REVIEW FOR THE
UNIT TEST
The Enlightenment
American Revolution
French Revolution and Napoleon
Latin American Revolutions
Unifications of Italy and Germany
The two eras known as
the Renaissance and
the Enlightenment are
similar in that they both
led to people doing two
things:
(1) Question
the world
around them
(2) try to
improve society
During the Scientific Revolution, scholars applied logic and
reason; this inspired the Enlightenment thinkers to also use
logic and reason as they came up with new ideas about
economics and government
Political Ideas of the Enlightenment
Baron de Montesquieu felt that
too much power in the hands of
one person always leads to
tyranny; Rousseau agreed with
this idea of too much power
Montesquieu believed
in separation of powers:
dividing power among three
branches of government
Political Ideas of the Enlightenment
The Swiss philosophe
Jean-Jacques
Rousseau believed in
individual freedom
Rousseau believed
that people are
naturally good, but
too much power
corrupts them
Political Ideas of the Enlightenment
John Locke said that the
purpose of government
was to protect citizens’
natural rights
Locke believed that
people are born with
natural rights: rights to
life, liberty, and property
Political Ideas of the Enlightenment
Locke believed that a
government’s power
comes from “consent of
the governed” (approval
of the people)
He argued that kings
could be overthrown
if they violated
peoples’ rights
The English Bill of
Rights (1689)
•The king cannot
tax or overturn
Parliament’s laws
•Protected freedom
of speech
•The army cannot
be used as a
police force
•No excessive bail
Political Ideas of the Enlightenment
Voltaire argued for
certain rights: freedom
of speech and religion;
he criticized intolerance,
prejudice, and
oppression
Voltaire once said:
“I may disapprove of
what you say, but I will
defend to the death
your right to say it.”
English philosophe Thomas
Hobbes believed that
humans are naturally cruel,
selfish, and hungry for power
Because he believed people
needed to be protected from
themselves, Hobbes
supported rule by absolute
monarchs (like Louis XIV); he
argued that only kings with
absolute power could
maintain order in society
Hobbes would disagree with
the political ideas of Locke
and Montesquieu
To collect the new ideas of the Enlightenment and
make them accessible, Denis Diderot created the
first encyclopedia
Capitalism is an
economic model based
on private ownership
of property and the
goal is to make profits
“Laissez-faire” (“hands
off”) is the idea that
the economy thrives
when there is minimal
government
involvement in the
economy and business
Impact of the Enlightenment: Kings
Some powerful monarchs known as
enlightened despots listened to new ideas
and tried to improve the lives of their citizens
The policies of the enlightened
despots were influenced by the
writings of Enlightenment thinkers
(such as Voltaire, Rousseau)
Enlightened
despots improved
the lives of their
citizens: they
favored religious
tolerance, tax
reform, reduced
government
spending, and
legal rights
Salons were discussion parties held by Enlightenment
thinkers in Europe; they discussed new ideas in
culture, government, and economics
Impact of the Enlightenment: Music
Music composers created new, elegant
styles of music known as Classical
Franz Joseph
Haydn
Wolfgang
Amadeus Mozart
Beethoven
The storming of the Bastille prison in 1789
represented the beginning of the French Revolution
The French Revolution was started by the financial
crisis in France, the unfair taxes on the Third Estate,
the spread of Enlightenment ideas, and inspired by
the success of the American Revolution
The French and Indian War (1754-1763)
England won the
French and
Indian War;
France gave
England all
French lands east
of the Mississippi
River...
…but the war left
England with
massive debts
To pay off war debts, The colonists were upset
Britain created a series
that the Parliament in
of new taxes (such as England would pass laws
the Stamp Act) for the
and taxes without the
American colonists
colonists’ approval
Their slogan became:
“No taxation without representation”, which
meant that colonists believed that they should be
able to vote on taxes and laws that affected them
The Declaration
of Independence
used ideas from
the Enlightenment
(especially John
Locke) to explain
why Americans
were declaring
independence
The Declaration
suggested that
the government
should protect
the rights of its
citizens
Like America’s
Declaration of
Independence, France’s
Declaration of the
Rights of Man and of
the Citizen also stated
that the government
should protect the
rights of its citizens
France’s unequal social structure:
the Three Estates
The clergy (priests) of the
Roman Catholic Church
made up the First Estate
They owned 10% of land
in France but paid little in
taxes to the government
The Second Estate was
made up of rich nobles
They owned 20% of
French land but were
exempt from paying taxes
The Third Estate made up
97% of the population and
was mostly made up of
extremely poor peasants
This group paid 50% of
their income in taxes
The members of
the Third Estate,
the French
commoners,
hated having no
say in the
government and
having to pay all
the taxes
This cartoon shows the
poor Third Estate carrying
the burden of the First and
Second Estates
During a meeting of the Estates-General (France’s
government), the First and Second Estates voted to
increase taxes on the Third Estate; King Louis XVI
approved of the vote, which enraged the Third Estate
The American Revolution
and French Revolution
were important events
in world history
Both revolutions created
new democratic
governments based on
the Enlightenment ideas
