Water Quality Assessment from Hand Water-Pumps in Barangay San Nicolas and San
Ramon, Baao, Camarines Sur
CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM
INTRODUCTION
Water shortage is one of the major problems of the Philippines. This is the result of rapid
population and poor governance that led to the failure to put up the necessary water supply
infrastructure and system (Palanca-Tan, 2020). Water pumps are one of the solutions put to use
by the people. Water pumps is an artificially drilled well that reaches the water table
underground. The traditional way of withdrawing groundwater source is through hand-dug wells
while the improved one is through drilled wells. Moreover, hand-dug wells can be classified into
shallow and deep well which differs from the depth of excavation. Shallow well is installed with
until seven meters depth from the ground surface while deep well has a depth of up to 100 meters
(Abellada et al, 2021).
Water quality assessment plays a vital role in ensuring the availability of safe and clean
drinking water for communities. The availability of potable water is essential for the daily
activities and overall development of any community. However, hand water-pumps, being
exposed to various environmental factors and potential contaminants, require regular monitoring
and assessment to maintain the quality of water they provide. Water quality assessment involves
analyzing various parameters such as physical, chemical, and microbiological characteristics to
evaluate its suitability for consumption.
1
The light of this study is to know the water assessment quality of the hand-water pumps
of Barangay San Nicolas and Barangay San Ramon. This study focuses on the selected
physicochemical parameters like pH level, temperature, color, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen,
carbon dioxide, ammonia, and salinity.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The purpose of this study is to test the water quality of the hand-water pumps in
Barangay San Nicolas and Barangay San Ramon, Baao, Camarines Sur. Specifically, it seeks to
answer the following question:
1. What is the physical attributes of the hand-water pumps in locality in terms of:
a. number of hand-water pumps installed
b. depth of hand-water pumps installed
c. height of the hand-water pumps installed
d. year range of installed hand water-pumps
e. common uses of water from hand-water pumps
2. What is the physicochemical parameters of the hand-water pumps in terms of:
a. pH level
b. temperature
c. color
d. alkalinity
e. dissolved oxygen
f. carbon dioxide
2
g. ammonia
h. salinity
3. What is the significant difference between the physicochemical assessment of hand-water
pumps in Barangay San Nicolas and Barangay San Ramon?
HYPOTHESES
Ho: There is no significant difference between the physicochemical assessment of handwater pumps in Barangay San Nicolas and Barangay San Ramon.
Ha: There is a significant difference between the physicochemical assessment of handwater pumps in Barangay San Nicolas and Barangay San Ramon.
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The study was focused on the water quality assessment of hand-water pumps in Barangay
San Nicolas and Barangay San Ramon, respectively. This study will assess the quality
parameters from the ten (10) selected hand pumps in the selected barangay, five (5) for Barangay
San Nicolas and five (5) for Barangay San Ramon. The parameters are limited only on
temperature, pH level, color, alkalinity, carbon dioxide, dissolved oxygen, ammonia, and
salinity. The study will be conducted at San Nicolas and San Ramon, Baao, Camarines Sur at
August 2023 to June 2024.
3
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The results of this study would be beneficial to the following:
Community. This study will help the community of Barangay San Nicolas and San
Ramon because it may serve as the source of information regarding the groundwater quality in
the area.
Barangay Residents. This study will also help the people of the community to know the
hand-water pumps quality of water that they are using.
Government Sector. Some government sectors such as Department of Environment and
Natural Resources (DENR), Department of Health (DOH), Department of Science and
Technology (DOST), Bureau of Fisheries and Agrarian Resources (BFAR), and the like will
benefit to this study because this will provide them an information regarding the water quality
from the selected place;
Future Researchers. This study will serve as a guide for other researchers that will
undergo a similar kind of research whose interests are in the same field.
4
ENDNOTES
Palanca-Tan, R. (2020). Global Water Shortages: A Philippines Case Study. The Journal of
Social, Political, and Economic Studies, 46–62.
