1914-1918:
World War I
By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer
Horace Greeley H. S.
Chappaqua, NY
Objective 8.01
Examine the reasons why the
United States remained neutral
at the beginning of World War I,
but later became involved.
Objective 8.01
Micro Concepts
Militarism
Alliances
Imperialism
Nationalism
Trade
Isolationism
Mobilization
Key Terms and People
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
U-Boat (submarine)
warfare
Serbia
Allies
Central Powers
Kaiser Wilhelm II
Contraband
Lusitania
Election of 1916
Woodrow Wilson
“Make the world safe for
democracy”
Idealism
Zimmermann Telegram
Selective Service Act
Isolationists
Jeanette Rankin
Causes
of the
War
Causes of the War
A - Alliances
N - Nationalism
I - Imperialism
M - Militarism
A - Anarchy
L – Leadership
Tangled European Politics
1. The Alliance System
Triple Entente:
Triple Alliance:
1. The Alliance System
Triple Entente…
Allied Powers
Triple Alliance…
Central Powers
Two Armed Camps!
Allied Powers:
Central Powers:
Britain
Germany
Austria-Hungary
France
Russia
Ottoman
Empire
(Turkey)
The Major Players: 1914-17
Allied Powers:
Central Powers:
Nicholas II
[Rus]
Wilhelm II [Ger]
George V [Br]
Victor Emmanuel
II [It]
Enver Pasha
[Turkey]
Pres. Poincare [Fr]
Franz Josef [A-H]
Europe in 1914
2. Militarism & Arms Race
Total Defense Expenditures for the Great
Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.]
in millions of £s.
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1914
94
130
154
268
289
398
1910-1914 Increase in
Defense Expenditures
France
10%
Britain
13%
Russia
39%
Germany
73%
3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries
4. Aggressive Nationalism
Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914
The
“Powder Keg”
of Europe
The
“Spark”
Archduke Franz Ferdinand &
His Family
Assassination in Sarajevo
The Assassin
Gavrilo
Princip
Who’s To Blame?
War Begins
Von Schlieffen Plan
German Atrocities in Belgium
Mobilization
 Home by Christmas!
 No major war
in 50 years!
 Nationalism!
It's a long way to Tipperary,
It's a long way to go;
It's a long way to Tipperary,
To the sweetest girl I know!
Goodbye, Piccadilly,
Farewell, Leicester Square,
It's a long, long way to Tipperary,
But my heart's right there!
Recruitment Posters
A Young Australian Recruit
Recruits of the
Central Powers
A German Soldier
Says Farewell to
His Mother
AustroHungarians
New French Recruits
A German Boy Pretends to Be a
Soldier
Soldiers Mobilized
14
12
Millions
10
8
6
4
2
0
France
Germany
Russia
Britain
Women
and the
War
Effort
For Recruitment
Munitions Workers
German Women Factory Workers
Working in the Fields
A Woman Ambulance Driver
Russian Women Soldiers
Spies
 “Mata Hari”
 Real Name:
Margareetha
Geertruide
Zelle
 German Spy!
Posters:
Wartime
Propaganda
American Poster
Financing the War
German Poster
Think of Your Children!
The Western
Front:
Stalemate &
Attrition
A Multi-Front War
The Western Front
Trench Warfare
Trench Warfare
Trench Warfare
Trench Warfare
Trench Warfare
“No Man’s
Land”
Verdun – February, 1916
 German offensive.
 Each side had 500,000
casualties.
The Somme – July, 1916
 60,000 British soldiers killed in one
day.
 Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.
War Is HELL !!
Sacrifices in War
The War of the
Industrial
Revolution
New
Technology
U-Boats
Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats
Convoy System
The Airplane
“Squadron Over the Brenta”
Max Edler von Poosch, 1917
The Flying Aces of World War I
Eddie
Rickenbacher, US
Francesco
Barraco, It.
Eddie “Mick”
Mannoch, Br.
Willy Coppens de
Holthust, Belg.
Rene Pauk
Fonck, Fr.
Manfred von
Richtoffen, Ger.
[The “Red Baron”]
Curtis-Martin
U. S. Aircraft Plant
Looking for the “Red Baron?”
The Zeppelin
Railroad Gun
Flame
Throwers
Grenade
Launchers
Machine Gun
Gas Warfare
French Renault Tank
British Tank at Ypres
The
Eastern
Front
The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915
T. E. Lawrence
& the “Arab Revolt”, 1916-18
Russian & Bolshevik Revolutions
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 1918
“A Separate
Peace”
America
Joins
the
Allies
Isolationism
Election of 1916
“Peace without victory”
The Sinking
of the Lusitania
The Sinking
of the Lusitania
The Sussex Pledge
•Tries to dampen U.S. war cries
•Germany pledges not to sink
merchant vessels with out warning
and without saving the lives of
those aboard.
•For 9 months Germany will honor
this pledge.
The Zimmerman Telegram
The U.S. Declares War!
“Make the world safe for
democracy”
The Yanks
Are Coming!
Selective Service Act (1917)
American “Doughboys”
“Harlem Hellfighters”
Buffalo Soldiers
Americans in the Trenches
“Art”
of
World
War I
“A Street in Arras”
John Singer Sargent, 1918
“Oppy Wood” – John Nash, 1917
“Those Who Have Lost Their Names”
Albin Eggar-Linz, 1914
“Gassed and Wounded”
Eric Kennington, 1918
“Paths of Glory”
C. R. W. Nevinson, 1917
German Cartoon:
“Fit for active service!”, 1918
1918 Flu Pandemic:
Depletes All Armies
50,000,000 –
100,000,000 died
11 a.m., November 11, 1918
The Armistice is Signed!
37,000,000 Dead
The Somme American
Cemetary, France
116,516 Americans Died
World War I Casualties
(dead, wounded & missing)
10,000,000
9,000,000
8,000,000
7,000,000
6,000,000
5,000,000
4,000,000
3,000,000
2,000,000
1,000,000
0
Russia
Germany
Austria-Hungary
France
Great Britain
Italy
Turkey
US
Social Disruption
Total war
• Everyone is involved, everyone is a target
Women in factories
•Suffrage movements
Armenian genocide
•Foreshadowing of the Holocaust
Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!
Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
Districts & Vilayets of Western
Armenia in Turkey
1914
1922
Erzerum
215,000
1,500
Van
197,000
500
Kharbert
204,000
35,000
Diarbekir
124,000
3,000
Bitlis
220,000
56,000
Sivas
225,000
16,800
Western Anatolia
371,800
27,000
Cilicia and Northern Syria
309,000
70,000
European Turkey
194,000
163,000
73,390
15,000
2,133,190
387,800
Other Armenian-populated Sites
in Turkey
Trapizond District
Total