OGT TERMS
(11-21)
Glossary of Terms for the OGT
Graduation Test
CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT
Movement by African
Americans in the 1950s
and 1960s led by Dr.
Martin Luther King Jr.,
against segregation,
discrimination, and
inequality. (72)
C
In 1964, President Lyndon
Johnson persuaded
Congress to pass the Civil
Rights Act, which outlawed
racial discrimination in
public places, such as
theaters, cafeterias and
hotels.
This was an attempt to
A. maintain poll taxes for
African-Americans.
B. stop African-American
northward migration.
C. end segregation legalized by
Jim Crow laws.
D. segregate public busing in
major American cities.
2008 Test
What is one direct consequence of
the U.S. civil rights movement of the
1950s and 1960s?
A. the right to freedom of religion
for all citizens
B. the end of legal segregation in
public places
C. the granting of citizenship to
African-Americans
D. the passing of legislation to
protect the accused
B
2009 Test
D
Which change in U.S. society in the 20th century
was an outgrowth of the success of the civil
rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s?
A. the passage of laws to protect the natural
environment
B. the increase in funding for elementary and
secondary education
C. the expansion of the role of state governments
in economic affairs
D. the creation of new groups to advocate for the
rights of other minorities
CLEAR AND PRESENT
DANGER TEST
A Supreme Court test
stating that free
speech must be
limited if it creates a
danger that is clear,
probable, and
immediate. (147)



A

In the United States, a
citizen’s exercise of
speech and expression
may be legally restricted
when that individual
A. threatens public
safety.
B. opposes public
opinion.
C. criticizes public
officials.
D. condemns public
institutions.
COLD WAR
(1945-1990)
The conflict between the Soviet Union and
the United States that began after World
War II. It was called the “Cold War”
because the two superpowers never
directly confronted one another in open
war fare. (51)
COLD WAR TEST QUESTION
C
In the years following World War II, the countries
of communist Eastern Europe were often
referred to as being “behind the iron curtain.”
These countries were perceived as a single region
based on
A. a common cultural heritage.
B. unique physical features.
C. economic and political characteristics.
D. widespread immigration from other regions.
2008 Test
The Cold War between the United States and
the Soviet Union was partly the result of the
expansion of the Soviet Union in Central and
Eastern Europe as World War II ended.
• Describe one U.S. concern about the Soviet
Union’s domination of Central and Eastern
Europe after 1945.
• Cite a relevant action taken by the United
States in response to the identified concern.
Write your answer in the Answer Document.
(4points)
2009 Test
C
During World War II, Japanese troops occupied much of
China. This weakened the Chinese government, and in
1949, communist forces overthrew the government and
established a communist state. What effect did the
Chinese Communist Revolution have on the development
of the Cold War?
A. It decreased tensions, because it led to the formation of
the Warsaw Pact.
B. It increased tensions, because it strengthened the
independence movement in India.
C. It increased tensions, because it increased Western fears
of communist expansion.
D. It decreased tensions, because it led to the collapse of
communism in the Soviet Union.
COMMAND ECONOMY
An economic system in which important
economic decisions are made by the
government. (113)
2008 Test
In a command economy, the
question of what goods to produce
is primarily determined by
A. cultural traditions.
B. decisions by individuals.
C
C. government plans.
D. corporate policies.
COMMUNISM
A system based on eliminating private
property to end class struggles and
create an ideal society. In practice,
Communism has been characterized by
government control of all aspects of life.
(114)
CONSCIENTIOUS
OBJECTOR
A person who opposes fighting in a war on
moral or religious grounds. (148)
4 POINT TEST QUESTION
 During World War I, conscientious objectors to military
service were often accused of disloyalty, and some
conscientious objectors were sentenced to prison.
However, an attempt was made to balance individual
rights and the common good by assigning other
conscientious objectors to noncombatant service.

• How did assigning conscientious objectors to
noncombatant service help maintain individual rights?

• How did assigning conscientious objectors to
noncombatant service help serve the common good?
 Write your answer in the Answer Document. (4 points)
2008 Test
During World War I, conscientious objectors to military service were often
accused of disloyalty, and some conscientious objectors were
sentenced to prison. However, other conscientious objectors were
willing to accept noncombatant service.
The assignment of conscientious objectors to noncombatant service was
an attempt by the government to
A. promote ethnic diversity within
the military.
B. educate people about their
constitutional rights.
C. balance individual rights and
the common good.
D. encourage people to apply for
conscientious objector status.
C
COUNTER-CULTURE OF
THE 1960S
Young people who
challenged the
traditional values of
mainstream America.
(74)
C
The burning of draft cards by
those who objected to the
Vietnam War is an example
of civil disobedience
because it was an action
that
A. was protected by the U.S.
Constitution.
B. was intended to draw the
attention of the media.
C. violated a law that the
protesters considered to be
unjust.
D. expressed a point of view
that was unpopular at the
time.
CREDIBLE SOURCE
A source that is
believable and
trustworthy.(154156)
D
When considering the
reliability of a report that
promotes hybrid gaselectric cars as
environmentally friendly,
what should be carefully
considered?
A. the length of the report
B. the cost of producing the
report
C. the number of claims in
the report
D. the accurate use of facts
in the report
2008 Test
C
Which source has the appropriate qualifications to
be a credible source of information about how a
proposed tax cut would affect the U.S. national
debt?
A. a letter to the editor of the New York Times
from an astrophysicist
B. a film producer of a documentary about the
New Deal era
C. a recent report published by the Congressional
Budget Office
D. a television advertisement sponsored by a
veterans’ group
2009 Test
The authors of many history books provide bibliographies
that indicate the sources for information provided in the
text. Why would providing the reader with this information
make a book more credible?
A. It allows the reader to check the reputation of the writer.
B. It allows the reader to find other books on the same topic.
C. It allows the reader to form his or her own opinions on the
topic.
D. It allows the reader to determine the thoroughness of the
author’s research.
D
CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS
(1962)
U.S.-Soviet confrontation over missiles in
Cuba that brought the world to the brink
of nuclear war.(55)
Cuban Missile Crisis
CULTURAL DIFFUSION
The exchange of
ideas and
products between
cultures. (88)
D
Some Internet search engines
offer the ability to
automatically translate Web
pages that are written in
languages other than
English.
One effect of this feature is to
A. reduce the desire for
international trade.
B. reduce the need for modern
computer technology.
C. increase the need for
instruction in foreign
languages.
D. increase opportunities for
exchanges of cultural
practices.
2009 Test
By the second half of the 20th century, improvements
in airplane technology had resulted in air travel
becoming affordable for a large part of the
population. Explain how the development of
affordable air travel contributed to the exchange of
cultural practices among people all over the world.
Write your answer in the
Answer Document. (2 points)
CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE
The particular point
of view a person
or group has
based on their
cultural
background. (80)
A
In the 19th century, European
countries claimed that the
conquest of Africa would
bring the benefits of
Western civilization to that
continent.
From the perspective of African
peoples, the effect was
A. loss of political
independence.
B. fewer agricultural products
for foreign trade.
C. new national boundaries
based on ethnic and cultural
similarities.
D. global appreciation for
African cultures and
encouragement of their
development.