Most Filipino Families have Access to Improved Source of Drinking Water (Results from the
2017 Annual Poverty Indicators Survey (APIS) and Water Quality Testing Module).
(2019, March 29). Retrieved February 25, 2023, from Philippine Statistics Authority:
https://psa.gov.ph/content/most-filipino-families-have-access-improved-source-drinkingwater-results-2017-annual
Abellada, C., Balcoba, P., Balderian, J., Obrado, C., Bautista, J., & Estrada, K. K. (2021). Water
Quality Assessment From Hand Water Pump In Barangay Navarro, City Of General
Trias, CAVITE. Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research & Review (AJMRR), 1-34.
5
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter presents different researches, related literature, and studies as well as the
synthesis of the state-of-art, research gaps, conceptual frameworks, and definition of terms. The
materials used in the study provided the researchers enough discussions of facts and principles
which have significant bearings on the variables being used in the present study.
RELATED LITERATURE
Water Quality Assessment
Water quality is the characteristics of water which define its use in terms of physical,
chemical, biological, bacteriological or radiological characteristics by which the acceptability of
water is evaluated. Some parameters being used to monitor water quality are: Biological Oxygen
Demand (BOD) which is a measure of the approximate quantity of oxygen required by bacteria
to decompose organic matter in water; Electrical Conductivity which is a measure of salt water
intrusion in ground water; Total Colliform Count which indicates fecal contamination in water.
(PSA, 2017)
Water quality assessment and management is one of the most important aspects of water
management. This has attained significant global importance over the years in view of growing
concerns and awareness on environment- and health-related impacts. With the recent move
toward decentralization, various agencies have evolved for assessing water quality, including the
6
central board, state public health engineering departments, state boards, district engineering
agencies, and other outside governmental agencies. (Sharma & Gulati, 2014)
Water quality management is an essential component of overall integrated water
resources management (UNESCO, 2005). Water quality standards are put in place to ensure the
suitability of efficient use of water for a designated purpose. Water quality analysis is to measure
the required parameters of water, following standard methods, to check whether they are in
accordance with the standard (Roy, 2019).
Hand-Water Pump
A hand pump is a mechanical device that uses manual human power to pump liquids or
air from one location to another. A hand pump is also known as a manual pump because it
operates manually. It is one of the most common types of positive displacement pumps
(Engineer Waqar).
According to PNS/PAES 153:2010, there are two classifications of hand pumps; the lift
type and the force type. Lift type is a type of hand pump intended for use in lifting water from
low-head cisterns and wells while the force type is a type of hand pump that performs the work
of a lift pump and in addition forces the water from the outlet at a pressure to suit any domestic
application the depth of which is not beyond the head furnished by atmospheric pressure.
Hand pumps had different application. These pumps are commonly used in rural areas
because the majority of people in rural areas rely on groundwater for drinking. The manual pump
also uses for agriculture applications and it also used to transfer sludge and slurry. (Mech
Studies)
7
RELATED STUDIES
Water quality assessment plays a vital role in ensuring the availability of safe and clean
drinking water for communities. The availability of potable water is essential for the daily
activities and overall development of any community. Water quality assessment involves
analyzing various parameters such as physical, chemical, and microbiological characteristics to
evaluate its suitability for consumption.
In the study of the Abellada et al (2021) stated that their study focused on the assessment
of water quality from hand water-pump in Barangay Navarro, General Trias City, Cavite. The
on-site and laboratory test result, the temperature, pH level, total suspended solids (TSS),
chloride, nitrate, color, and phosphate content of the water samples conform to the standards set
by the DENR. Also, majority of the samples did not exceed to the standard amount of fecal
coliform. However, the third sampling site is considered contaminated with the coliform bacteria
so it is not recommendable for potable use.
This study of Patil and Deshmukh (2012) says that the availability of good quality water
is an indispensable feature for preventing diseases and improving quality of life. It is necessary
to know details about different physico-chemical parameters such as color, temperature, acidity,
hardness, pH, sulphate, chloride, DO, BOD, COD, alkalinity used for testing of water quality.
Heavy metals such as Pb, Cr, Fe, Hg etc. are of special concern because they produce water or
chronic poisoning in aquatic animals.
8
The study of Tonog and Poblete (2015) entitled “Drinking Water Quality Assessment in
Selected Barangays in Laoang, Northern Samar, Philippines” shows that most water sources
which is deep well, pump well and communal faucets were within the permissible limits in terms
of color, odor, pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO) and nitrite.
