Imagine the excitement and
satisfaction of royalist leaders in
Vienna in 1815…
 Who
were the 5 Great Powers in
1815?
 Why is political and social change so
often met with resistance?
The tension underneath…
Question:
Were politics from 1815 to
1850 characterized more by
change or by continuity?
Restoration, Romanticism
and Revolution
The Difficulty of Keeping
Things the Same…
European Leaders Sought Stability

1815 Congress of Vienna
–
–
–
–
St. Helena
Five Great Powers
Klemens von Metternich
What were his 3 Goals?
1.
2.
3.
The American and French
Revolutions awoke millions to
Freedom!
?By 1815, the democracy of ______ at
least was still working…
Britain and USA had fought War of
1812…Who won?
Congress of Vienna: Meeting was
run by Conservatives who believed
in Monarchy


Conservatives
However:
elsewhere…
– Liberals
– Radicals
Restoring a Balance of Power
Encirclement of France




Switzerland
Kingdom of the Netherlands created
German Confederation
Chunks of ____________ given to
Kingdom of Sardinia

See map
Nationalistic feelings affected European
politics in the 19th Century in a big way
 Austrian
Empire
 Italy
 Germany
 Poland
 Greece
 Ireland
Nationalism is ready to burst out
where it people are restrained…
Austrian Empire was a mixture of peoples
with different languages
 Poland was dominated by Russia
 Greece was ruled by Islamic Ottomans
 Italian peninsula had many city-states, the
Papal State and kingdoms
 Germany is disunited
 Ireland wants separation from Britain

Group Work on Improved
Thesis and Outline
– Have your green sheet out
– While I check in with each student…
Staple a blank piece of paper to the back
of your thesis/ outline
 Circulate theses and outlines and read.
 On the blank paper, each person must
write one question that arises for them
about the thesis or content after reading.
 Discuss each thesis: How could the thesis
be improved? Is it clear?

1830 Greece Becomes 1st New
Nation
 1821-
1830 war: the Ottoman Turks
Jacques Louis David, 1791 Lycurgas
Lord Byron, British mercenary
Latin America Nationalism Breaks Out!
What was the French Revolution’s impact on…
 1804 Haiti
 Toussaint L’Ouverture
Which of Napoleon’s mistakes had the biggest
impact in Latin America?
 Who are these people?:
–
–
–
–
–
–
Peninsulars
Creoles
Caudillos
Mestizos
Mullattoes
What happened to the Slaves during these years?
Simon Bolivar: The Liberator






Wealthy Venezuelan
Creole
Read Voltaire,
Rousseau and Locke
“Gran Colombia”
Equador, Panama
1824 Peru
1825 Bolivia
Jose San Martin
Argentina, Chile and
Peru
Mexico – Father Hidalgo
mestizos

Nationalism, Industrial Change,
and People’s Desire for a Voice
Great Britain
– Reform Bill of 1832
 Expanded
middle class rights
 Recreates districts to increase
– Manchester
 Improved male suffrage to 20% from 3%
– Factory Act of 1833 – no children < 9
– 8 hours max, day for those 9-13
– Mines Act of 1842 – same for mines
French HISTORY REPEATS
 Revolt

of 1830
against French monarchy
Louis Philippe, a liberal noble, given throne
because he accepts limited monarchy
Bourbon King’s Flag of France
The Tricolor is revived.
Across Europe:
1848 Revolutions

50 separate revolts: WE WANT
DEMOCRACY!!!
– Radical Parisians
– Unhappy Prussians
– Nationalistic Hungarians
 Initially
monarchs agree to more
democracy…but it ain’t so easy to give up…
Then, France tries to get rid of
limited monarchy king….AGAIN…
 Paris radicals force Louis
1848
Philippe out…
A Republic!
Revolution
– And Terror results between
two radical factions
People demand a new const.
And elect a strong leader
president named….

–
Louis Napoleon
Bonaparte, nephew of
…you guessed it…
(really?)
Counterrevolutions (1848-1852)
But The Empires Strike Back!!!

In France: Louis Napoleon
Bonaparte dissolves the Republic
and is elected by plebiscite,
Emperor Napoleon III
 (déjà


vu!!!)
Prussian parliament dissolved
Austrians crush uprisings in
Hungary and Italy
Part of the revolutionary thinking was
a Reaction to Reason
Romanticism
Emphasized : emotions/passion, the
individual - and folkheroes - nature,
boundlessness rather than lawfulness

Ludwig von Beethoven
Listen:
And respond….
Mary Shelly
The Romantics
loved
symbolism…
What is this painting
about?

