UNIT 6: DẠNG PROCESSES
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Các dạng quy trình hay gặp:
- Man-made processes (cách sản xuất nước cam, cách tái chế rác, cách sản xuất thuỷ tinh…)
- Natural processes (sự tuần hoàn của nước, quy trình sinh trưởng và phát triển của sinh vật, quy trình tiến
hóa, cách hoạt động của mắt…)
- Hoặc bất cứ một hoạt động nào có thể được mô phỏng thành một quy trình (ví dụ quy trình hoạt động của
máy ATM, một bộ phận trong công ty, quy trÌnh thi và lấy bằng lái…)
Note
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Khi viết không cần thực hiện các phép so sánh
Bố cục vẫn bao gồm ba phần
Sử dụng thì “hiện tại đơn”.
THE INTRODUCTION
1. The diagram illustrates the manufacturing process of_____.
2. The process in which + ______ + is manufactured can be summarised as follows.
3. The diagram provides an overview of how S + V.
The diagram illustrates the manufacturing process of circuit boards.
Hoặc:
The process in which circuit boards are manufactured can be summarised as follows.
The diagram provides an overview of how circuit boards are manufactured.
The given diagram provides an overview of how a frog grows and how it goes through different stages in life before reaching full
adulthood.
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show = illustrate/reveal/display (v)
produce = manufacture (v)
use the format how + noun + be + past participle (how windows are produced)
Natural or man-made
Processes can be natural, man-made, or both natural and man made. If the process is either natural or man-made, then you should
clearly state this in the introduction.
1. The production of steel
2. The lifecycle of a fish
3. The water cycle
4. The production of coffee
5. The process of photosynthesis (how plants breathe)
6. How a telephone works
7. The production of cement
8. How caves are formed
9. The lifecycle of a frog
10. How the internet works
Exercise 1
1. how/potato crisps/the diagram/made/illustrates/are
2. illustrates/produced/electricity/from/the diagram/is/thermal energy/how
3. of oil/the extraction/of the earth/illustrate/the diagrams/under the surface/from
4. manufactured/is/illustrate/the diagrams/how/silk/the life cycle/and/of silkworms
5. shows/the diagram/the process/energy from the sun/trapped by greenhouse gasses/of/being
Answers
1. The diagram illustrates how potato crisps are made.
2. The diagram illustrates how electricity is produced from thermal energy.
3. The diagrams illustrate the extraction of oil from under the surface of the earth.
4. The diagrams illustrate the lifecycle of silkworms and how silk is manufactured.
5. The diagram shows the process of energy from the sun being trapped by greenhouse gasses.
THE OVERVIEW
1. In general, there are [two/three] main steps/stages in the process, the first being the…... . This is followed by the……, leading
to the final step of…..
2. Looking first as a whole, there are [two/three] main steps/stages in the process. Firstly, there is the…... Then follows the……,
leading to the final stage of…..
3. Overall, there are [two/three] main steps/stages in the process, beginning with the…... . Then there is the…., leading to the
final step of……
In general, there are [two/three] main steps/stages in the process, the first being the…... . This is followed by the……, leading to
the final step of…..
the + N/V-ing
=> the first being the delivery, cutting and cleaning of circuit-board materials => the first being the preparation/treatment of
circuit-board materials
=> This is followed by the attachment of ICs, leading to the final step of quality control and packaging.
=> Overall, there are three main stages in the
process, beginning with the treatment of the
circuit-board material. This is followed by IC
attachment, leading to the final stage of
quality control and packaging.
- treatment (u) sự xử lý
- IC attachment (u) sự gắn IC
- quality control (u) sự kiểm tra chất lượng
- packaging (u) wrapping: quá trình đóng gói
4. Overall, this process has [two/three....] main stages, starting with ........... and finishing with .........
Overall, this process has three main stages, starting with heating water and finishing with adding milk and sugar.
Exercise
Write an introduction and overview for the process on the right.
Make sure that they contains the following information...
• the number of stages in the process
• the start and end of the process
The diagram shows the lifecycle of a large cold water fish called
a salmon.
Answers
The diagram shows the lifecycle of a large cold water fish called a salmon.