However, hardness and alkalinity were beyond the allowable limits. All water samples were
positive for fecal coliforms. Thus, this study concludes that all water sources tested are not safe
and not potable.
The results of the study of De Vera (2015) entitled “Microbiological and PhysicoChemical Quality of Deep well water in Selected Public Elementary Schools” shows that the
deep well water samples were generally colorless, odourless and tasteless. Based on the
laboratory analyses, all samples except Buenlag (fecal coliform) did not pass the standard for
drinking water as per standard methods of detection and values for microbiological quality.
Water samples from the four deep well sites passed the permissible limit for pH, nitrite and
pesticide residue. Salinity values did not pass the standard for drinking water. Only Warding
passed the total suspended solids.
The results of the study of Leopoldo et al entitled “Assessment of Freshwater Quality of
Different Deep-well Sources in Western Misamis Oriental, Philippines” shows that the quality of
groundwater from main deep well sources of seven (7) municipalities in Western Misamis
Oriental, Philippines were determine to see how these may have been impacted by natural events
and anthropogenic activities. The study looks at the well waters’ physico-chemical properties
(temperature, pH, turbidity, conductivity, TDS, salinity, chlorides, TOC and total hardness) and
their microbiological (total coliform and E. coli) characteristics. The physicochemical properties
of groundwater samples were found to be within the Philippine National Standards for Drinking
9
Water (PNSDW)/US-EPA except for the TDS, chlorides and hardness of some sources. Well
waters from both Initao and Gitagum municipalities have TDS values of 643.2 mg/L and 578.4
mg/L, respectively, as compared to PNSDW/US-EPA standard limit of 500 mg/L. These same
two municipalities Initao and Gitagum as well as the municipality of Libertad also have chloride
levels beyond the 250 mg/L limit of PNSDW/US-EPA/EU with values at 360, 318 and 277 mg/L
respectively. The Libertad sample also registered a total hardness of 407.5 mg/L CaCO3 as
compared to the 300 mg/L PNSDW limit. These mentioned three (3) municipalities are noticed
to have similar geologic structures. All well waters from the seven municipalities, however,
failed in total coliform. Escherichia coli were also found in well waters from four (4)
municipalities including Laguindingan, Lugait, Gitagum, and Libertad. The presence of these
pathogens in the well waters needs to be addressed to make the waters suitable for human
consumption.
SYNTHESIS OF THE STATE-OF-THE-ARTS
From different related studies reviewed from this chapter, the following similarities and
differences are being noted.
Abellada et al (2021), Patil and Deshmukh (2012), Tonog and Poblete (2015), De Vera
(2015), and Leopoldo et al (2017) focused on the physicochemical and microbiological
assessments of different water resources such as deep wells and hand pumps. They considered
the alkalinity, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and other physicochemical characteristics.
RESEARCH GAP
10
The studies are all similar to the current study except for the physicochemical parameters
used. As for the current study, the water quality assessment parameters will be pH level,
temperature, color, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, ammonia, and salinity. This is
the gap that the study intends to bridge
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
PROCESS
INPUT
The researcher used the
following:






Water Samples
Water Gallons
Crystalline
Bottles for Water
Samples
pH meter
Water
thermometer
Laboratory
Apparatus




Identify the number of
installed
hand
waterpumps, depth and
height of hand-water
pumps, the year of
installation, and the
common use of it
Get a sample water from
hand water pump
Examine
the
physicochemical
characteristics of the
water
Evaluate the results
OUTPUT
Water Quality Assessment
from Hand Water-Pumps
in Barangay San Nicolas
and San Ramon, Baao,
Camarines Sur
Figure 1. Conceptual Framework
The Figure 1 shows the utilized conceptual framework of the study. The input-processoutput conceptual framework is used by the researchers.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
The following terms are defined in order to present more concrete ideas about some
technical terms used in the study.
11
Alkalinity. It is the water's capacity to resist acidic changes in pH, essentially alkalinity
is water's ability to neutralize acid.
Ammonia. It is a colorless, pungent gas composed of nitrogen and hydrogen. It is the
simplest stable compound of these elements and serves as a starting material for the production
of many commercially important nitrogen compounds. Conceptually, it is the indicator of the
water’s overall quality because high level of ammonia may indicate pollution from sources.
