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An Open Pyramidal Square Base Millimeter Wave
On-Chip Patch Antenna at 270 GHz for Wireless
Power Transfer
V.P. Akshay1 , Dinanath C. Nair2 , S. Vaishak Babu3 , Aravind Hari Nair4 , Syam Prakash5 , and P. Rahul Lal6
1,2,3,4,5,6 Department
of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, India
1 vp.akshay1@gmail.com 2 dinanathc35@gmail.com 3 vsknambiar@gmail.com
4 aravindharinair@gmail.com 5 syamprakashjp@yahoo.in 6 rahullal@am.amrita.edu
Abstract—This paper discusses a novel design methodology of
a 270 GHz mm-wave on chip antenna. The necessary antenna
radiation characteristics is achieved by incorporating an open
pyramidal square based structure. The antenna is fed co-axially
at the center, since the shape is symmetrical one. The detailed
analysis of the structure is carried out by varying the height of
the pyramid is conducted in the proposed study. For an optimized
height of 285 μm the antenna radiates at a frequency of 270 GHz
with return loss of 18.9755 dB with a moderate gain of 5.8662 dB.
Index Terms—On chip antenna, Open pyramidal square based
structure, guided wavelength
I. Introduction
Recently, there exists an expanding interest for broadband
interactive media applications for a regularly expanding limit
of remote systems. The massive rise in mobile data growth
and other telecommunication requirements that requisite, a
super-efficient communication network that provides superior
communication while dealing wisely with the dearth of global
bandwidth. The millimeter waves lies between the microwave
and the infrared waves, so these millimeter waves can possibly
find an answer for the developing interest for transfer speed,
rapid correspondence needs; through high spread spectrum
capability and more immune to interference. The narrow beam
of these waves and short range provides high security for the
intended operations. The virtue of high bandwidth provides
excellent high data transfer of about 10 Gbps when compared
to existing 1 Gbps. Thus millimeter waves acts as an elixir
for future telecommunication systems that include increased
volume data exchanges, for instance Ultra high definition
video applications such as wireless data communication in
Virtual Reality Headsets. The introduction to millimeter makes
it possible for the use of some existing unutilized technologies
such as WiGig technology that can be a real game changer in
existing data transfer techniques. Currently, the Transportation
Security Administration (TSA) uses millimeter waves in threat
detection using human body scanners for providing safety.
Millimeter wave therapy is also widely used in the medical
field for treating pain.
The design of a millimeter wave antenna confront a high
amount of precision and detail. The optimization technique
faces a dilemma of an indispensable precision and manufacturing cost marginalizing the advancement in millimeter
wave transmission and reception. The existing design available
in [1] discusses a precise design so as to include a four-layer
structure with equal layer thickness. All layers are constructed
from one SU-8 wafer. Measured antenna gain is less than
5dB and the antenna resonates at 295 GHz, 262 GHz and
278 GHz. The complexity and reduced gain of such model
make it refutable. The 100-GHz Quasi-Yagi Antenna [2] in
Silicon Technology also holds high precision at the production
level with a return loss of about 8.2 dB at 100 GHz. Using a
threshold of 6 dB, which is usually acceptable in practical
applications, the measured impedance bandwidth is 89-104
GHz. Where as the Orthogonally polarized antenna [3] 90 dB
self interference. Such isolation level can be obtained with
a compact antenna size which hold high precision with an
increased manufacturing cost. In order to reduce the interference criteria which becomes very critical in high frequency
applications, substrate integrated wave-guide (SIW) based slot
antennas in [4] and [5] are the best possible solutions. But
owing to the high constructional complications involved, they
are seldom used. From the understanding of the literature,
we have been able to conclude that the peak constraints
in the present scenario are the size factor for wide range
applications in antenna design. The proposed on-chip antenna
leaves other antennas in size without changing the of gain and
return loss.
