CHAPTER 9 THE ERA OF THOMAS
JEFFERSON
9.1: JEFFERSON TAKES OFFICE
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Election of 1800: 3 Strong Candidates
• Thomas Jefferson: Republican
• Aaron Burr: Republican
• John Adams: Federalists
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Votes are Tallied
• Jefferson received 73 Electoral Votes
• Burr received 73 Electoral Votes
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House of Representatives voted 36x to end the tie (Jefferson won)
CHANGING OUR NATION
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Jefferson had many ideas about changing our government.
• Wanted to limit the power of our gov’t
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Believed in Laissez faire
• Fired all tax collectors
• Cut # of U.S. diplomats
• Shrank the military
• Eliminated all federal taxes
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Kept most Federalists officeholders if they promised to be loyal and good citizens
MARBURY VS. MADISON
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Jefferson did not want to keep Judge William Marbury in office.
• Adams appointed him late to keep Federalists in power
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Jefferson ordered James Madison to stop all the work on the new appointments to office,
causing Marbury to not become a Judge.
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Marbury sued Madison and Supreme Court ruled Judiciary Act unconstitutional but
Marbury did not get to keep his office
• Ruling did establish Judicial Review
CAN YOU REMEMBER?
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1. Explain the outcome of the election of 1800.
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2. Explain how Jefferson put his policies into action.
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3. What was the importance of the Marbury vs. Madison case?
9.2: LOUISIANA PURCHASE
MOVING TO THE WEST
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Many Americans were moving west toward the MS River.
• MS River was the main way of transportation, but Spain controlled the river down to
New Orleans.
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U.S. organized the Pinckney Treaty to prevent Spain from closing down ports.
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1801, the treaty was nullified when Spain gave New Orleans and the rest of Louisiana
France.
• Fearing the French leader, Napoleon Bonaparte, Jefferson tried to by New Orleans.
LOUISIANA PURCHASE
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Jefferson sent James Monroe and Robert Livingston to make an offer for New Orleans
and West Florida territory.
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Napoleon at the time was fearing a war with Britain, and needed money to support his war
effort. France offered New Orleans and the entire Louisiana Territory in return for $15
Million dollars (4 cents an acre)
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This purchase doubled the size of the nation.
JEFFERSON WORRIES ABOUT THE PURCHASE
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Thomas Jefferson is originally ecstatic about the purchase of Louisiana, but he also is
worried b/c Constitution doesn’t state the power to buy foreign land.
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Jefferson ultimately decides this could be labeled a treaty and it is approved quickly by
Congress.
PLANNING AN EXPEDITION
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Jefferson planned to spend $2,500 to fund an expedition to the west.
• Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were chosen to lead the expedition. There were
given specific goals:
• Make contact with Natives
• Make reports on geography, plants, animals, natural features
• Find a waterway to the Pacific Ocean from the MS River
LEWIS AND CLARK HEAD OUT WEST
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Spring 1804: Lewis/Clark leave from St. Louis heading up the MO River.
• Expedition included 3 boats carrying supplies and 40 other men
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Oct. 1804, they had reached North Dakota (Mandan people)
• They were joined by French Canadian trader and his wife (Sacagawea): Shoshone
Indian
CROSSING THE RUGGED ROCKIES
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April 1805, the expedition reached the Continental Divide in the Rocky Mts.
• Both men were disappointed to not find a river to the Pacific
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Sacagawea helped supply the explorers with horses to cross the Rockies from her
brother.
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Once through the Rockies, Lewis and Clark traveled down the Columbia River to the
Pacific Ocean
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Lewis and Clark left in March 1806 and began their trip back to St. Louis.
OTHER EXPEDITIONS TO THE WEST
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Zebulon Pike explored the southern part of Louisiana.
• Traveled through the Rocky Mountains
• Discovered Pikes Peak (never made it to the top because the snow was too deep)
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Pike was arrested in New Mexico because the Spanish believed he was an American spy.
CAN YOU REMEMBER?
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1. Why was New Orleans important to the American people?
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2. How did the United States obtain the Louisiana Territory?
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3. Explain what happened during Lewis and Clark’s expedition.
9.3: A TIME OF CONFLICT
STRUGGLE WITH THE BARBARY STATES
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Americans were very dependent upon the sale of goods in Europe.
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After the American Revolution, Pirates began attacking American ships in the
Mediterranean sea.