Dissolved Oxygen (DO). It is a measure of how much oxygen is dissolved in the water.
Conceptually, it is indicates the presence of oxygen, which is necessary for maintaining the taste,
odor, and clarity of water.
Hand Pumps. It is the water pump powered by the movement of human arms
pH Level. Conceptually, it is the measure of how acidic or basic the water of hand
pumps.
Salinity. Conceptually, it is the amount of dissolved salts present in water.
12
END NOTES
Philippine Statistics Authority. (2017). Water Quality. Retrieved June 18, 2023, from Philippine
Statistics Authority: https://psa.gov.ph/content/water-quality-1
Sharma, R., & Gulati, S. (2014). Status and Trends of Water Quality Worldwide. Retrieved June
18, 2023, from Science Direct: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-andplanetary-sciences/water-quality-assessment
UNESCO. (2005). Water resources systems planning and management. Retrieved June 18, 2023,
from
https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/2804/12_chapter12.pdf?sequence=9
&isAllowed=y
Roy, R. (2019). An Introduction to Water Quality Analysis. International Research Journal of
Engineering and Technology (IRJET) , 201-205.
Waqar, E. (n.d.). How to use a Hand Pump? | How does a Hand Water Pump work? Retrieved
June 18, 2023, from Mechanical Boost: https://mechanicalboost.com/hand-pump/
Agricultural machinery – Hand Pump – Specifications. (2010). Philippine Agricultural
Engineering Standards.
13
MechStudies. (n.d.). What is Hand Pump? Definition, Parts, Working, Applications. Retrieved
June 18, 2023, from MechStudies: https://www.mechstudies.com/what-hand-pumpdefinition-parts-working-applications/
Abellada, C., Balcoba, P., Balderian, J., Obrado, C., Bautista, J., & Estrada, K. K. (2021).
WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT FROM HAND WATER PUMP IN BARANGAY
NAVARRO, CITY OF GENERAL TRIAS, CAVITE. Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary
Research & Review (AJMRR), 1-34.
P.N, P., D.V, S., & R.N, D. (2012). Physico-chemical parameters for testing of water – A review.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES, 1194-1207.
Tonog, M., & Poblete, M. (2015). Drinking Water Quality Assessment in Selected Barangays in
Laoang, Northern Samar, Philippines. International Journal of Environmental Science
and Development, 29-33.
Vera, W. D. (2015). Microbiological and Physico-Chemical Microbiological and PhysicoChemical Elementary Schools. Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 105109.
Leopoldo, G., Ceniza, M., Besagas, R., Asoy, A., Dael, N., & Rosario., R. D. (2017).
Assessment Of Freshwater Quality Of Different Deepwell. ISSN, 1003-1006.
Alkalinity and Hardness. (n.d.). Retrieved June 18, 2023, from Utah State University:
https://extension.usu.edu/waterquality/learnaboutsurfacewater/propertiesofwater/alkalinit
y?fbclid=IwAR0QpyuqDox8Y1J4MH2MSWYwAMsPMjNihJ_9HSRxYvwPh4SSVAR
zPH-H0Q0
14
Zumdahl, S. S. (2023, March 31). ammonia. Retrieved June 18, 2023, from Encyclopedia
Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/science/ammonia
Carbon Dioxide. (n.d.). Retrieved June 18, 2023, from UCAR: https://scied.ucar.edu/learningzone/how-climate-works/carbondioxide?fbclid=IwAR3tWNnnSLLsM8k0AtxLNIQgf7MGEa5kynpYGakErIef0N4nJn48QGxvZQ
Water Science School. (2018, June 5). Dissolved Oxygen and Water. Retrieved June 18, 2023,
from USGS: https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-scienceschool/science/dissolved-oxygen-and-water?fbclid=IwAR38SzLLNYMV2frzXphIWKQSzvTBRdUjrIhoEsu-DORT-kJFGdZ5pxrsjQ#overview
Britannica, T. E. (2023, March 27). pH. Retrieved June 18, 2023, from Encyclopedia Britannica:
https://www.britannica.com/science/pH
Ambulkar, A. (2023, March 27). salinity. Retrieved June 18, 2023, from Encyclopedia
Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/science/salinity
15
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the research methodology and design, materials, experimentation
procedure, and statistical tool of the study.
