A P H U M A N G E O G R A P H Y — M I N I C H

• State
• Nation-State
• Perfect Examples?
• Multi-National State
• Examples: UK
• Part-Nation State
• Examples: Kurds
• Centrifugal vs.
Centripetal
• Examples?
• Shatter Belt
• Punjab

• Balkanization
• Centrifugal Forces
• Religion
• Catholicism, Orthodox,
Islam
• Ethnicity
• Language
• Roman vs. Cyrillic
• Centripetal Forces
• Political
• Austro-Hungarians
• Yugoslavia (1991)
• Ethnic Cleansing
• “Greater Serbia”
• Kosovo (1999)

1.
Explain the origin of modern Middle Eastern borders according to Rice.
2.
What does Rice mean by “sectarian allegiances?”
3.
Explain where you see the concept of
Balkanization in the editorial.
4.
What does she mean by the “Middle East state system?”
5.
What is the former Secretary’s proposed solution?
Why?

Peace of Westphalia
(1648)—Thirty Years’ War
• Definition: defined territories, permanent population, fully independent (sovereign)
• Country=state
• History
• States have existed for thousands of years.
• “City-States”
• Empires
• Modern concept—dates back to
Europe in the 17th-19th centuries
• As of 1950 only about 50 recognized independent countries; now nearly 200 (and more coming)
• Antarctica—only large piece of land not controlled by a state
• Difficulty of Definition
• Western Sahara, Taiwan,
Korea

• State???
• Technically part of China
• Used to be called “Formosa”
• Terms:
• China = People’s Republic of
China (PRC)
• Taiwan = Republic of China
(ROC)
• 1949, non-communists
(Chiang
Kai-shek) fled to island
• Claimed independence from
China
• US supports Taiwan, but says they are all China
• Very industrialized; GDP per capita= 4-5x of China

History
• 1895 – 1945
• J apan
• 38 th parallel
• NK = Communist (USSR)
• SK = Democracy (US)
• 1950: Korean War
• 36,500 US military killed
• Cease-fire 1953
• DMZ (Demilitarized Zone)
• 2½ miles wide
• 38,000 US personnel

• Development:
• South Korean economy—
24x North Korean GDP
• Dynasty—
• Kim Il Sung “Great Leader”
• Kim Jong Il “Dear Leader”
• Kim Jong Un
• Atrocities: Camp 14
• “3 Generations of punishment”

Most of the remaining colonies are small islands in the
Pacific or
Caribbean.
• Colonization
• Causes—correlation with demographic transition model?
• Today: ie. “territories, overseas dependencies, subnational entities, in free association, or special administrative regions”

• Organic Theory of States
(1901)
• Friedrich Ratzel
• German
• Lebensraum
• Heartland Theory (1904)
• Halford John Mackinder
• British
• “World Island”—Heartland
• Europe, Asia, Africa—resources
• “Offshore islands”
• British Isles, Japan
• “Outlying islands”
• North/South America, Australia

• Nicholas Spykman
• American (1942)
• Rimland Theory
• Helped design
Containment Policy
• “Balance of power”
• Maintain a divided rimland

• Heartland Theory:
• Mackinder believed that a landbased power, not a seabased power, would ultimately rule the world. He believed that Eurasia was the most important area in the world containing a “pivot area” extending from Eastern Europe to eastern Siberia. The “pivot area” became known as the Heartland.
• Who rules East Europe rules the Heartland.
• Who rules the Heartland rules the World Island.
• Who rules the World Island rules the World.
• Rimland Theory:
• Spykman believed the Eurasia rim, not its heart, held the key to global power. He parodied Mackinder:
• Who controls the Rimland rules Eurasia
• Who rules Eurasia controls the destinies of the world.
• Spykman saw a divided rimland as a key to the world’s balance of power.
Today the rimland includes Western Europe and China

Think advantages, disadvantages, and examples…
• Micro-state
• Compact
• Elongated
• Prorupted
• Perforated
• Enclave
• Fragmented
• Exclave
• Landlocked

Think advantages, disadvantages, and examples…
• Physical
• Water, mountains, etc.
• Cultural
• Geometric
• Religious
• Linguistic
• Others…
• Antecedent
• Super-imposed boundary
• Satellite states
• Relict

Geographic power distribution: Think advantages, disadvantages, and examples…
• Unitary- central government makes laws for the entire nation and gives local governments only limited power and authority
► Great Britain, Japan and France
• Federal System- gives the national government certain powers and reserves others for the states
► United States, India, Mexico, Russia
• Confederation- smaller political units keep their sovereignty and give the central government very limited powers
► Articles of Confederation, United Nations, European Union

