The Tide of War Turns
Section 4
• How did the Battles of Vicksburg and
Gettysburg change the course of the Civil
War?
• Vocabulary:
siege
Gettysburg Address
Vicksburg
total war
Gettysburg
George Pickett
William Tecumseh Sherman
Turning Points of the War
Union Victory at Vicksburg
Main Idea: After two years of war, the Confederacy still had strongholds at
Port Hudson, Louisiana, and Vicksburg, Mississippi. Lincoln proclaimed
that Vicksburg was the key to reaching the war’s end.
A Turning Point in the East
Main Idea: While Union troops advanced in the West, the situation was
different in the East. Despite claiming victory at Antietam, Lincoln soon
replaced General McClellan for failing to pursue the retreating
Confederates. McClellan’s replacement, General Ambrose Burnside,
headed south, hoping to win a decisive victory.
The Union Presses the Advantage
Main Idea: The Union victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg dealt a severe
blow to the Confederacy. Lee’s troops were in retreat and the Mississippi
was in Union hands. The Confederacy would still win some victories, such
as that at Chickamauga, Georgia, in the fall of 1863. In general, however,
the situation of the South was dire.
Continued…
Battle of Fredericksburg
 General McClellan
replaced with Ambrose
Burnside
 Burnside attacks Lee in
VA by charging into
Confederate gunfire
 Union casualties 13,000
Battle of Chancellorsville
 Burnside resigns
 Joseph “Fighting Joe”
Hooker takes over for
North
 Lee split forces to
counter Hooker,
approaching from the
rear; builds fires in
camp
Lee and Jackson
Chancellorsville
May, 1863; On the second day, Stonewall
Jackson attacked on right of Hooker
Jackson scouting at night and is hit by own
troops; arm amputated; died
Battle of Gettysburg
North at low point
due to losses
Lee weakened by
blockade and lack of
supplies
Lee hoped North
would give up if he
won in Pennsylvania
July 1, 1863
 General George Meade, new
Northern general
 Northerners held hills south
of town; Cemetery Ridge
 Southerners held Seminary
Ridge; field in between;
General James Longstreet,
Lee’s second in command
 He advised Lee not to attack
the North’s strong position
 Lee orders the attack
July 2, 1863
Meade brings reinforcements
Little Round Top, undefended
Maine soldiers under Colonel Joshua
Chamberlain hold it and then attack with
bayonets
Saved Union army from retreat
July 3, 1863
Lee opens with
artillery barrage
15,000 Confederates
attack
Pickett’s Charge;
cut up by Northern
artillery; ½
casualties
Gettysburg
Bloodiest battle of war
Union had 23,000 casualties
South had 28,000 casualties
July 4, 1863, Lee retreats to Virginia
Vicksburg
 North wanted control of
the Mississippi River
 General Ulysses S.
Grant
 Several attacks failed
 Began a siege in May
1863
 Surrender July 4, 1963
 With the fall of Port
Hudson, the South was
split in two
Turning Point
Gettysburg and Vicksburg
Mississippi River taken by North, cutting
Confederacy in two
Gettysburg Address
 Nov. 19, 1863
 President Lincoln
explained the meaning
of the Civil War
 Freedom and equality
belong to all
TRANSPARENCY
The Gettysburg Address
•“Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth
on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and
dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.
•Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether
that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated can
long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war.
We have come to dedicate a portion of it as a final resting
place for those who died here that the nation might live. This
we may, in all propriety do. But in a larger sense, we cannot
dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this
ground. The brave men, living and dead who struggled here
have hallowed it far above our poor power to add or detract.
The world will little note nor long remember what we say
here, but it can never forget what they did here.
•It is rather for us the living, we here be dedicated to the
great task remaining before us--that from these honored
dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they
here gave the last full measure of devotion--that we here
highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain,
that this nation shall have a new birth of freedom, and that
government of the people, by the people, for the people shall
not perish from the earth."
Grant Takes Command
 Lincoln must win
battles to win the
election of 1864
 Grant plans to use
North’s superior
population and industry
to wear down the South
Battle of the Wilderness
 May 5, 1864 in Virginia
 Grant beaten, but moved south anyway
 No retreat
Battle of Spotsylvania
 May 12, 1864
 Northern losses were huge, with bodies piled
four deep
 Again Grant moves his army further south
Battle of Cold Harbor
 June, 1864, armies met eight miles from Richmond
 Large Northern losses
 Grant lost 7,000 Union soldiers in less than one hour
QUICK STUDY
Goals of Total War
Sherman in Georgia
 Sherman wanted to
seize Atlanta, a rail and
industrial center
 98,000 Union men
 Confederate General Joseph Johnston
Battle of Kennesaw Mountain
Atlanta
 Johnston wanted to delay
Sherman until after the Nov. elections
 Mid-July, Sherman is near Atlanta
 Johnston replaced with General James Hood
 Hood engaged Sherman in several battles
and lost thousands of men
 Sherman laid siege to the city
 In September the South’s army left Atlanta
March to the Sea
 Some thought Sherman was mentally
unstable
 He ordered Atlanta burned
 Cut a 300-mile long path of destruction
 Captured Savannah in Dec.