RESEARCH DESIGN
The researchers employed a mixed method approach combining both quantitative and
qualitative methods. This approach was chosen because the study involved experimental
treatment being administered to the experimental units, and gathering related information
through a qualitative method.
The study also used the Completely Randomized Design (CRD). This is a design wherein
the allocation of treatments is done by randomizing the treatments completely over the entire
experimental units without any restriction imposed on the units. This study will focused on two
Barangays; San Nicolas and San Ramon, respectively. It will assess the water quality parameters
from the ten (10) selected hand pumps in the selected barangay, five (5) for Barangay San
Nicolas and five (5) for Barangay San Ramon
16
Barangay 1
Barangay 2
Sample 1
B1S1
B2S1
Sample 2
B1S2
B2S2
Sample 3
B1S3
B2S3
Sample 4
B1S4
B2S4
Sample 5
B1S5
B2S5
Table 1. Completely Randomized Design (CRD)
MATERIALS
The researchers used different materials in the study. The researchers used ten (10) clean
1.5 plastic bottles, pH paper, water thermometer, and ice box.
Materials
Quantity
Plastic Bottles
10 pieces
pH paper
10 pieces
Water Thermometer
1 piece
Ice Box
1 piece
Table 2. Materials and Quantity
PROCEDURE OF THE STUDY
Preparation on Field Study
17
The researchers will make the letter for the consultation of the availability of
water quality assessment parameters in BFAR Testing Laboratory at Fabrica, Bula, and letters to
be sent to selected barangay for the hand pumps location information. The researcher will also
prepare the interview questions for the hand pumps owner. A formal request to undertake the
study was sought from the Office of the Principal in Baao National High School to allow the
researchers to conduct the study among the target hand pumps owner.
Preparation of Materials
The researchers will collect the plastic bottles from stores then cleaned it carefully. The
pH paper will be purchased in online shop. The water thermometer will be borrowed into
Science Laboratory.
Facilitating of Interview
The researchers will conduct a survey-interview in the resident that owned a hand pumps
in Barangay San Ramon and Barangay San Nicolas to determine the number of installed hand
water-pumps as well as the common uses of the residents to the water from it and its year of
installation.
Collection of Hand Pumps Water Sample
The researchers collected water samples from selected hand water-pumps and were
examined using physicochemical parameters particularly pH level, temperature, color, alkalinity,
dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, ammonia, and salinity to assess water quality. Significant
parameters like temperature and pH level undergo an on-site examination because the results
18
might change if it is exposed to external factors while the rest of parameters were examined in
the laboratory. The results of the laboratory test will be collected after 2 days
FLOWCHART OF THE PROCEDURE
Preparation
on Field
Study
Preparation
of Materials
Facilitating
of Interview
Collection of
Hand Pumps
Water
Sample
STATISTICAL TOOL
The researchers used the following statistical tools to analyze the data.
Mean. It was used to determine the average of physicochemical parameters.
̅
∑
Where:
19
̅
∑
One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). It was used to find out the significant
difference of the water samples in Barangay San Nicolas and Barangay San Ramon. It was also
used because the study used more than 2 treatments.
∑
∑
∑
∑
∑
∑
∑
∑
∑
∑
∑
∑
Where:
CF = Correction Factor
TSS = Total Sum of Squares
20
TrSS = Treatment Sum of Squares
MsTr = Mean Square of Treatment
MSE = Mean Square of Error
n = Number of Replicates
t = Number of Treatment
Scheffe’s Test. It was used to further determine the significant difference of each treatment from
one another.
̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅̅
Where:
F’ = Scheffes Test
̅̅̅ = mean of group 1
= mean of group 2
= number samples in group 1
= number samples in group 2
SW2 = within mean squares
21
ENDNOTES
Broto, A. S. (n.d.). Statistics Made Simple Second Edition. National Bookstore.
Broto, A. Measures of Central Tendency: Sample Mean. Statistics Made Simple (2 ed.).
p. 31. Manila: National Bookstore.
22