of individual liberty
In 1793, King
Louis XVI was
arrested,
convicted of
treason, and
executed by
guillotine
In 1793, radical
Maximilien
Robespierre
slowly gained
control of the
National
Convention,
France’s new
government
after the death
of the king
When King Louis XVI was executed during the
French Revolution, many European nations attacked
France to keep revolutionary ideas from spreading
From 1793 to
1794, any French
citizens who were
accused of being
disloyal to the new
republic were
executed
Robespierre
executed 30,000
“traitors” during
an era known as
the Reign of Terror
(until he, too, was
executed)
In 1799, a French
military general named
Napoleon Bonaparte
led a coup d'état and
seized power in France
Similar to Robespierre,
Napoleon took
advantage of the chaos
of the French
Revolution to increase
his personal power
Napoleon made a series of reforms to improve the
government, economy, and lives for French citizens
To fix the
French
economy, he
introduced a
fair tax system
and created a
Bank of France
to regulate the
money supply
In order rule France
more effectively,
Napoleon created a
comprehensive set of
laws called the
Napoleonic Code
This law code provided
order, freedom of
religion, and eliminated
privileges by estates
In 1812, Napoleon made his greatest
mistake and invaded Russia
Russia’s severe winters and the Russians’
“scorched earth” policy devastated the French
army and forced Napoleon to retreat
The era after the fall of Napoleon was a conflict
among conservative, liberal, and radical forces
CONSERVATIVES were
usually wealthy land
owners and nobles; they
typically supported
traditional monarchies
LIBERALS were usually from the
middle class; they supported
Enlightenment ideas like
limited monarchies and
protecting citizens’ liberty
RADICALS were usually from
the lower classes; they
supported extending
democracy to all citizens
After the fall of Napoleon in 1815, European
leaders met at the Congress of Vienna to
restore a balance of power in Europe
The Congress of Vienna was attended by conservatives
from Austria, Prussia, Russia, Britain, and France and
was led by Austrian minister Klemons von Metternich
Metternich and other conservatives wanted to restore
powerful monarchies in Europe, disliked democracy,
and feared the ideas of the French Revolution
In the class
system of Latin
America, rich
and powerful
White
Europeans
called
“Peninsulares”
were at the
top of society
Peninsulares were at the top of society
in Latin America
In 1791, Haitian
slaves rose in
revolt against
their French
rulers; Toussaint
L’Ouverture
became the
leader of the slave
uprising and
helped free all the
slaves by 1801
From 1811 to
1824, Venezuelan
creole Simon
Bolivar led an
army of
revolutionaries in
the independence
movement
against Spain
Argentinean
creole San
Martín led the
independence
movement in
southern South
America
Enlightenment
ideas spread
from Europe to
South America,
which led to
creoles fighting
for
independence
from Spain and
other European
rulers
In Mexico, a poor
but well educated
Catholic priest
named Miguel
Hidalgo used
Enlightenment
ideals to call for a
revolution against
Spain
What is NATIONALISM?
Nationalism is loyalty and devotion to a
nation of people
It is a sense of national identity exalting
one nation above all others
It can be defined as pride in one’s
nation, and it can also be defined as the
desire of an ethnic group to have its
own country
ITALY and GERMANY:
TWO DIVIDED NATIONS
GERMAN
STATES
ITALIAN
STATES
As of the early
1800s, the
German and
Italian people
were DIVIDED
into numerous
small states.
Germany and
Italy would not
become fully
unified until 1871
GARIBALDI: UNIFIER OF ITALY
Giuseppe Garibaldi
wanted a unified Italy
under a republic style
of government
Garibaldi, who always
wore a red shirt in
battle, named his
forces the “Redshirts”
BISMARCK: UNIFIER OF GERMANY
Otto von Bismarck was
the Prime Minister of
Prussia in the 1860s
Bismarck’s goal was the
unification of the German
states under the
leadership of Prussia
BISMARCK: UNIFIER OF GERMANY
 Otto was an advocate of
realpolitik, “politics of
reality”, where there is no
room for idealism
 As someone in favor of
realpolitik, Bismarck was
ruthless and saw using
force, threats, and deceit as
ways to achieve his goals
“BLOOD AND IRON”
 In 1862, Bismarck makes
his intentions known:
“Germany will not be
united through
speeches and
diplomacy, but through
blood and iron.”
NEXT, REVIEW SOME
MATERIAL FROM THE
PREVIOUS UNITS TO
REFRESH YOUR
MEMORIES
Ottoman ruler
Suleyman the
Magnificent’s
greatest
accomplishment
was establishing a
stable government
for the Ottoman
Empire through
the law code he
created
By the mid-1500s,
Suleyman the
Magnificent was
the most powerful
king in the world;
similar to kings
such as King Louis
XIV of France and
Czar Peter the
Great of Russia,
he ruled with
absolute power
During the time
of Tokugawa’s
rule, the actual
power in Japan
was held by the
shogun, not the
emperor
Tokugawa Ieyasu
Nagasaki Bay
Deshima
Japan
Dutch ships
Very similar to Qing China, Tokugawa Japan’s
policy with foreigners was one of isolationism
HAMMURABI’S CODE
Babylonian
King
Hammurabi
created the
world’s first
written code
of law
During the Roman
Republic, the Senate
ruled; when they
became the Roman
Empire, emperors
called “caesars” ruled
with absolute power
Pax Romana
The Justinian Code
The “Justinian
Code” was the
legal system of the
Byzantine Empire;
it is considered
important because
it would serve as a
model for future
European legal
systems
Absolute monarchs like Louis XIV of France and
Peter the Great of Russia made all government
decisions without the consent of their people; this
is what made them “absolute monarchs”