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Contents
Unit 1. Animals
Unit 2. Plants
Unit 3. Education
Unit 4. Children
Unit 5. Technology
Unit 6. Science
Unit 7. Language
Unit 8. Environment
Unit 9. Business
Unit 10. History
Unit 11: Health
Unit 12: Tourism
Unit 13: Relationship
Unit 14: Wildlife
Unit 15: Luyện đề
Answer Key
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01
Unit 1. Animals
Animals
Link video học: https://bit.ly/3so0h3L
Language Development
Vocabulary
English
Phonetic
1.
bee-eater (n)
/biː ˈiːtər/
2.
beehive (n)
/ˈbiːhaɪv/
3.
breed (v,n)
/briːd/
4.
canal (n)
/kəˈnæl/
5.
chick (n)
/tʃɪk/
6.
concrete (n)
7.
diet (n)
8.
flock (v,n)
9.
migration (n)
10. nest (v,n)
/ˈkɑːnkriːt/
/ˈdaɪət/
/flɑːk/
/maɪˈɡreɪʃn/
/nest/
11. get rid of (v)
/ɡet rɪd əv/
12. predator (n)
/ˈpredətər/
13. prey (v,n)
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Vietnamese
/preɪ/
5
14. stratagem (n)
/ˈstrætədʒəm/
15. winter (v, n, adj)
/ˈwɪntər/
Exercise 1. Match the word with the correct image.
beehive
insects
farmland
river valley
1. ……….……………………………
2. ……….……………………………
3. ……….……………………………
4. ……….……………………………
Exercise 2. Match the following word/ phrase with its synonym.
Word
Synonym
1.
remove
A. pesticides
2.
a group of many birds
B. produce offspring
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3.
chemicals to kill insects
C. predator
4.
animals that hunt and eat other
D. get rid of
5.
a newly hatched bird
F. flock
6.
breed
G. chick
animals
1. ………….. 2. ………….. 3. ………….. 4. ………….. 5. ………….. 6. …………..
Grammar
Exercise 3. Identify the type of the underlined words.
Sentence
Underlined word type
Example: Bee-eaters from Hungary and other parts of
Central and Eastern Europe cross the Mediterranean
Verb
Sea and Arabian Desert to winter in southern Africa.
1.
European bees pass the winter by sleeping in
their hives.
2.
In April, they return to Europe.
3.
Their return was predicted.
4.
Birds build nests by digging tunnels in riverbanks.
5.
When nesting, small birds receive food from
their parents.
6.
Bee-eaters prey on bees.
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7.
Bee-eaters’ preys are bees.
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Relative clause
Relative clause (Mệnh đề quan hệ) là một mệnh đề đi theo sau một danh
từ/cụm danh từ để bổ sung thông tin cho danh từ/cụm danh từ đó.
Mệnh đề quan hệ thường bắt đầu bằng các Đại từ quan hệ (who, whom, which,
that, whose, why, when, where).
Các đại từ quan hệ có thể đóng vai trò Chủ ngữ (that, which, who), Tân ngữ
(that, which, whom), Trạng ngữ (why, when, where) hoặc Định ngữ cho 1 danh
từ khác (whose + Danh từ)
Example: European bee-eaters (Merops apiaster) form families that breed in the
spring and summer across an area that extends from Spain to Kazakhstan.
Trong câu ví dụ trên đây có tới 2 mệnh đề quan hệ:
● Noun: “families”
Relative clause: “that breed in the spring and summer”
Translate: “những gia đình mà sinh sản vào mùa xuân và mùa hè.”
● Noun: “an area”
Relative clause: “that extends from Spain to Kazakhstan.”
Translate: “1 khu vực mà trải dài từ Tây Ban Nha đến Kazakhstan.”
Dịch nghĩa cả câu: “Chim ăn ong châu Âu (Merops apiaster) tạo thành những gia đình
(mà) sinh sản vào mùa xuân và mùa hè trên khắp 1 khu vực (mà) trải dài từ Tây Ban
Nha đến Kazakhstan.”
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Exercise 4. Analyze the noun and relative clause then translate the following
sentences.