Caspar Friedrich Wanderer above the Sea of Fog 1818
Why can the monarchs
end the reforms?
1.
Liberals and radicals disagree
and are easily divided…
2.
“The Empire means peace,”
- says Louis Napoleon

But its temporary
Ch 24: Mid 1800s: Industrialism Created a
Global, Complicated Economy

Transportation of goods and people
– RR’s built
– Steamships
– Suez Canal built by French (1869)

Communication
– Telegraph (Morse)
– Cables laid across oceans and continents

Access to capital investment - banks
– More corporations develop through stocks
Emergence of Communist Theory
Karl Marx &
Friedrich Engels
Working class grows, and grows
impatient…



Industrial Revolution spreads, creating
concentrations of neighborhoods of squalor and
discontent
Reformers
Radical thinkers
– Karl Marx
– “Workers of the world unite! You have nothing
to lose but your chains!”
Working People Demanded
Influence
 Socialism
– Robert Owen: Utopian socialism
 Workers
should share ownership of large
industries through govt control
 Marxist
communism
– “Scientific socialism”
– Preached revolution
by the mass of workers
Marxism Rests on 7 Ideas…
1. Historical materialism
– History is governed by economic forces
– Religion, culture, politics are superficial
and have their causes in economics.
All other human endeavors
Economic Substructure: Desire for material goods
Marx
2. Theory of Surplus Value
– Workers alone create the products and
their value.
– Owners “steal” the value of the laborer
by selling the products at profit
Created by workers
Stolen by the capitalists
Cost of Production
Total Value
Profit
Or “Surplus
Value”
Marxism rests in 7 ideas…
3. Class Struggle
– “Workers of the
world unite! You
have nothing to
lose but your
chains!”
– Its bitter and
hateful between
workers and
capitalists
Marxism rests in 7 ideas
4. Stages of historical development
– History is one of class struggle, but the
oppressed are getting close to the final
stage of history
 Proletariat
must overthrow the Bourgeoisie
 They can do so now that
the industrial revolution
brings them into proximity
Goal of History
Ideal: Communism
Class Struggle
Human’s Original Mistake: Personal Ownership of Property
Primitive Communal Society
Goal of History
Ideal: Communism
Class Struggle
Mistake: Personal Ownership of Property
Primitive Communal Society
Communism’s Triumph!
5. Force: The workers must use force to
overthrow the existing false order.
6. Temporary dictatorship of the worker
(proletariat)
7. Peaceful Communism will be established
– Dictatorship will wither away
– Only public ownership
 No
competition
 No classes, no rich and poor divisions = no envy
 Each person will work according to ability, and
receive as they need – no more and no less.
 No starvation or destitute
What problems do you see with
Marx’s theory?
Is there anything to like about it?
Finally! Two Major
Countries Unite:
ITALY AND GERMANY
Germany
1815-1860
German
Confederation
in red
Realpolitik
 Definition:
Politics based on toughminded reality. Combine tough
diplomacy and military strength
Prussia Unites Germany
 1st
step: 1815 German
Confederation
 Prussia – economic center
“Blood and Iron”
– STRONGER army
– Otto von Bismarck, PM of Prussia
– Master of Realpolitik
 Austria
– German speaking cultural and
historic center – Vienna!!!
Realpolitik in Action

Bismarck Provokes 3 Wars to Unify
1.
With Denmark
Get Schleswig-Holstein
2.
With Austria – 7 Weeks War
German Confederation expels Austria
(This war also helped Italy expel Austria)
3.
Franco - Prussian War
– Invasion of France: nationalism
inspires southern Germany to unite
with northern Prussia (1871)
Franco-Prussian War
 Germany
wins:
– Alsace and Lorraine
– 5 billion francs
– Lasting French enmity!!! (ooh! another
good vocabulary word)
 2nd
Reich Formed as a Result (1871)
 1st
Reich was…
 2nd Reich (1871-1918)
 3rd Reich will be…
What are 2 main obstac
to Italy’s Unification?
Unification of
ITALY
4 Men…
The Heart…
King of Sardinia Victor
Emmanuel II
The Soul- Mazzini
The Brain - Cavour
The Sword - Garibaldi
The Republican Soul
Guiseppe Mazzini
 Young
Italy!
 Led revolt and
Republican govt. in
Rome in 1848
 Counter-revolution
ended it
The Brain That United
Italy
–Camillo
Cavour
 Prime
Minister of
Piedmont-Sardinia
 Sends money to
help Garibaldi in the
South
The Sword:
Guiseppe Garibaldi: Red Shirts
Forces South into One
As a young man, Garibaldi had fought
for independence in Brazil and Uruguay
1860 Sardinia and Sicily Join
 Cavour
Persuades Napoleon III
of France to join them in a fight
against Austria
The Brain
 Persuades
Garibaldi to steps
aside for King Emanuel
Italy Unified 1861 - 1871
 Constitutional
Monarchy under Victor
Emmanuel of Sardinia
 1871
– Papal States join Italy
– Rome
– Vatican City established as autonomous
under Pope’s rule
King Victor Emmanuel: 1871

“After long trials Italy is restored to
herself and to Rome. Here, where our
people, after centuries of separation, find
themselves for the first time solemnly
reunited in the person of their
representatives: here where we recognize
the fatherland of our dreams, everything
speaks to us of greatness; but at the
same time it all reminds us of our duties.
The joy that we experience must not let
us forget them. . . . “
After Unification 1870-1910
Italy remained very divided
And poor…
- Cavour soon died
- Sectional rivalries persisted
- Governments changed often
- economy was weak
- 4 million emigrants left for
the US, 1 mill for Latin America