21ST CENTURY LITERATURE PRE-FINAL EXAM NOTES
symbolism-It symbolizes a character, object, or event to signify the meaning of the story.
Fiction- A type of story that is entirely made up and is not true.
Short Paper- It is a quick insightful, and fun way to discuss theories and insights in class and it is
literally short.
Essay- A type of literary piece that talks about life.
New Criticism is known to be a science of literature
Types of Irony
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Verbal Irony- A kind of irony, when what is said by the character is not what he or she originally
meant.
Situational Irony- A kind of Irony, when the actual outcome of a situation is different from the
expected outcome
Dramatic Irony- A type of Irony, when readers know more than the characters in the story.
The Plot Structure of Fiction Exposition
✓ Exposition-It is the beginning of the story, where in the writer sets the scene by introducing the
characters describing the setting, and sometimes will give a brief background of the story.
✓ Rising Action- It is when the complication begins to show itself on the characters, setting, and
events in the story.
✓ Climax- It is the event where the greatest tension in the story.
✓ Falling Action- It is the result of climax, and it is the part when things start falling into place for
the characters.
✓ Denouement- It is the French term that means ending, It also will include an explanation of
what had happened and how characters think or feel about this.
❖ READINGS
▪ Summer Solstice- Nick Joaquin
▪ Baby in the backpack - Patricia Evangelista
▪ The Other Other :Towards a Postcolonial Poetics - Isagani R. Cruz
▪ Writers for National Unity- Edith Tiempo
▪ Six from Downtown- Dean Francis Alfar
▪ Permit us to refresh your memory- Conchitina Cruz
▪ Can we get rid of "Filipino Time- Shakira Sison
▪ A thousand Splendid Sun- Khaled Hosseini
▪ In the Midst of Hardship- LatiffMohidin
▪ Death of The Author- Roland Barthes
▪ If You Come To A Stony Place- Chon Ponggon
▪ Swaddling Clothes- Yukio Mishima
▪ Motherhood- Taslima Nasrin
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EARTH-Partaw Naderi
Tell Tale Heart- Edgar Allan Poe
Midsummers Night's Dream- William Shakespeare
Little Red Cap- Brothers Grimm
The Mythical Foundation of Buenos Aires- Jorge Luis Borges
One Hundred Years of Solitude- Gabriel Garcia Marquez
Island on the Earth- Sara de Ibanez
Mariang Makiling- Jose P. Rizal
Laong Laan- Jose Rizal's Pen name in writing Mariang Makiling
Types of Essays
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Informal Essay- It is an essay on any available and is written in the author’s own unique style.
Modern Essay-It is a type of essay that has become more experimental
Literary Criticism- It is the consideration of analysis of literary text and there themes or issues.
Historical Criticism-It is the reiteration that for us to understand any given text, we need to understand
first who the author is, his or her social background ,the concept it establish during the time or the
milieu he/she lived.
New Criticism- It is a literary theory closely related to formalism
Death of the Author- Making the readers separate literary text from its writer so that the text itself may
be liberated from tyranny that the authors context.
The Future of Philippine Literature
Speculative Fiction- This is an umbrella term in the country's literature that includes all the genres of
horror, fantasy, science fiction, magical realism, and other non-realist genres.
Avant-garde Poetry - These are poems that push the boundaries of what is expected as the norm. In
that sense, these kinds of poems experiment with form, phrasing, ideas, imagery, and the like.
Contemporary Essay - The contemporary essay nowadays is unrestricted and explores diverse topics
such as dysfunctional families, LGBT issues, terrorism, religion, and/or faith. It is a far cry from the
common topics of previous essays, because young writers nowadays are willing to voice their
opinions about Filipino society through writing.
AVP-Audio Visual Presentation
Formality- It aims to look at the medium in which literature is written.
Postcolonialism- It is an era that is developed after a certain colony gains independence from its mother
country
Decolonization- It is the way counteract how the colonized have held onto their colonizers.
Alienation- It is looking at the way the workers are living and how this specifically affects their overall
well being.
Marxism-It is the analysis of the relationship between the capitalist and the proletariat and their
struggle with each other.
Romanticism- It is a literary critical concept that emphasized the emotions and imagination within the
human beings.
Karl Marx- the founder of Marxism
Two Social Classes in the Society
➢ Capitalist- Is type of social class that focus on the owner of the resource -producing companies
➢ Proletariat- Is type of social class that focus on the workers who work to produce and thus survive.
Elements of Poetry that local writers use in their poems
Sense and images are used to describe their impressions of their topic of object of writing.
Diction is the denotative and connotative meaning of the words in a sentence, phrase, paragraph, or
poem.
Rhyme scheme is the way the author arranges words, meters, lines, and stanza as to create a coherent
sound when the poem is read out loud.
Speaker in the poem of the voice that talks to the reader. Sometimes, It refers to itself as "I" and "me"
or in the third person (she, he, his, her).
Structure of the poem is the arrangement of words and lines, either together or apart. It also refers to
the way, the interdependent parts of it are organized to form a whole poem.
Word Order is either the natural or the unnatural arrangement of words in a poem
Poetic License - A poet may use a word grammatically and may invent words
Close Reading of Filipino Poetry
Organic unity - It was a concept established by the New Criticsm school of thoughts. It says that all the
interdependent parts of a literary selection must add up to create one whole. Close Reading - It is a way
for you to analyze the poem by carefully reading and rereading text until you have found its
interpretation
Close Reading - It is a way for you to analyze the poem by carefully reading and rereading text until you
have found its interpretation
When applying close reading to Filipino poetry, look for the following:
1. Context of the Poem - When it was written, the setting when it was written
the reason why it was written for us to better understand its idea.
2. Interdependent Elements
- Find visual cues to its meaning through
rhyming scheme, overall structure, word order and the like.
Types of Folk Song
Harana- type of folk song to Serenade
Tagay- drinking song
Mambayu- kalinga pounding song
Subli- dance ritual song of courtship/ marriage
Tagulaylay- song of the dead