1.
He is a British ornithologist who has studied European bee-eaters for more than
45 years.
Noun: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Relative clause: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Translate: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2.
Their journey which is long and dangerous happens annually.
Noun: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Relative clause: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Translate: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3.
A river valley which is formed by the flow of a river is the bee-eaters’ natural
habitat.
Noun: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Relative clause: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Translate: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
4.
Bee-eaters’ breeding sites which are usually located near river banks are
disappearing.
Noun: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Relative clause: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Translate: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
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Exam Focus
Sentence Completion
Đối với dạng bài Sentence Completion (Điền từ để hoàn thành câu), kỹ năng xác
định từ loại cần điền là kỹ năng vô cùng cơ bản và cần thiết.
Các bước làm bài Sentence Completion:
Bước 1. Đọc đề bài để biết số lượng từ cần điền trong mỗi chỗ trống.
Bước 2. Dựa vào các từ đã có sẵn trong câu, phân tích cấu trúc ngữ pháp của
câu văn và suy luận ra từ loại của từ còn thiếu.
Bước 3. Dựa vào nghĩa của câu văn để đoán ra nghĩa của từ còn thiếu.
Bước 4. Đọc và tìm đáp án.
Áp dụng các bước làm bài trên vào câu hỏi sau:
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
1. Because of .……………………….. almost one-third of bee-eaters do not survive
migration.
2. Bee-eaters make nests in .……………………….., which they build themselves.
3. One problem for bee-eaters is .……………………….., which have reduced the
amount of food available.
Bạn được điền không quá 2 từ trong mỗi chỗ trống, các từ phải được tìm thấy trong
bài đọc.
1. Because of .……………………….. almost one-third of bee-eaters do not survive
migration.
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Phân tích ngữ pháp : Sau “because of” chắc chắn phải là danh từ hoặc cụm danh từ
(Noun/Noun phrase)
Dịch nghĩa: Vì …, gần 1/3 số chim ăn ong không thể sống sót sau cuộc di cư.
Vậy từ còn thiếu là một yếu tố gây nên cái chết của rất nhiều chim ăn ong.
2. Bee-eaters make nests in .……………………….., which they build themselves.
Phân tích ngữ pháp: Sau các giới từ như in, on, of, at, gần như luôn luôn là danh từ
hoặc cụm danh từ (Noun/Noun phrase). Sau từ còn thiếu là mệnh đề quan hệ, vậy
nên chắc chắn từ cần điền là danh từ hoặc cụm danh từ. Mệnh đề quan hệ bổ sung
thêm 1 thông tin cực kỳ quan trọng: địa điểm đó do những con chim tự xây dựng nên.
Dịch nghĩa: Chim ăn ong làm tổ trong những …, cái mà chúng tự xây nên.
Vậy nên từ còn thiếu phải là một danh từ chỉ địa điểm nơi chim ăn ong làm tổ. 3. One
problem for bee-eaters is .……………………….., which have reduced the amount of food
available.
Phân tích ngữ pháp: sau động từ tobe “is” có thể là danh từ hoặc tính từ (trong các
cấu trúc thường), hoặc là V-ing (thì Hiện tại tiếp diễn) hoặc V PII (cấu trúc câu bị
động), cũng có thể là cụm giới từ (in/on/at, v.v). Sau từ còn thiếu là có mệnh đề quan
hệ, vậy nên chắc chắn từ cần điền là danh từ hoặc cụm danh từ.
Dịch nghĩa: Một vấn đề đối với những loài chim ăn ong là …………, điều làm giảm
lượng thức ăn sẵn có.
Vậy từ còn thiếu phải là một danh từ chỉ vấn đề làm giảm lượng thức ăn của loài
chim ăn ong.
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Practice
The life of the European bee-eater
A brilliant movement of colour as it catches its food in the air, the European beeeater moves between three continents.
True to their name, bee-eaters eat bees (though their diet includes just about any
flying insects). When the bird catches a bee, it returns to its tree to get rid of the
bee’s poison, which it does very efficiently. It hits the insect's head on one side of
the branch, then rubs its body on the other. The rubbing makes its prey harmless.