1. The diagram illustrates the life of a type of fish called a salmon.
Overall, the cyclical process has four main stages, starting with the unborn
salmon in eggs and finishing with the adult salmon laying eggs in order for
the process to repeat itself.
2. The diagram indicates how salmon progress through various life stages.
Overall, there are four stages in this natural cycle, starting with the
hatching of young fish in the river and ending with the death of mature fish.
Full report
The diagram shows the lifecycle of a large cold water fish called a
salmon.
The diagram indicates how salmon progress through various life
stages.
Overall, there are four stages in this natural cycle, starting with
the hatching of young fish in the river and ending with the
death of mature fish.
Looking at the diagram in more detail, salmon lay their eggs in
rivers amongst small stones where the current is strong. When
the eggs hatch, the small fish, called fry and typically 3 to 8 cm
long, emerge and stay in this area for up to 6 months. Over time,
the fry become bigger and enter the second stage of life. This
takes place in a deeper area of the river containing plants,
where the juvenile fish, known at this stage as smolt and
typically 12 to 15cm long, remain for 4 years until they become
adult salmon.
In the next stage, the adult salmon make the journey down the
river to the sea, where they remain as adults for 5 years. In the
final stage of a salmon’s life, the adult salmon return to the river
and swim upstream to lay their eggs in the correct habitat and
then the whole process can repeat.
Exercise
The diagram below shows the
process of making carbonated
drinks. Summarize the
information by selecting and
reporting the main features
and make comparisons where
relevant.
Answers
In general, there are five main steps/stages in the process,
the first being the cleaning of raw water. This is followed by
the evaporation and addition of carbon dioxide, leading to
the final steps of mixing with additional ingredients,
filtering and packaging.
THE BODY
- The process begins when S +
V
- First,
- To begin,
- The first step is
Time Order Phrases
- Then,
- Next,
- Subsequently,
- Afterwards,
- After this/that,
- Following this/that,
- S + V, after which S + V
- S + V + before + V-ing/clause (lưu ý
before + being + V3/ed)
- After + V-ing/Clause, S + V
- When this has been done,
- Once this step has been
completed, S + V
- Following this process,
- Finally,
- The last step is
- The final step is
The manufacture of such boards starts when the material is delivered
and then cut to appropriate size before being sprayed with fire retardant.
After that, the resultant empty boards are cleaned in order to remove any
dirt that remains on them. Subsequently, chips are automatically
soldered to these clean boards by machines, although the quality of the
resulting circuit boards is carefully inspected by human eyes afterwards;
and defective items have to be returned for IC attachment after their
chips have been discarded.
Once this particular stage has been completed, the circuit boards again
experience one final trial before being put into packaging and ready for
transportation to factories. In the meantime, the boards which have failed
this test must again enter the central cycle to assure that only fault-free
products are created.
- spray (t) phun, xịt
- fire retardant (c/u) chất làm chậm cháy
- resultant (adj) resulting: kết quả, được tạo ra
- solder (t) hàn
- inspect (t) examine: kiểm tra
- defective (adj) faulty: imperfect or faulty: có lỗi
- trial (c) test
- packaging (u) materials used to wrap or protect goods: giấy đóng gói
- fault-free (adj) không có lỗi
Industrial vocabulary
1. Natural gas is extracted from below the ground.
a) to give
b) to become gas
c) to take out
d) to become liquid
2. Sugar is refined by boiling it to remove any unwanted chemicals or material.
4. The gold is heated in the furnace until it melts and becomes a liquid.
a) a place where engineers and scientists make sure the temperature never
changes.
b) a place where something is made very cool.
c) a scientific building where many people work.
d) a place where something is heated until it is very hot.
5. Milk is processed by heating it to kill any unwanted bacteria and adding
chemicals such as preservatives. Then it is ready to be consumed without any
worry about safety.
a) to improve the quality by adding something.
b) to improve the quality in order to remove something.
a) to prepare something by following a number of steps/stages.
c) to reduce the quality in order to make it cheaper.
b) to make something become a liquid.
d) to improve the quality by mixing it well.
c) to add something in order to make it less dangerous.
d) to remove something in order to improve safety.
3. The engineers who work at the oil refinery make sure that the oil becomes good
quality petrol.
a) a place where oil is made into petrol or other products.
b) a place where oil is taken from the ground.
c) a place where oil is sold.
d) a place where oil cannot be found.