The square base open pyramidal structure prescribed in
this paper focus on a compact optimized architecture that
enhances with lesser complexity providing a greater precision
at decreased manufacturing costs. The proposed on-chip
antenna can be smaller than a pill which make it compatible
for future mobile and gadget technology in delicacy. The
parametric variable “d” which will be discussed in detail in
the coming sections determines the frequency of operation
with decent return loss and gain of the study. The proposed
antenna is a millimetre wave on-chip antenna designed on
a silicon dioxide substrate having dielectric constant 4 and
height 100 μm. The antenna under study in the current
literature operates at a frequency of 270 GHz with a return
loss of 18.9755 dB along with a gain of 5.8662 dB. All the
c
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TABLE I
Parametric Analysis of Variable ’d’
Sl
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Variable
parameter
’d’ (μm)
Resonating
Frequency
(GHz)
Bandwidth
(GHz)
Return
Loss
(dB)
Gain
(dB)
450
320
305
300
295
285
280
250
335
253
259
262
264
270
275
300
5.746
7.962
15.806
18.056
19.894
22.251
23.144
11.271
−13.61
−11.68
−19.76
−28.30
−33.62
−18.97
−15.96
−11.05
6.388
5.181
5.748
5.992
5.87
5.866
6.074
6.400
Fig. 1. Open Pyramidal Square based Antenna Structure
simulations are carried out using the software High Frequency
Structure Simulator (HFSS).
II. Design
The structure of the proposed open pyramidal square base
millimetre wave on chip patch antenna is as shown in Fig. 1.
The guided wavelength of the antenna obtained from (2) is
found to be 500 μm. The open-pyramid structure has a square
base of dimension “a” which calculated using (3) has a value
of 250 μm. The above mentioned shape is is inscribed on the
top face of the box of dimension “5a” which is 1250 μm ×
1250μm is made of silicon Dioxide substrate of thickness 100
μm and relative permittivity of 4. The input to the system is
given via co-axial feed.
λ = c/fr
√
λg = λ/ r
a = λg /2
Fig. 2. Return Loss Plot
(1)
(2)
(3)
where,
c=Velocity of light in free space
r =dielectric constant
λ=wavelength
λg =guided wavelength
a=Dimension of the square base
d=Height of the pyramid
III. Analysis
The height of the pyramid is designated as the variable “d”
as shown in Fig. 1. Keeping the square base of the pyramid at
a fixed value, the height “h” of the pyramid is varied to obtain
the desired characteristics at the frequency of operation. The
variations applied to the height and its effect on the frequency
of operation along with the return loss, bandwidth and gain is
as stated in Table I.
Fig. 3. 2D Radiation Pattern
For an optimum value of d=295 μm, the proposed antenna
has a return loss of 33 dB with an optimum gain of 5.87 dB.
The bandwidth of the entire system is 19 GHz.The return loss
of the proposed structure is depicted in Fig. 2. The 2-D and
3-D gain pattern is as shown Fig. 3 and Fig. 4.
Comparing with the existing literature available in [6] which
reported a return loss of 12 dB with a maximum gain of 22.3
dB the results of the proposed antenna stands promising in
terms of size and constructional complexity.
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346
proposed antenna has a wide range of application in military,
radio astronomy, medical and telecommunication field due to
its compact design and dimension. Due to the compactness of
the proposed literature, the antenna module can even be integrated inside a chip. By increasing the number of leaves and
changing the base shape into a hexagonal or octagonal shape
we can enhance the gain and obtain a sufficient return loss.
References
Fig. 4. 3D Radiation Pattern
IV. Conclusion
The proposed antenna is a millimetre wave on-chip antenna
with a novel geometry of open pyramidal square base structure
which is optimized to operate at a frequency of 270 GHz with
an effective area of 1250 μm2 . The peak gain obtained at
this configuration is 5.8662 dB with a return loss of 18.9755
dB along with a broad bandwidth of 22.2506 GHz which is
significant when compared with the existing literatures. The
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