European bee-eaters (Merops apiaster) form families that breed in the spring and
summer across an area that extends from Spain to Kazakhstan. Farmland and river
valleys provide huge numbers of insects. Flocks of bee-eaters follow tractors as
they work fields. When the birds come upon a beehive, they eat well - a
researcher once found a hundred bees in the stomach of a bee-eater near a hive.
European bees pass the winter by sleeping in their hives, which cuts off the beeeater's main source of food. So, in late summer, bee-eaters begin a long,
dangerous journey. Massive flocks from Spain, France and northern Italy cross the
Sahara Desert to their wintering grounds in West Africa. Bee-eaters from Hungary
and other parts of Central and Eastern Europe cross the Mediterranean Sea and
Arabian Desert to winter in southern Africa. 'It's an extremely risky stratagem, this
migration,' says C. Hilary Fry, a British ornithologist who has studied European
bee-eaters for more than 45 years.
'At least 30 percent of the birds will be killed by predators before they make it
back to Europe the following spring.' In April, they return to Europe. Birds build
nests by digging tunnels in riverbanks. They work for up to 20 days. By the end of
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the job, they've moved 15 to 26 pounds of soil - more than 80 times their weight.
The nesting season is a time when families help each other, and sons or uncles
help feed their father's or brother's chicks as soon as they come out of their eggs.
The helpers benefit, too: parents with helpers can provide more food for chicks to
continue the family line.
It's a short, spectacular life. European bee-eaters live for five to six years. The
difficulties of migration and avoiding predators along the way affect every bird.
Bee-eaters today also find it harder to find food, as there are fewer insects around
as a result of pesticides. Breeding sites are also disappearing, as rivers are turned
into concrete-walled canals.
Questions 1 - 8
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
1.
Bee-eaters’ preys are bees and other .………………………..
2.
Bee-eaters need to remove the .……………………….. from bees before eating them.
3.
There
is
plenty
of
food
for
bee-eaters
on
agricultural
land
and
in .………………………..
4.
Bee-eaters migrate to spend the winter in different parts of .………………………..
5.
Because of .……………………….. almost one-third of bee-eaters do not survive
migration.
6.
Bee-eaters make nests in .……………………….., which they build themselves.
7.
When nesting, the .……………………….. receive food from different family members.
8.
One problem for bee-eaters is .……………………….., which have reduced the
amount of food available.
Questions 9 – 12
In your answer sheet, write
TRUE
if the statement agrees with the information
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9.
FALSE
if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN
if there is no information on this
European bee-eaters give birth to their offspring in many places in Africa.
10. The average lifespan of a European bee-eater is 10 – 12 years.
11. Bee-eaters’ food source and habitat are reducing due to human activities.
12. Bee-eaters are immune to poison.
Đáp án ở trang 122
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02
Plants
Unit 2. Plants
Language Development
Vocabulary
English
Phonetic
1.
Tensile strength (n)
2.
Habitat (n)
/ˈhæbɪtæt/
3.
Commodity (n)
/kəˈmɑːdəti/
4.
Evergreen (adj, n)
/ˈevərɡriːn/
5.
Endosperm (n)
/ˈendəʊspɜːrm/
6.
Derivative (n)
/ˌderɪˈveɪʃn/
7.
Foliage (n)
/ˈfəʊliɪdʒ/
8.
Palm tree (n)
/pɑːm triː /
9.
Seed (n)
/siːd/
10. Cosmetic (n)
/kɑːzˈmetɪk/
Vietnamese
/ˈtensl streŋkθ /
Exercise 1. Match the Vietnamese words with its definition in English.
1.
Nội nhũ
a.
The resistance of a material to breaking under
tension.
2.
Thường xanh
b. The natural home or environment of an
animal, plant, or other organism.
3.
Chế phẩm
c.
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A substance that is derived chemically from a
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specified compound.
4.
d. The part of a seed which acts as a food store
Sản vật
for the developing plant embryo, usually
containing starch with protein and other
nutrients.
5.
e.