6. Water rises from the sea as tiny drops (vapour), as it cools, it condenses and
then falls as rain.
a) to change from a gas (or vapour) to a liquid.
b) to heat up.
c) to change from a liquid to a solid.
d) to become lost.
Answers
1. Natural gas is extracted from below the ground.
a) to give
b) to become gas
c) to take out
d) to become liquid
2. The engineers who work at the oil refinery make sure that the oil becomes good
quality petrol.
a) a place where oil is made into petrol or other products.
b) a place where oil is taken from the ground.
c) a place where oil is sold.
d) a place where oil cannot be found.
3. Sugar is refined by boiling it to remove any unwanted chemicals or material.
a) to improve the quality by adding something.
b) to improve the quality by using heat in order to remove something.
c) to reduce the quality in order to make it cheaper.
d) to improve the quality by mixing it well.
4. The gold is heated in the furnace until it melts and becomes a liquid.
a) a place where engineers and scientists make sure the temperature never
changes.
b) a place where something is made very cool.
c) a scientific building where many people work.
d) a place where something is heated until it is very hot.
5. Milk is processed by heating it to kill any unwanted bacteria and adding
chemicals such as preservatives. Then it is ready to be consumed without any
worry about safety.
a) to prepare something by following a number of steps/stages.
b) to make something become a liquid.
c) to add something in order to make it less dangerous.
d) to remove something in order to improve safety.
6. Water rises from the sea as tiny drops (vapour), as it cools, it condenses and
then falls as rain.
a) to change from a gas (or vapour) to a liquid.
b) to heat up.
c) to change from a liquid to a solid.
d) to become lost.
True or False
​The diagram below shows how oil is refined and supplied for
use as fuel for cars, planes and ships.
1. You should spend as much time as you need to complete the task.
2. If you spend more than 20 minutes on this task you will probably run out of time
on task 2.
3. You must paraphrase the topic of the diagram in the first sentence of your
answer.
4. The diagram shows a natural process.
5. The process is cyclical (repeats itself).
6. The process is linear (doesn't repeat itself).
7. It is a good idea to include a general overview of the process in the introduction.
8. There are roughly four or five main steps in the process.
9. There are roughly eight or nine main steps in the process.
10. The report should contain more than one paragraph.
11. You can’t use the vocabulary on the diagram in your essay.
12. You should give a detailed explanation of each stage of the process in the
correct order.
13. You should use the passive voice to describe a man-made process.
14. You should give your opinion about the oil industry in your report.
15. You do not need to write a conclusion paragraph.
EXERCISE
overall
when enough oil has been collected
the process starts when subsequently
respectively
first
following the heating process consequently after
The diagram below shows how oil is refined and supplied for
use as fuel for cars, planes and ships.
The diagram illustrates the process of refining oil for use as fuel in the
transportation industry.
(1) ______ , this linear process has four main steps, starting with the extraction of
the oil from the ground and finishing with distillation.
(2)_______ oil is extracted from beneath the ocean by workers on an oil rig. (3)
_______, the oil is kept in storage tanks. (4) ________, it is transported on a tanker
to a refinery.
At the refinery, the crude oil is processed in order to make it suitable as fuel for
transport. (5) ________, crude oil is passed through a furnace, where it is heated
to around 600 degrees Celsius. (6) _______, it becomes a gas and then is passed
into the distillation tower. (7) ______, the gas rises and cools. At different
temperatures different types of fuel condense and become liquid. At 450, 200 and
60 degrees, boat, plane and car fuel (8) _______ condense. (9) _______ the
process is complete, the fuel can be transported by truck or pipeline to the place
of sale.
In the first stage
Notice that you can use an ordinal in a phrase to add some variety. For example, ‘In the first stage’.
When enough oil has been collected
Time clauses such as 'when...' are also good for sequencing. They also help you to improve your grammatical range score since they are classed as complex sentences.
For example, ‘When enough oil has been collected, it is transported on a tanker to a refinery’
Notice that the time clause needs to have a subject and verb and be followed by a comma.
First
You can use ordinals such as first, second and third to organise the stages of the process. However, if you use too many ordinals your writing might seem quite simple.
