Ms. Susan M. Pojer
Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY
Saladin 1138 -1193
Saladin 1138 -1193
Military leader
…. “Kurdish” … northern Iraq
- defeated the (western) European Crusaders
- 1187 AD … recaptured the city of Jerusalem
- would remain in Muslim hands until 1947
-
tolerant … allowed Europeans to leave the Jerusalem
… didn’t slaughter them
… allowed Jews to resettle in part of Jerusalem
… Jerusalem still open to religious pilgrims
… Christian & Jewish
- Cairo, Egypt … Damascus, Syria
… cities protected
… fortified walls
One way in which the actions of Alexander the
Great, Saladin, and Shaka Zulu are similar is that
each implemented
(1) military strategies to defeat opponents
(2) constitutions to define political powers
(3) policies to increase religious persecution
(4) legal changes to protect human rights
One way in which the actions of Alexander the
Great, Saladin, and Shaka Zulu are similar is that
each implemented
(1) military strategies
to defeat opponents
(2) constitutions to define political powers
(3) policies to increase religious persecution
(4) legal changes to protect human rights
Osman I (Othman): 1299-1326
The Golden Age of the Ottomans
Tamerlane (1336-1405)
or “Timur, the Lame”
Mehmet I: 1413-1421
The Ottoman Bureaucracy
SULTAN
Divans
Heads of
Individual
Religious Millets
Social / Military
Divans
Local Administrators
& Military
Landowners /
Tax Collectors
Muslims
Jews
Christians
Mehmet II: 1444-1445; 1451-1481
(“The Conqueror”)
The Ottoman Capital -Constantinople
“Golden Horn” – 15c map
“Golden Horn” from
space
“Golden Horn”
Sunset on the “Golden Horn”
The Fall of Constantinople: 1453
Europeans vs. Turks
The End of the Byzantine Empire
Hagia Sophia
Hagia Sophia - interior
Siege of Constantinople, 1453
Selim I, ”the Grim”: 1512-1520
Faith Mosque
Suleiman the Magnificent:
(1520-1566)
Suleiman’s Signature
Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
Accomplishments:
- House
of Osman
- 3 wives
- 8 sons
… “hereditary
ABSOLUTE monarchy”
Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
Accomplishments:
- Longest reigning Sultan
(King … absolute monarch)
- central control
of Ottoman Empire … 46 years
- just like in Europe during Feudalism
- Nickname “the Law giver”
- Spoke 5 languages
- started reign at Age 16
Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
Accomplishments:
- Nickname “the Law giver”
- Sharia (Islamic law) strongly influenced Ottoman Govt.
law according to Suleiman
- + BUT ALSO … “Kanun’s” …
“Kanun-i- Osmani”
- - - covered Criminal cases, land tenure + taxation
- specific fines … for specific offenses
- corrupt officials had their land & property taken away
- - - + issued 1 Law code
- based on previous 9 Sultans (Kings)
- eliminated contradictions
+ yet did NOT violate the Sharia
- Religious toleration
- protected the Jews
Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
Accomplishments:
- “Golden Age of Islam”
-
during his reign
- art, literature & architecture
- painters, book binders, furriers (fur traders), jewelers, goldsmiths
-
Suleiman
… poet & proverbs
… “Everyone aims at the same meaning,
but many are the versions of the story”
… “The people think of wealth & power as the greatest fete,
yet in this world a spell of health if the best state”
… What men call sovereignty is a worldly strife & constant war”
Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
Accomplishments:
- “Golden Age of Islam” during his reign
-
- city of
Constantinople
- center of Islamic civilization
- bridges, mosques, palaces
- over 300 monuments throughout Ottoman Empire
-
- Jerusalem
- “restored” the “Dome of the Rock”
- Mecca
- renovated “the Kaaba”
- Damascus (Syria) … built the city
Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
Accomplishments:
- Education:
- free
- largely for boys
- schools attached to mosques
WAY AHEAD of western Europe
- Universities
- - graduates become “imams” (religious scholars) & teachers
- Educational “centers” often surrounded by:
- - courtyards … fountains … soup kitchens … even hospitals
Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
Accomplishments:
- Military leader
- Conquered most of Balkan Peninsula
- Including Greece, Yugoslavia, Hungary & Romania
-
- finally defeated at Vienna, Austria 1529
+ a “formidable” nation / presence in Europe
as well as Asia
- Ruled most of the Middle East
- Iraq, Arabian Peninsula, including Yemen
+ parts of western Iran
- controlled the Red Sea
- + large portions of northern Africa
- as far west as Morocco
- Contact with Mughal rulers in southern Asia
Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
Qur’an Page:
Arabic Calligraphy
Blue Mosque
Blue Mosque - interior
Prayer Rug,
16c Ottoman Empire
Calligraphy
Conversations Between Muslims & Christians
Scholars at the Galata Observatory
(Suleiman’s Constantinople), 1557
Collection of Taxes in
Suleiman’s Court
Illuminated Qur’an Page
Illuminated Qur’an Page
• Captured the city of Constantinople in 1453
• Benefited from rich trade along the Mediterranean Sea
• Ruled by Suleiman the Lawgiver
2. Which empire best fits these descriptions?
(1) Roman
(3) Mongol
(2) Ottoman
(4) Songhai
• Captured the city of Constantinople in 1453
• Benefited from rich trade along the Mediterranean Sea
• Ruled by Suleiman the Lawgiver
2. Which empire best fits these descriptions?
(1) Roman
(3) Mongol
(2) Ottoman
(4) Songhai
Akbar the Great, Suleiman the Magnificent, and Louis XIV
are all rulers associated with
(1) natural rights
(3) religious toleration
(2) filial piety
(4) absolutism
Akbar the Great, Suleiman the Magnificent, and Louis XIV
are all rulers associated with
(1) natural rights
(3) religious toleration
(2) filial piety
(4) absolutism
One way in which Suleiman the Magnificent and Akbar the
Great are similar is that they both brought about periods of
(1) political stability and religious tolerance
(2) religious conquest and persecution
(3) isolationism and cultural stagnation
(4) modernization and political disunity
One way in which Suleiman the Magnificent and Akbar the
Great are similar is that they both brought about periods of
(1) political stability
and religious tolerance
(2) religious conquest and persecution
(3) isolationism and cultural stagnation
(4) modernization and political disunity
Qur’an Page:
Abraham’s Sacrifice of Isaac
Qur’an Page: The Angel Gabriel
Visits Muhammad
Janissaries
The Ottoman Empire During the 16c