THE GLOBAL DIVIDES: THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH LEARNING OBJECTIVES: • Understand the idea of “global south” • Differentiate the Global South from the Third World • Analyze the different lenses of global relations GLOBAL DIVIDE • Divided by the equator • Divided into Northern and Southern Hemisphere SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL DIVIDE Global North • • • • United States, Canada, Western Europe, Outermost Regions of the European Union Developed parts of Asia, Australia, and New Zealand Home to all the members of G8 and to four of the five permanent members of the UN security Council • Global South • Africa, Latin America • Developing Asia, including the Middle East GLOBAL DIVIDE Global North • “First World” • Richer and developed region • 95% have enough food and shelter • Economy: industries, major business, commerce, and finance • Textiles, lumber clothing, machinery, leather, and wooden goods Global South “Third World” Poor and less developed 5% have enough food and shelter Source of raw materials of the North • Cotton production = slave labor • Depended entirely on cotton = profitable • • • • MAJOR DIFFERENCES • • • • • Global North Less population High wealth High standard of living High industrial development Industry • • • • • Global South Large population Low wealth Low standard of living Low industrial development Agriculture MAJOR DIFFERENCES North South Political External Threat – widespread of terrorist activity in the world Internal affairs of the nations – reasons like political struggles and corruptions, lack of respects for a rule of law, and violation of human rights Economy Manufacturing – cheap labor Agriculture – cotton, tobacco, rice, sugar cane Social Determined by life in the cities - Both religion and education were organized - There were schools and churches in most towns - College was reserved for the wealthy Determined by the upper class - The culture of the South revolved around plantation life MAJOR DIFFERENCES During Cold War After Cold War • Primary Global Division • Many see Primary was between East and Global Division as being West and predicted between North and upon security and South, and predicted power balance. economic inequality. “WORLDS WITHIN WORLD” “First World” Developed, capitalist, industrial countries such as North America, Western Europe, Japan, and Australia “Second World” The former communist-socialist, industrial states, Russia, Eastern Europe (Poland), some of the Turkish States (Kazakhstan), China “Third World” Developing countries Africa, Asia, and Latin America “WORLDS WITHIN A WORLD” CONCEPTS OF GLOBAL RELATIONS A. Major Premise B. Premise • The underdevelopment of certain states/ peoples and their lack of representation in the global political process is a reality. • Imbalances of Aggregate economics and political power between states • Interstates dimensions MAJOR LENSES: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Realism Marxism Liberalism / Constructivism Post Modernism MAJOR LENSES: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS The lenses of global relations are a framework for understanding the complex and ever-changing world of international relations. They provide different perspectives on the interactions between states, non-state actors, and global institutions. •Realism: This lens focuses on the role of power and conflict in international relations. Realists believe states are the most critical actors in the international system and consistently seek to maximize their power. •Liberalism: This lens focuses on the role of cooperation and institutions in international relations. Liberals believe states can cooperate to solve common problems and that international institutions can promote peace and prosperity. MAJOR LENSES: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS •Constructivism: This lens focuses on the role of ideas and identities in international relations. Constructivists believe that how we understand the world shapes how we interact with it. •Feminism: This lens focuses on the role of gender in international relations. Feminists believe gender inequality is a significant obstacle to global peace and security. •Postcolonialism: This lens focuses on the legacy of colonialism and imperialism in international relations. Post-colonialists believe that the history of colonialism still shapes the global order and that this harms developing countries. MAJOR LENSES: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS The lenses of global relations can be used to understand a wide range of issues, including: •War and peace: How do states interact with each other in times of war and peace? •Economic development: How can countries develop economically? •Human rights: How can we promote human rights around the world? •Environmental protection: How can we protect the environment? •Globalization: How is globalization changing the world? GLOBAL DIVIDE • Globalism (Sterger) • Global economic integration is not only inevitable given the rise of new technology: it is, more importantly, a normative international goal. • To not partake in globality backward. GLOBAL DIVIDE • Civilization Discourse: • Dominant ideology of colonialism and the logic that shaped the birth of international order. GLOBAL DIVIDE • Modernization theory (Rostow) • Outlined the historical progression terms of a society’s capacity to produce and consume material goods.
