WHAT IS IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY/
BLOOD BANKING?
BLOOD BANKING
Rolin John D. Taldelore, RMT, DTA, MLS (ASCPi)CM
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• Refers to the serologic, genetic, biochemical, and
molecular study of antigens associated with membrane
structures of the cellular constituents of blood, as well as
the immunologic properties and reactions of blood
components and constituents.
• Encompasses activities, procedures and tests done to
ensure blood for transfusion is properly collected,
preserved, stored and dispensed for later use in blood
transfusion.
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TRANSFUSION MEDICINE
• Is a multidisciplinary branch of medicine
that is concerned with the transfusion of
blood and blood components, including
proper selection and utilization of blood
treatment or prevention of disease.
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HISTORICAL
PERSPECTIVE
IN BLOOD BANKING
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1- history - January 26, 2024
1492
• In Rome, transfusion of Pope Innocent VII from 3 Human
donors
• 1st blood transfusion recorded in history
1818
• The first successful human-to-human blood
transfusion is performed by James Blundell.
• James Blundell, an English obstetrician,
successfully performed a human blood
transfusion in a patient with postpartum
haemorrhage. The blood donor is the patient's
husband, he takes a small amount of blood
from the husband's arm, uses a syringe, and
transfers it directly to the wife. Between 1825
and 1830, he performed 10 blood transfusions,
5 of which proved beneficial to the patient,
and the results were published. He also
invented various tools for performing blood
transfusions.
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1840
1867
• In London, England, Samuel Armstrong Lane, assisted by
consultant Dr. Blundell, successfully performed the first
blood transfusion to treat hemophilia.
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• British surgeon Joseph Lister uses disinfectants to control
infection in blood transfusions.
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1- history - January 26, 2024
1869
• Braxton Hicks recommended a nontoxic anticoagulant
sodium phosphate to overcome clotting.
1901
• Discovery of A, B, O group system by Karl Landsteiner
• Explains serious reactions of incompatible blood
transfusions.
• 2Oth century Nobel prize winner.
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1902
1907
• A. Decastrello and A. Sturli defined the 4th blood group AB.
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• Ludvig Hektoen suggested that the safety of blood
transfusion could be improved by performing crossmatching between donor and patient blood to rule out
incompatible mixtures.
• Reuben Ottenberg first transfused blood according to
blood type and performed cross-matching. Ottenberg
also applies Menden's law to blood types, and O is the
most commonly recognized group.
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1- history - January 26, 2024
1908
• French surgeon, Alexis Carrel proposes a method to stop
blood clotting. His method entails connecting the donor
artery directly to the recipient's vein through the suture of
the incision. He first used the technique to save the life of a
friend's son with three blood donors. This procedure was
not feasible for blood transfusion, paving the way for the
later successful organ transplantation.
• Received the Nobel Prize in 1912
1908
• Carlo Moreschi noted the Antiglobulin reaction.
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1912
1914
• Roger Lee shows that O blood can be given to a person
with any blood type (universal donor) and that a person
with AB blood can receive blood from any blood group
(universal recipient).
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• Hustin reported sodium citrate as an anticoagulant for
transfusion.
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1- history - January 26, 2024
1915
• Lewisohn determined the minimum amount of citrate
needed for anticoagulation and demonstrated its non
toxicity in small amounts.
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1925
• Karl Landsteiner, then working in New York City, in
partnership with Phillip Levine, discovered three blood
types: M, N and P.
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1916
• Lewisohn determined the minimum amount of citrate
needed for anticoagulation and demonstrated its non
toxicity in small amounts.
• R. Weil demonstrated the feasibility of cryopreservation as
a form of anticoagulation.
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1926
• British Red Cross establishes blood transfusion services the
first in the world.
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1- history - January 26, 2024
1930s
• The role of glucose in RBC preservation was understood.
1939 - 1940
• The Rh blood group system was discovered by Karl
Landsteiner, Alex Wiener, Philip Levine and R. E. Stetson
and quickly recognized as the cause of the majority of
subsequent transfusion reactions. Called the Rhesus (Rh)
system, a reliable test for this Rh group was established,
transfusion reactions became rare.
• Determining the Rh factor, besides ABO, was an important
breakthrough in Blood Bank.
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1940
1941
• The U.S. government establishes a national blood collection
program.
• Edwin Cohn develops cold ethanol fractionation, the
process of breaking down plasma into components and
products. Albumin, gamma globulin and fibrinogen are
isolated and become available for clinical use.