Sinh cảnh
Relating to or denoting a plant that retains
green leaves throughout the year.
6.
f.
Độ bền kéo
A raw material or primary agricultural product
that can be bought and sold.
1-
2-
3-
4-
5-
6-
Exercise 2. Write the Vietnamese meaning next to its equivalent terminologies below.
Tensile strength (n):
1. Habitat (n):
2. Commodity (n):
3. Evergreen (adj, n):
4. Endosperm (n):
5. Derivative (n):
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Exercise 3. Match the word with its picture.
Palm tree
Coconut
Cosmetics
Foliage
Bamboo
Seed
1. ………………………………………….
2. ………………………………………….
3. ………………………………………….
4. ………………………………………….
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5. ………………………………………….
6. ………………………………………….
Grammar
Reduced Relative Clauses with Passive voice
Khi rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ là câu bị động, ta có thể lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ và
trợ động từ “to be” mà vẫn giữ nguyên ý nghĩa và độ chính các về ngữ pháp của
câu văn.
Example:
“Inside is a purple-brown shiny seed which is surrounded by a lacy red or
crimson covering which is called an ‘aril’.”
“Inside is a purple-brown shiny seed surrounded by a lacy red or crimson
covering called an ‘aril’.”
Exercise 4. Underline reduced relative clauses in these sentence, then add “which +
to be” to the appropriate position to make a full sentence.
1. Bamboo tends to grow in stands made up of groups of individual plants that grow
from root systems known as rhizomes.
2. An important product obtained from the shell is charcoal.
3. Inside the shell are the nutrients needed by the developing seed
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Exam Focus
Sentence completion
Các bước làm bài:
Bước 1. Đọc đề bài để biết số lượng từ cần điền trong mỗi chỗ trống.
Bước 2. Dựa vào các từ đã có sẵn trong câu, phân tích cấu trúc ngữ pháp của câu
văn và suy luận ra từ loại của từ còn thiếu.
Bước 3. Dựa vào nghĩa của câu văn để đoán ra nghĩa của từ còn thiếu.
Bước 4. Đọc và tìm đáp án.
Áp dụng chiến thuật làm bài vào câu hỏi sau:
The nutmeg tree, Myristica fragrans, is a large evergreen tree native to Southeast
Asia. Until the late 18th century, it only grew in one place in the world: a small group
of islands in the Banda Sea, part of the Moluccas – or Spice Islands – in northeastern
Indonesia. The tree is thickly branched with dense foliage of tough, dark green oval
leaves, and produces small, yellow, bell-shaped flowers and pale yellow pear-shaped
fruits. The fruit is encased in a husk. When the fruit is ripe, this husk splits into two
halves along a ridge running the length of the fruit. Inside is a purple-brown shiny
seed, 2-3 cm long by about 2 cm across, surrounded by a lacy red or crimson covering
called an ‘aril’. These are the sources of the two spices nutmeg and mace, the former
being produced from the dried seed and the latter from the aril.
Exercise 5.
Questions 1- 4
Complete the notes below.
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Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
The nutmeg tree and fruit
● the leaves of the tree are (1) ……………………. in shape
● the (2) ……………………. surrounds the fruit and breaks open when the fruit is ripe
● the (3) ……………………. is used to produce the spice nutmeg
● the covering known as the aril is used to produce (4) …………………….
● the tree has yellow flowers and fruit.
Bước 1. Đọc đề bài để biết số lượng từ cần điền trong mỗi chỗ trống.
Complete the notes below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Bước 2. Dựa vào các từ đã có sẵn trong câu, phân tích cấu trúc ngữ pháp của câu
văn và suy luận ra từ loại của từ còn thiếu.
the leaves of the tree are (1) ……………………. in shape
S
Adjective
to be
the (2) ……………………. surrounds the fruit and breaks open when …
S
V
O
[Article + Noun]
the (3) ……………………. is used to produce the spice nutmeg
S
V
O
[Article + Noun]
the covering known as the aril is used to produce (4) ……………………
S
V
O
[noun]
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Bước 3. Dựa vào nghĩa của câu văn để đoán ra nghĩa của từ còn thiếu.