Election of 1864
 Lincoln and Andrew Johnson, Vice President
 McClellan, Democrat
 Capture of Atlanta helped Lincoln win
reelection
NOTE TAKING
Reading Skill: Summarize
A New Birth of Freedom
Section 5
• What was the final outcome and impact
of the Civil War?
• Vocabulary:
Thirteenth Amendment
John Wilkes Booth
Mathew Brady
Land Grant College Act
The War’s End and Impact
The War’s Final Days
Main Idea: In the summer of 1864, the Confederates made a desperate stand at
Petersburg, a vital railroad center. Grant knew that if he captured Petersburg, he
could cut all supply lines to Richmond. Therefore he applied his siege tactics to
Petersburg and ultimately achieved victory. Richmond, then defenseless, was
evacuated and set on fire.
Why the North Won
Main Idea: The Union victory was a result of several key factors. Northerners were
able to take advantage of their greater technological prowess, larger population,
and more abundant resources. The Union was also able to develop new
advantages, particularly brilliant and fearless military leaders who were willing to do
everything it took to win the war. Meanwhile, the South used up its resources,
unable to call upon fresh troops and supplies.
The War’s Lasting Impact
Main Idea: The Civil War produced extraordinary levels of casualties and
destruction. Also, social and political disillusionment on both sides fed economic
greed. However, the Civil War managed to ease the history of disunity of in
American political life and helped to cement federal authority.
Siege of Petersburg
 Grant moved around capital of Richmond
and attacks Petersburg
 In last two months, Grant lost 65,000 men
 Lee has trouble replacing casualties and
waits
Thirteenth Amendment
 Passed by Congress in February, 1865
 Ratified by the states and became law on Dec. 18,
1865
 Ended slavery in the U.S.
End of the War
 Sherman moved through South Carolina,
burning most houses
 Did not destroy North Carolina
Appomattox Court House
 April 9, 1865 Lee
met Grant and
surrendered
 Grant offered food
and ordered
celebration by
Northern troops
ended
NOTE TAKING
Reading Skill: Recognize Sequence
1809
• Abraham Lincoln was
born on February 12, l809
in a log cabin on the
Kentucky frontier.
• Lincoln was named after
his grandfather.
• His parents were Thomas
Lincoln and Nancy
Hanks.
• He had one sister Sarah.
1834
• Lincoln, age 24,
served in the state
government of Illinois.
• He was elected to the
legislature as a Whig
• He denounced
slavery, saying it was
"founded on both
injustice and bad
policy."
1836
• September 9, Lincoln
received his law
license
• Is made a leader of
the Whig party.
• He first practices law
in Springfield, Illinois.
1842
• November 4, Lincoln
married Mary Todd.
• Had four children
Robert (1843-1926),
Edward (1846-1850),
William (1850-1862),
and Thomas (18531871).
1860
• Lincoln is elected the
16th President of the
United States
• Is the first Republican to
Be elected
• Was a difficult time for
Lincoln, since many
Southern states did not
agree with him on slavery
• Declared they were not a
part of the United States.
1861
• The South leaves the
Union and the Civil
war begins
• Began with an attack
on Fort Sumter
• The U.S. struggled in
The Civil war for four
year, 1861-1865.
1863
• On January 1, Lincoln
issues the final
Emancipation
Proclamation
• Freed all slaves in
territories held by
Confederates
• Emphasized the
enlisting of black
soldiers in the Union
Army.
1864
• Lincoln is reelected
President.
• He won the election
defeating Democrat
George B. McClellan.
• He received 55
percent of the popular
votes and 2l2 of 233
electoral votes.
1865
• Civil War ends.
• General Lee's troops
were surrounded and
on April 7, Grant
called upon Lee to
surrender.
• The two commanders
met on April 9, and
agreed on the terms
of surrender.
Lincoln’s Assassination
 April 14, 1865, John
Wilkes Booth shot
Lincoln while he was
watching a play
 Lincoln died the next
day and Booth was
killed in Virginia
1865
• On April 13, Lincoln
attended a play at
Ford's Theatre and
was shot.
• John Wilkes Booth,
had shot the
President.
• Lincoln died on the
morning of April 15,
1865.
John Wilkes Booth
NOTE TAKING
Reading Skill: Understand Effects
Effects of the War
 Both sides suffered great losses; more than
half a million people died
 Union preserved
 Slavery abolished
 Economy:
-Union costs $6 billion, Confederate costs $2 billion
-Southern farms, factories, and railroads destroyed
-Southern industry crippled
-Confederate states lost two thirds of their wealth
Two Important Acts
• Homestead Act: 1862, Congress
passed act, making western land
available at a very low cost to those
who would farm it.
• Land Grant College Act: 1862,
legislation that gave money from the
sale of public lands to states for the
establishment of universities that
taught agriculture and mechanical arts
CHART
Economic Costs of the Civil War
CHART
War Deaths