Following the heating process
Following is another good word to use to say the second action happens after the first. You can use it in phrases such as ‘following this’ or ‘following the heating process’.
respectively
Respectively is used to link two lists of data in the same order.
...we can write ‘At 450, 200 and 60 degrees, boat, plane and car fuel respectively condense’.
Key adverbs
The writer uses two excellent adverbs – subsequently and consequently. These are high band linking words but many candidates confuse these
words. See the examples below and then complete the description of each word.
Oil is extracted from beneath the ocean by workers on an oil rig. Subsequently, the oil is kept in storage tanks
​
It is heated to 600 degrees Celsius. Consequently, it becomes a gas.
Drag the words into the correct boxes
as a result
after that
'Subsequently' is an academic synonym of ______ . When it is used at the beginning of a sentence it is followed by a comma. Only use this
word once per report.
'Consequently' is a synonym of _______ . When it is used at the beginning of a sentence it is followed by a comma. Only use this word once per
report.
Answers
The diagram below shows how oil is refined and supplied for
use as fuel for cars, planes and ships.
overall when enough oil has been collected the process starts when
subsequently
respectively first following the heating process
consequently after
The diagram illustrates the process of refining oil for use as fuel in the
transportation industry.
(1) Overall, this linear process has four main steps, starting with the extraction of
the oil from the ground and finishing with distillation.
(2) The process starts when oil is extracted from beneath the ocean by workers on
an oil rig. (3) Subsequently, the oil is kept in storage tanks. (4) When enough oil has
been collected, it is transported on a tanker to a refinery.
At the refinery, the crude oil is processed in order to make it suitable as fuel for
transport. (5) First, crude oil is passed through a furnace, where it is heated to
around 600 degrees Celsius. (6) Consequently, it becomes a gas and then is passed
into the distillation tower. (7) Following the heating process, the gas rises and cools.
At different temperatures, different types of fuel condense and become liquid. At
450, 200 and 60 degrees, boat, plane and car fuel (8) respectively condense. (9)
After the process is complete, the fuel can be transported by truck or pipeline to
the place of sale.
Full report
The diagram below shows how oil is refined and supplied for
use as fuel for cars, planes and ships.
The diagram illustrates the process of refining oil for use as fuel in the transportation
industry.
Overall, this linear process has four main steps, starting with the extraction of the oil
from the ground and finishing with distillation.
In the first stage, oil is extracted from beneath the ocean by workers on an oil rig.
Subsequently, the oil is kept in storage tanks. When enough oil has been collected, it
is transported on a tanker to a refinery.
At the refinery, the crude oil is processed in order to make it suitable as fuel for
transport. First, crude oil is passed through a furnace, where it is heated to around
600 degrees Celsius. Consequently, it becomes a gas and then is passed into the
distillation tower. Following the heating process, the gas rises and cools. At different
temperatures different types of fuel condense and become liquid. At 450, 200 and 60
degrees, boat, plane and car fuel respectively condense. After the process is
complete, the fuel can be transported by truck or pipeline to the place of sale.
The writer fully and accurately describes the process in the diagram. The writer uses a
good range of grammar and lots of specific vocabulary. The text is divided into logical
paragraphs, including an introduction containing an overview, and two body
paragraphs. Sequencing words and phrases make the text more cohesive and show
the relationship between the different stages of the process. This report would receive
a perfect band score.
Linking words and phrases
The diagram below shows how oil is refined and supplied for
use as fuel for cars, planes and ships.
The diagram illustrates the process of refining oil for use as fuel in the
transportation industry. Overall, this linear process has four main steps, starting
with the extraction of the oil from the ground and finishing with distillation.
In the first stage, oil is extracted from beneath the ocean by workers on an oil rig.
Subsequently, the oil is kept in storage tanks. When enough oil has been collected,
it is transported on a tanker to a refinery.
At the refinery, the crude oil is processed in order to make it suitable as fuel for
transport. First, crude oil is passed through a furnace, where it is heated to around
600 degrees Celsius. Consequently, it becomes a gas and then is passed into the
distillation tower. Following the heating process, the gas rises and cools. At
different temperatures different types of fuel condense and become liquid. At 450,
200 and 60 degrees, boat, plane and car fuel respectively condense. After the
process is complete, the fuel can be transported by truck or pipeline to the place
of sale.