• Census
• Apportionment
• At-large
• 435 members of
Congress (1911)
• 1:647,000 people (2000
Census)
• Redistricting
(Responsibility of state legislatures)
• Compact, Contiguous,
Congruent, Equity
16

• Malapportionment (refusal to redistrict)
• UK— Rotten/pocket borough
• Reform Act of 1832
• US—
• Baker v. Carr (TN,1962), urbanization
• Wesberry v. Sanders (GA,1964),
“one man one vote”
• Gerrymandering
(manipulating district lines)
• Wasted vote, excess vote, stacked vote
• Partisan, Racial

2000 Census 2010 Census

U.S. congressional districts covering Travis County Texas
(outlined in red) In 2003, Republicans in the Texas legislature redistricted the state, diluting the voting power of the heavily Democratic county.
19

The unusual "earmuff" shape of the 4th
Congressional District of Illinois connects two
Hispanic neighborhoods while remaining narrowly tracing Interstate 294.
20

• Why do IGO’s (Intergovernmental Organizations) exist?
• Not new…Delian League (478 BCE), Hanseatic League (13 th Cent.)
• Global vs. Regional
• Economic
• NAFTA, OPEC, World Trade Organization
• Political
• Organization of American States, the Organization of African Unity,
British Commonwealth of Nations, Arab League
• Military
• NATO, Warsaw Pact, Rome-Berlin Axis
• Nongovernmental Organizations (NGO’s)
• International Red Cross/Crescent, Green Peace, Doctors Without
Borders

OPEC
NATO

1.
Global or Regional
2.
What is the purpose of the organization?
• Type: Economic, Political, Military
3.
What states are members?
4.
What areas of sovereignty do member states sacrifice in return for membership?
5.
What role do you see this IGO playing in the future? How do you think this IGO will change the nature of member/nonmember states?

• Where did the idea for the UN come from?
• 1945
• What was its original purpose?
• What was the League of Nations?
• How did it form the foundation of the United
Nations?
• What are the differences?

• Who belongs?
• 192 Members
• 2/3’s required to make decisions
• What Powers?
• Discuss issues/problems
• Pass resolutions
• Votes for membership election, suspend/admit members, budgetary matters

• Who belongs?
• 15 members (9 out of 15 required to pass resolutions)
• 5 Permanent Veto Nations
(US, Russia, UK, France and
China)
• 10 Non-permanent elected
• What Powers?
• Investigates disputes, pass resolutions, can call for economic or military action

• Secretariat
• day to day operations, taking orders from the UN members
• Secretary General
• Ban Ki-moon
• Continent Rotation
• Peacekeepers

• International Court of
Justice (ICJ)
• Settles legal disputes between countries, ruling is binding
• Economic and Social
Council (ECOSOC)
• Intended to improve living standards
• UNESCO, ILO, FAO, WHO,
World Bank
• UN Declarations:
• Human Rights, Genocide
Convention, Law of the Seas,
Earth Summit

EU Embassy
(Washington, DC)
Parliament (Brussels)

• 1951—Sought economic cooperation to prevent a repeat of a conflict like World War II (European Coal
and Steel Community—Belgium, France, Italy,
Luxembourg, Netherlands, and West Germany)
• 1967—European Community (EC) promoted further economic cooperation (12 members), also managed nuclear energy production
• 1993—Maastricht Treaty the EU has been expanding into other policy areas such as the environment, education, security, foreign policy, immigration and crime

Austria (1995)
Belgium (1952)
Bulgaria (2007)
Cyprus (2004)
Czech Republic (2004)
Denmark (1973)
Estonia (2004)
Finland (1995)
France (1952)
Germany (1952)
Greece (1981)
Hungary (2004)
Ireland (1973)
Italy (1952)
Latvia (2004)
Lithuania (2004)
Luxembourg (1952)
Malta (2004)
Netherlands (1952)
Poland (2004)
Portugal (1986)
Romania (2007)
Slovakia (2004)
Slovenia (2004)
Spain (1986)
Sweden (1995)
United Kingdom (1973)

• Stable democratic government
• Good human rights record
• Sound economic policy
• Willing to adopt all EU regulations and laws
Acceding country
Croatia
Candidate Countries
Iceland
Montenegro
Serbia
FYR of Macedonia
Turkey
Potential Candidates
Albania
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Kosovo

• Capital: Brussels
• Area: 4.3 million sq km (US: 9.8 million sq km)
• France, Spain, UK, Germany
• Population: 504 million (US: 314 million)
• Germany, France, Italy, UK
• GDP $15.48 trillion (US: $15.08 trillion)
• Per capita GDP $34,100 (US: $48,300)
• Life Expectancy 79.76 years (US: 78.49 years)