ 7.4 million
people by 2016, or about 18.8 per cent of the total workforce,
contributing 8 per cent to 9 per cent to the nation's GDP.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Philippines
Factors that Favor the Growth of
Tourism
1. Rising disposable income for large sections of the
population.
2. Growth in the number of retired persons who have the
desire and the energy to travel.
3. Increase in discretionary time.
4. Greater mobility of the population.
.
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Principles of Tourism Part 1 By: Zenaida L. Cruz, Ph.D.
Factors that Favor the Growth of
Tourism
5. Growth in the number of “singles.”
6. Greater credit availability thorough credit cards and
bank loans.
7. Higher educational levels.
8. The growth of cities.
9. Simplification of travel through the package tour.
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Principles of Tourism Part 1 By: Zenaida L. Cruz, Ph.D.
Factors that Favor the Growth of
Tourism
10. Growth of multinational business.
11. Modern transportation technology.
12. Shift in values.
13. Advances in communication.
14. Smaller families and changing roles.
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Principles of Tourism Part 1 By: Zenaida L. Cruz, Ph.D.