Vocabulary - Natural Processes
This exercise teaches you the vocabulary you need to describe a geological
process.
Choose the correct definition for each vocabulary item below based on the
example sentence.
1. After the rain, you can see that the river looks dirtier. This is because sand
and dirt is taken into the river by the rain. The sand and dirt then falls as
sediment to the bottom of the river.
sediment (noun) is ...
a. a name of for a dirty river.
b. a type of rain.
c. something that falls to the bottom of a liquid.
d. a way to clean sand and dirt by using river water.
2. Although the Himalayas are the tallest mountain range in the world today,
over millions of years, the wind, rain and snow will erode them. The process
of erosion will leave these mountains as small stones and sand.
erosion (noun) erode (verb) is...
a. the process that breaks down rocks into tiny pieces.
b. the process that creates wind, rain and snow.
c. the process that created the Himalaya mountains.
d. the process that builds up hills and mountains from small stones and sand.
3. Water is formed of a combination of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen
atom.
to form (verb) is ...
a. a synonym of ‘destroy’. We often use it to describe how something is naturally
destroyed, not destroyed by humans.
b. a synonym of ‘increase’. We often use it to describe how something naturally
increases in number.
c. a verb meaning to grow food that will be eaten.
d. a synonym of ‘make’. We often use it to describe how something is naturally
made, not man-made.
4. There are a number of layers in this cake. The bottom layer is made of biscuit.
Then there is a thick layer of chocolate. On top of the chocolate layer is the final
layer which is made of cream and cherries.​
a layer (noun) is...
a. a cake with many ingredients.
b. when something, such as cake or rock, is made of one material..
c. when something is made of circles of material, such as cake or rock, which are
next to each other.
d. a line of material, such as in cake or rock, that is on top of or beneath another
line of material.
Answers
This exercise teaches you the vocabulary you need to describe a geological
process.
Choose the correct definition for each vocabulary item below based on the
example sentence.
1. After the rain, you can see that the river looks dirtier. This is because sand
and dirt is taken into the river by the rain. The sand and dirt then falls as
sediment to the bottom of the river.
sediment (noun) is ...
a. a name of for a dirty river.
b. a type of rain.
c. something that falls to the bottom of a liquid.
d. a way to clean sand and dirt by using river water.
2. Although the Himalayas are the tallest mountain range in the world today,
over millions of years, the wind, rain and snow will erode them. The process
of erosion will leave these mountains as small stones and sand.
erosion (noun) erode (verb) is...
a. the process that breaks down rocks into tiny pieces.
b. the process that creates wind, rain and snow.
c. the process that created the Himalaya mountains.
d. the process that builds up hills and mountains from small stones and sand.
3. Water is formed of a combination of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen
atom.
to form (verb) is ...
a. a synonym of ‘destroy’. We often use it to describe how something is naturally
destroyed, not destroyed by humans.
b. a synonym of ‘increase’. We often use it to describe how something naturally
increases in number.
c. a verb meaning to grow food that will be eaten.
d. a synonym of ‘make’. We often use it to describe how something is naturally
made, not man-made.
4. There are a number of layers in this cake. The bottom layer is made of biscuit.
Then there is a thick layer of chocolate. On top of the chocolate layer is the final
layer which is made of cream and cherries.​
a layer (noun) is...
a. a cake with many ingredients.
b. when something, such as cake or rock, is made of one material..
c. when something is made of circles of material, such as cake or rock, which are
next to each other.
d. a line of material, such as in cake or rock, that is on top of or beneath another
line of material.
A natural process
Choose the correct statement.
The diagram below shows how rocks are created and
destroyed in the rock cycle.
1. a. You can copy the sentence ‘The diagram below shows how rocks are
created and destroyed in the rock cycle’ in your report.
b. You should paraphrase the sentence ‘The diagram below shows how
rocks are created and destroyed in the rock cycle’ in your report.
2. a. You don’t have to include an overview of the process.
b. You should include an overview of the process in the introduction.
3. a. There is no clear beginning or end of the process because it is a cycle.
b. There is a clear beginning or end of the process because it is linear.
