Dna structure
All organisms are classified into these 2 groups: Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
Have 2 or more cells
Have 1 cell
Consists of a nucleus and has a
dont a membrane-bound nucleus. Instead, they
membrane-bound nucleus
consist of nucleoids.
Example: Humans
Example:
Bacterias
DNA
What is DNA?
DNA is a blueprint that consists of instructions for our traits and instructions for our proteins.
DNA stands for Doexyribso nucleic acid. DNA is made up of 2 strands wrapped around each other
which is known as a double helix. If the stand were to be separated it would be known as a
polymer.
Nucleotides
DNA consists of polymers which are made up of many tiny units of nucleotides. A nucleotide is
also known as a polymer. We consist of 4 different types of nucleotides in our body.
Types of nucleotides
The 4 different types can be remembered by the acronym "ATCG"
A- adenine
T- Thymine
C- Cytosine
G- guanine
Complementary base pairing
Complementary base pairing is the bonding of nucleotides to form a structure. Only certain
nucleotides can bond together. Take a look at the nucleotides which can bond together
Sure, here's a simple table with two columns:
Base 1
Base 2
Row 1
Adenine
Thymine
Row 2
Cytosine
guanine
Sugar phosphate backbone
A nucleotide is made up of the structure of a base, sugar, and phosphate. The sugar of one
nucleotide link to the phosphate of another. This repeats for a thousand until it forms a sugarphosphate backbone. This is like a protective layer.
Genetic code
Genes are a small genetic material that consists of DNA. These genes are responsible for coding
for proteins. The sequences of these bases being arranged in a manner to produce protein is
known as genetic code.
Triplet code
Each of the proteins is arranged in 3 groups to produce different amino acids. Their a total of 20
amino acids.
protein 1
protein 2
protein 3
ATG
GCT
TAC
(adenine,
thymine,
(guanine,
cytosine,
(thymine,
adenine,
guanine)
thymine)
cytosine)
DNA, Chromosomes, Genes, and Genomes 🧬
What is DNA?
Dna stands for doexyribsonuclieicacid. DNA is present in all organisms. Dna is made of up 2
strands these 2 strands are called polymers. crossed together. polymers are made up of tiny units
on nucleitides.
More about chromosones
A DNA is about 2m long and cant be put all together otherwise it would get tangled that's why
DNA is put into chromosomes. A chromosome is a thread like structure which consists of many
genes in them.We have a total 46 chromosomes and 2 pairs which consists of 23.
Types of chromosones
A part of our chromosomes are important for our physical traits and other part determines our
gender. Our gender is determined by sex chromosomes. Befores miesosis or mitosis all
chromosnes look like X only but after the separation they start to look different. Woman consist of
a XX chromosome and men consist of a XY chromosome. When a x and y chromosne come
together it's a male and a XX is a female.Genes. These genes are found in the nucleus of cells
inside a threat like structure called chromosnes. They are made up of tiny units of DNA and are
codes for a particular protein. Genes are important to make protein. The codes for protein : AGT,
GCT,TAC there are only 20 amino acids but they can be coded in so many different ways they can
be about 1,000. genes can be coded in so many different ways.
Genes and genomes
Genes are building blocks of proteins and genomes consists entire set of genetic material. For
example, the genes we have will be different, but our genomes will be similar to our siblings or
parents. We can used genomes to study the DNA and see which diseases we have a risk of
developing.
for example: BBC which is breast cancer. We can also see diseases we have a probability to get
and get to know about our ancestors like where our ancestors where from and when they left and
where.