Health coaching benefits for people with chronic disease from patients and healthcare
professionals perspectives: A scoping review
Background
Undoubtedly, health education plays an important part in improving health outcomes for
patients. Providing health education to patients according to the literature can improve the
health literacy of the patient and eventually will improve the health outcome of the patient.
People with chronic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, and especially the elderly, need
help in controlling their disease. One study revealed that the primary barrier to diabetes
self-management resulted from a lack of knowledge of target blood glucose and blood
pressure as well as some of the health information being quite confusing (Onwudiwe et al.,
2011). Although there have been many studies done in Indonesia related to the effect of
health education, unfortunately, it is difficult to locate published articles related to this area
of study in Indonesia. However, from the researcher’s personal experience as a community
health nurse clinical instructor, the health staff in community settings fail to provide proper
health education. Health education is provided as it is, without any preparation and
structured delivery model. In fact, a structured health education model is proven to be more
effective in providing health information to the patient (Jarvis et al., 2010; Wong et al.,
2016). Health practitioners are sometimes providing health education by not using simple
plain language and this can be confusing for some patients, especially for those with low
education levels. Health education is also delivered without assessing the patient’s prior
knowledge, health literacy level, and cultural background, whereas according to Malini et al.
(2017) there is a need for effective models of health education to take into account best
evidence and to be culturally appropriate for the individual context. Furthermore, there is
no follow-up plan after health education sessions, as this activity is done to accomplish their
obligation. This situation happens due to a lack of knowledge and skills of the community
nurses on how to deliver proper health education, as well as providing follow-up activity
after the session. Education which is focused on the transfer of knowledge about a
condition and treatments has been shown to be a necessary but not sufficient component
of sustainable behavior change (Wong-Rieger & Rieger, 2013).
What is health coaching? According to Bennett et al. (2010), health coaching can be defined
as “helping patients gain the knowledge, skills, tools, and confidence to become active
participants in their care so that they can reach their self-identified health goals” (p.1).
Health coaching will help patients to manage their disease and eventually will improve their
health outcomes. For chronic care, patients need the knowledge, skills, and confidence to
participate in their own care. Health practitioners such as community nurses are the best
people to impart skills, build confidence and provide tools for patients, particularly patients
discharged from the hospital or with multiple chronic conditions, including diabetes mellitus
type 2 patients (Bennett et al., 2010). Health coaching presumes a collaborative paradigm
(asking patients what changes they are willing to make) rather than a directive paradigm
(telling patients what to do). A good health coach understands this, grasps the shift from
rescuing to coaching, has a basic knowledge of common chronic conditions and
medications, and reliably follows through to gain the trust of patients and clinicians (WongRieger & Rieger, 2013). Furthermore, combining health education and the addition of
coaching, which focuses on increasing the patients’ skills and confidence to manage their
conditions and to set achievable goals, was found to be significantly more effective than
health education alone (Canterbury District Health Board, 2014; Wong-Rieger & Rieger,
2013). There is increasing evidence of the effectiveness of health coaching not only in terms
of patient self-efficacy, adherence to treatment, and behavior changes but also health
service utilization and health outcomes (Helitzer, Peterson, Sanders, & Thompson, 2007;
Wolever et al., 2010). Previous review studies also have been conducted related to the
implementation and impact of health coaching for people with chronic disease (nanti
masukkan bbrp penelitian review sebelumnya). However, those review studies only focus
on the type of intervention and impact of health coaching. Those studies did not explore
what facilitating and inhibiting factors that may affect the result of the health coaching
intervention. Consequently, this scoping study will be undertaken to examine what
facilitating and inhibiting factors are experienced by health professionals in conducting
health coaching to improve SCM people with chronic diseases? In addition, this review also
will see where this health coaching has been used in the context of countries and clinical
settings and characteristics of chronic disease in terms of the stages and type of the
diseases.
Aim
To explore what is known about the benefit of health coaching for people
with chronic diseases from patients’ and healthcare professionals’
perspectives.
Question
1. What do we currently know about what benefits of health coaching for people with
chronic diseases from the point of view of patients and healthcare professionals?
2. What type of chronic diseases does the health coaching mostly apply to?
3. What stages of chronic diseases mostly health coaching are given?
4. What models of health coaching are perceived mostly by the patients?
Framework
Types of participants People with the chronic disease aged 18 and above who received HC
intervention and healthcare professionals who provide health
coaching
Concept
Benefits experienced from the patients’ point of view and benefit for
healthcare professionals
Context
This review will see what type of chronic diseases and which stage of the
disease this HC usually implemented
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Inclusion: People with chronic diseases as a population
Papers aimed to see the benefit of HC from patients’ point of view and benefits
for healthcare professionals
Addressed the benefits of health coaching from patients’ and healthcare
professional perspectives
Published in English and in a peer-reviewed journal
Original studies (quantitative and qualitative)
Papers were published between 2010 to 2022. This time period was chosen as
health coaching started to be used and published in 2010
Exclusion: Review paper, opinion paper, conference proceeding (no full text)
Papers do not describe the benefits of health coaching from patients and
healthcare professional experience
Databases: PubMed, CINAHL, Medline Ovid, Medline ProQuest, Scopus, Web of Science dll
Keywords: health coaching, chronic disease, self-care management, facilitating and
inhibiting factors
PCC
Factors
Keywords
Population
People with
chronic disease;
Health
professionals
providing health
coaching
Chronic disease*
Diabetes
Diabetes mellitus
Hypertension
Asthma
Obesity
Kidney disease
Chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease
(COPD)
Chronic heart
failure
Doctors
Physician
Nurse
Healthcare staff
Healthcare
professional
Concept
Benefits perceived by the
patients and healthcare
professionals
Context
Stage of the illness
Type of chronic illness
Benefits
Advantages
Experience
Outcome
Developed countries
HICs
LMICs
Developing countries
Asian countries
Hospital
In-ward clinical
Community center
Public health center