4. a. You should not separate the body of the report into more than one
body paragraph.
b. You should separate the body of the report into two or more body
paragraphs.
5. a. You must not use the vocabulary on the diagram in your report.
b. You may use the vocabulary on the diagram in your report.
Choose the correct statement.
The diagram below shows how rocks are created and
destroyed in the rock cycle.
1. a. You can copy the sentence ‘The diagram below shows how rocks are
created and destroyed in the rock cycle’ in your report.
b. You should paraphrase the sentence ‘The diagram below shows how
rocks are created and destroyed in the rock cycle’ in your report.
2. a. You don’t have to include an overview of the process.
b. You should include an overview of the process in the introduction.
3. a. There is no clear beginning or end of the process because it is a cycle.
b. There is a clear beginning or end of the process because it is linear.
4. a. You should not separate the body of the report into more than one
body paragraph.
b. You should separate the body of the report into two or more body
paragraphs.
5. a. You must not use the vocabulary on the diagram in your report.
b. You may use the vocabulary on the diagram in your report.
Exercise
The diagram below shows how rocks are created and
destroyed in the rock cycle.
Fill in the missing words in the model report
erode
form
continue push
build up
fall
illustrate
The diagram 1 ______ how rocks are formed due to erosion, heat and pressure.
Overall, there are three stages in the cyclical process which creates sedimentary,
metamorphic and igneous rock.
Rock on the surface of the Earth 2 _______ by the weather into sand and small stones
which are then transported to the sea. These 3 ______ to the bottom of the sea where
they form a layer of sediment. Over time, more sediment 4 _______ on top and the
pressure turns the sediment below into sedimentary rock. As the sedimentary rock 5.
______ down, the pressure and heat increases. Consequently, the sedimentary rock
changes into metamorphic rock.
After metamorphic rock forms, it may slowly get to the Earth’s surface and the process of
erosion and sedimentation repeats. Alternatively, the metamorphic rock may 6 _______
down into the earth. When it reaches a certain level of pressure and heat it melts,
becoming magma. This magma may rise to the surface through a volcano. When this cools
on the Earth’s surface, igneous rock 7 _______ and the process of erosion begins again.
(178 words)
Answers
The diagram below shows how rocks are created and
destroyed in the rock cycle.
Fill in the missing words in the model report
erode
pass
form
continue push
build up
fall
illustrate
The diagram 1. illustrates how rocks are formed due to erosion, heat and pressure.
Overall, there are three stages in the cyclical process which creates sedimentary,
metamorphic and igneous rock.
Rock on the surface of the Earth 2. is eroded by the weather into sand and small stones
which are then transported to the sea. These 3. fall to the bottom of the sea where they
form a layer of sediment. Over time, more sediment 4. builds up on top and the pressure
turns the sediment below into sedimentary rock. As the sedimentary rock 5. is pushed
down, the pressure and heat increases. Consequently, the sedimentary rock changes into
metamorphic rock.
After metamorphic rock forms, it may slowly get to the Earth’s surface and the process of
erosion and sedimentation repeats. Alternatively, the metamorphic rock may 6. continue
down into the earth. When it reaches a certain level of pressure and heat it melts,
becoming magma. This magma may rise to the surface through a volcano. When this cools
on the Earth’s surface, igneous rock 7 is formed and the process of erosion begins again.
(178 words)
Exercise
Put the words/phrases listed below into the
blanks in the task response on the nex page.
The following diagrams shows the life cycle of
a frog.
Task Response
The given diagram illustrates (1)___________ of how a frog grows and
how it (2)_________ different stages in life before reaching full adulthood.
(3)____________, the life cycle of a frog involves three main stages,
changing from an egg to a tadpole, becoming a tadpole frog, and
(4)___________ growing fully enough to be considered an adult frog.
finally
over time
the complex process
meaning that
goes through
once
a short phase
overall
from then on
As shown in the diagram, frogs are born as eggs in ponds, and after
going through (5)______ as embryos, they become tadpoles. Tadpoles
gradually lengthen (6)___________ to look almost like small fish, but
soon their front legs appear, making them seem more like frogs.
(7)____________, the frog’s body takes full shape, with all four legs now
fully visible. More importantly, the frog now has the capacity for
pulmonary breathing, (8)____________ it can breathe with its own lungs.