• John Elliott develops the first blood container, a vacuum
bottle extensively used by the Red Cross.
• Early blood processing program for relief of English war
victims, called Plasma for Britain, begins under direction of
Charles R. Drew, MD
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• The Red Cross begins National Blood Donor Service to
collect blood for the U.S. military with Dr. Charles R. Drew,
formerly of the Plasma for Britain program, as medical
director.
• Soldiers injured during the Pearl Harbor attack are treated
with albumin for shock.
• Director of the first American Red Cross at Presbyterian
Hospital.
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1- history - January 26, 2024
1941
• Isodor Ravdin, a renowned surgeon from Philadelphia,
effectively shocks victims of Pearl Harbor with Cohn's
albumin. Injected directly into the bloodstream, albumin
absorbs fluid from surrounding tissues, preventing the
collapse of blood vessels, which is associated with shock.
1943
• J. F. Loutit and P. L. Mollison introduce acid citrate dextrose
(ACD) solution, which reduces the volume of
anticoagulants, allowing for larger blood volume
transfusions and longer blood storage.
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1943
1943
• P. Beeson published a blood transfusion accident related
to hepatitis.
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• J. F. Loutit and P. L. Mollison introduce acid citrate dextrose
(ACD) solution, which reduces the volume of
anticoagulants, allowing for larger blood volume
transfusions and longer blood storage.
• On July, the Journal of Clinical Investigation was published
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1- history - January 26, 2024
1945
• Coombs, Mourant and Race describe the use of
Antihuman Globulin "Coombs Test" to identify abnormal
antibodies
1947
• The Association of American Blood Banks (AABB) is
established to "advance the common goals of American
blood banks and blood donation.
• ABO blood-typing and syphilis testing is performed on
each unit of blood.
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1950
1953
• The use of glycerol as a preservative to freeze red blood
cells becomes widespread.
• Carl Walter and W. P. Murphy, Jr., introduce plastic bags for
blood collection. Replace fragile glass bottles with plastic
bags. This technical development entails the development
of safer and easier collection systems that prepare multiple
blood components from a single unit of whole blood.
• The use of glycerol as a preservative to freeze red blood
cells becomes widespread.
• Carl Walter and W. P. Murphy, Jr., introduce plastic bags for
blood collection. Replace fragile glass bottles with plastic
bags. This technical development entails the development
of safer and easier collection systems that prepare multiple
blood components from a single unit of whole blood.
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1- history - January 26, 2024
1954
• Cryoprecipitate (now AHF) is developed for people with
hemophilia.
1957
• Gibson introduced Citrate Phosphate Dextrose (CPD), less
acidic, replaced ACD.
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1964
1967
• Plasmapheresis is introduced as a means of collecting
plasma for fractionation.
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• Rh immunoglobulin was introduced commercially to
prevent Rh disease in infants of Rh-negative mothers.
• American National Red Cross Board of Governors receives
report that national headquarters will host a national Rare
Blood Donor Registry for blood types occurring less than
once in 200 people
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1- history - January 26, 2024
1969
• S. Murphy and F. Gardner demonstrated the feasibility of
storing platelets at room temperature, revolutionizing
platelet transfusion therapy.
1971
• Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) testing in blood donors
started in the US.
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1972
1979
• Platelet extraction using apheresis was used to separate
platelets.
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• A new anticoagulant, CPDA-1, prolongs the storage life of
blood and blood cells to 35 days, enhances blood supply
and facilitates blood sharing between blood banks .
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1- history - January 26, 2024
1983
• Newly introduced red blood cell nutrient, extending blood
storage time to 42 days.
1985
• The first blood screening test for HIV is licensed and
performed by the American Blood Bank.
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1989
1990
• In the US, the first screening for HTLV-I virus (anti HTLV-I) was
performed in blood donors.
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• Screening test for Hepatitis C
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1- history - January 26, 2024
1992
• Screening test for anti-HIV-1 antibodies and HIV-2
antibodies
1996
• HIV p24 antigen test.
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2002
EDWARD LINDEMANN
• Nucleic acid amplification test (NAT) for HIV and hepatitis
C virus (HCV) licensed by the Food and Drug
Administration.
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• Vein to vein transfusion of blood by using multiple syringes
and a special cannula for puncturing the vein through the
skin.
• Time consuming and requires special assistants.
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1- history - January 26, 2024
UNGER
• Syringe-valve apparatus that trans- fusions from donor to
patient by an unassisted physician.
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1- history - January 26, 2024