• Pirates came from 4 countries: Morocco, Algiers, Tunisia, Tripoli. (Barbary States)
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Barbary states continuously attacked European and American ships
• Europeans stopped the attacks by paying a tribute (ransom)
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Jefferson stopped paying a tribute and sent warships to protect our American merchants.
• U.S. Philadelphia was captured by pirates near the Tripoli coast and its men were
held as captives
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Stephen Decatur and other Americans raided the Tripoli harbor and burned the
Philadelphia in order to keep the pirates from using the U.S. ship.
THE 1ST MARINES
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1805, American Marines were deployed in Africa
• Traveled across the Sahara Desert to capture Tripoli
AMERICAN NEUTRALITY BEGINS TO CRUMBLE
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1803, Great Britain and France again engaged in a war with the Americans staying neutral
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United States again teetered on both sides by trading with both nations
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Both Great Britain and France began to attack American ships trading with the other
country
• Between 1803-1807 France captured 500 American ships, Britain captured 1000
American ships
• Britain returned to the impressment tactic to influence the Americans
JEFFERSON’S EMBARGO
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Jefferson wanted to peacefully come to an agreement with both Great Britain and France
• Passed the Embargo Act: FORBID ANY FOREIGN TRADE (1807)
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Jefferson predicted this would stop the attacking of American ships
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Instead, Embargo Act caused the United States to suffer
• Exports fell from $109 Million--$25 Million
• American prices fell and hurt farmers and planters, many of American lost their jobs
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Americans were upset at the Embargo Act.
• Many turned to smuggling to get around the Embargo Act.
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Act was finally repealed in 1809 with the Nonintercourse Act: Americans could trade with
all nations except Great Britain and France.
BATTLING TECUMSEH
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As more and more Americans pushed into the western lands, more and more Native
Americans were being forced off their lands.
• Many Natives suffered from the White diseases (measles, smallpox, influenza)
• Hunting grounds were cleared for farming
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Native American population dropped
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Shawnee leaders Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh urged Natives to resist American
advancement
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William Henry Harrison (Governor of IN Territory) sent soldiers to the Tippecanoe River
• Harrison’s men defeated the Natives
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Led to more Native uprisings
9.4 WAR OF 1812
ADVANCING TOWARD WAR
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James Madison has taken the Presidential office as of 1809.
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Americans developed a sense of Nationalism
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2 leaders in the House of Representatives helped raise the support for war
• Henry Clay (KY) and John C. Calhoun (SC) These men were called War Hawks
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Others against war believed war with Britain would harm our trade
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1812, Britain says they will continue to impress sailors and help Natives in the West by
providing weapons
• By June of 1812, Congress declares war on Britain
WAR OF 1812
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Britain was in a tough bind during the early days of the war. They were still in a war over
in Europe (lacked enough men but they supplied Natives to help them out)
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United States was not prepared for war either: Jefferson weakened the American military
when it was shrunk
• U.S. only had 16 warships and Army only had 7,000 soldiers
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Britain’s massive navy was able to blockade most U.S. ports
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USS Constitution vs. Guerriere: sea battle where the USS Constitution won and received
its nickname “Old Ironsides”
WAR IN THE SOUTH AND WEST
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Most war supporters wanted to invade Canada but lack of confidence by the Generals
forced them to retreat
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Battle of Put-In-Bay: 3 hour battle in 1813. American Commander, Oliver Hazard Perry’
ship was badly damaged but jumped on another ship to shout out American Victory.
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Andrew Jackson was the American commander in the South.
• Defeated the Creeks Indians in 1814 at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend
FINAL BATTLES
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August 1814, British marched to Washington, DC. As they did this, 1st lady, Dolley
Madison, gathered up important papers and fled from the White House
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British set the White House on fire then moved on to Baltimore, MD
• September 13, 1814: Francis Scott Key watched as the British attacked Fort
McHenry. Wrote “The Star-Spangled Banner” to represent the battle
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1814, Britain was tired of fighting. Ghent, Belgium Dec. 24, 1814 the Treaty of Ghent
ended the war. News took several weeks to reach all the U.S.
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January of 1815, Andrew Jackson led the attack on New Orleans.
PROTEST AND PEACE
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Many people were against the war. Most called the war “Mr. Madison’s War”
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New Englanders were most upset over the war. It damaged American trade.
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Dec. 1814, a group of Federalists met in Hartford, CT. discussed seceding from the United
States. Before they could secede, the war ended and so did the Hartford Convention
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Many people called this the 2 nd War for Independence.