(9)_____________ it loses its tail, it is referred to as a tabpole frog. At
some point after this, it moves out of the water to live on the pond bank
where it reaches full maturity as an adult frog.
Answers
The given diagram illustrates (1)_____the complex process______ of how a frog grows and
how it (2)____goes through_____ different stages in life before reaching full adulthood.
(3)_____Overall_______, the life cycle of a frog involves three main stages, changing from
an egg to a tadpole, becoming a tadpole frog, and (4)______finally_____ growing fully
enough to be considered an adult frog.
finally
over time
the complex process
meaning that
goes through
a short phase
overall
from then on
As shown in the diagram, frogs are born as eggs in ponds, and after going through (5)___a
short phase___ as embryos, they become tadpoles. Tadpoles gradually lengthen
(6)______over time_____ to look almost like small fish, but soon their front legs appear,
making them seem more like frogs.
(7)______From then on______, the frog’s body takes full shape, with all four legs now fully
visible. More importantly, the frog now has the capacity for pulmonary breathing,
(8)______meaning that______ it can breathe with its own lungs. (9)______Once_______ it
loses its tail, it is referred to as a tabpole frog. At some point after this, it moves out of the
water to live on the pond bank where it reaches full maturity as an adult frog.
EXERCISE
fall
begin
reach
cool
condense
flow
Fill in the missing words
At the point that warm air (1) ______ (reach) high ground, it is forced to
ascend, and, as a result, it (2) _______ (cool). Moisture in the air (3)
_______(condense) and forms rain. The rain (4) _______ (fall) on the
highlands and (5) ______(find) its way into streams and rivers from
which it (6) _______(flow) towards the sea. Then the process can (7)
________ (begin) again.
Answers
Let us practice some active voice grammar. ​The text
describes the natural water cycle. This is a natural
process. Write the correct form of the verb in
parentheses ( ) in each gap in order to complete the text.​
Fill in the missing words
At the point that warm air (1) reaches high ground, it is
forced to ascend, and, as a result, it (2) cools . Moisture
in the air (3) condenses and forms rain. The rain (4) falls
on the highlands and (5) finds its way into streams and
rivers from which it (6) flows towards the sea. Then the
process can (7) begin again.
Exercise
Fill in the missing words
refill
collect
heat
distribute
form
put
take
First, used bottles (1) ______ in the plastic recycling bin. Next, the used bottles (2) ______ and (3) ______ to the factory which will
recycle the bottles. Following transportation, the bottles (4) ______ and melted . Then they (5) ______ in to new bottles. After
cooling, the recycled plastic bottles (6) _______ to companies in order that they can (7) _______ and sold to the public.
extract
heat
make
take
crush
cool
Cement (8) _______ from a number of ingredients. The primary ingredient of cement is limestone. Limestone was formed millions of
years ago from dead sea creatures. It (9) ______ from the ground. After extraction it (10) _______ to a factory. After it arrives, it (11)
_______ Then, it (12) ______ to a high temperature with various other ingredients. Following this, cold air (13) _______ the
limestone mixture down into cement.
Answers
First, used bottles (1) are put in the plastic recycling bin. Next, the used bottles (2) are collected and (3) taken/are taken to the
factory which will recycle the bottles. Following transportation, the bottles (4) are heated and melted. Then they (5) are formed in to
new bottles. After cooling, the recycled plastic bottles (6) are distributed to companies in order that they can (7) be refilled and sold
to the public.
Cement (8) is made from a number of ingredients. The primary ingredient of cement is limestone. Limestone was formed millions of
years ago from dead sea creatures. It (9) is extracted from the ground. After extraction it (10) is taken to a factory. After it arrives, it
(11) is crushed . Then, it (12) is heated to a high temperature with various other ingredients. Following this, cold air (13) cools the
limestone mixture down into cement.
Exercise
The diagram shows how
chocolate is produced.
Summarize the information
by selecting and reporting
the main features and
make comparisons where
relevant.
Exercise
Exercise
Exercise
The diagram below
shows the process of
making carbonated
drinks. Summarize the
information by selecting
and reporting the main
features and make
comparisons where
relevant.