(1) Tính từ chỉ hình dáng (ví dụ: tròn, vuông, oval …)
(2) Danh từ chỉ cái vỏ
(3) 1 bộ phận của cây dùng để làm ra “nutmeg spice”
(4) 1 loại sản phẩm được làm ra từ “aril”
Bước 4. Đọc và tìm đáp án.
the leaves of the tree are (1) oval in shape
“The tree is thickly branched with dense foliage of tough, dark
green oval leaves …”
the (2) husk surrounds the fruit and breaks open when the fruit is
ripe
“The fruit is encased in a husk. When the fruit is ripe, this husk
splits into two halves along a ridge running the length of the fruit.”
the (3) seed is used to produce the spice nutmeg
the covering known as the aril is used to produce (4) mace
“Inside is a purple-brown shiny seed, 2-3 cm long by about 2 cm
across, surrounded by a lacy red or crimson covering called an ‘aril’.
These are the sources of the two spices nutmeg and mace, the former
being produced from the dried seed and the latter from the aril.”
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Practice
Passage 1
Bamboo is a type of grass. It comes in a wide variety of forms, ranging in height
from 30 centimeters to more than 40 meters. It is also the world’s fastest-growing
woody plant; some species can grow more than a meter in a day. Bamboo’s
ecological role extends beyond providing food and habitat for animals. Bamboo
tends to grow in stands made up of groups of individual plants that grow from
root systems known as rhizomes. Its extensive rhizome systems, which tie in the
top layers of the soil, are crucial in preventing soil erosion.
However, bamboo’s most immediate significance lies in its economic. Modern
processing techniques mean that it can be used in a variety of ways, for example,
as flooring and laminates. One of the fastest growing bamboo products is paper 25 percent of paper produced in India is made from bamboo fiber, and in
Brazil, 100,000 hectares of bamboo are grown for its production. Of course,
bamboo’s main function has always been in domestic applications, and as a locally
traded commodity it’s worth about $4.5billion annually. Because of its versatility,
flexibility and strength (its tensile strength compares to that of some steel), it has
traditionally been used in construction. Today, more than one billion people
worldwide live in bamboo houses.
Questions 1 – 4
Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage
for each answer.
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1.
Two benefits that bamboo brings to animals are …………………….
and …………………….
2.
The unique root system of bamboo prevents …………………….
3.
……………………., which is a bamboo product, is experiencing market expansion.
4.
Bamboo has a traditional function in …………………….
Passage 2
Coconut palms produce as many as seventy fruits per year, weighing more than a
kilogram each. The wall of the fruit has three layers: a waterproof outer layer, a
fibrous middle layer and a hard, inner layer. The thick fibrous middle layer
produces coconut fibre, ‘coir’, which has numerous uses and is particularly
important in manufacturing ropes. The woody innermost layer, the shell, with its
three prominent ‘eyes’, surrounds the seed. An important product obtained from
the shell is charcoal, which is widely used in various industries as well as in the
home as a cooking fuel. When broken in half, the shells are also used as bowls in
many parts of Asia.
Inside the shell are the nutrients (endosperm) needed by the developing seed.
Initially, the endosperm is a sweetish liquid, coconut water, which is enjoyed as a
drink, but also provides the hormones which encourage other plants to grow more
rapidly and produce higher yields. As the fruit matures, the coconut water
gradually solidifies to form the brilliant white, fat-rich, edible flesh or meat. Dried
coconut flesh, ‘copra’, is made into coconut oil and coconut milk, which are widely
used in cooking in different parts of the world, as well as in cosmetics. A
derivative of coconut fat, glycerine, acquired strategic importance in a quite
different sphere, as Alfred Nobel introduced the world to his nitroglycerine-based
invention: dynamite.
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Questions 1 – 6
Complete the table below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
THE COCONUT FRUITS
Description
Uses
Outer layer
Middle layer (coir fibres)
Inner layer (shell)
Coconut water
used for making (1) ………………………
a source of (2) …………………….
(when halved) used as (3) …………………….
a drink
a source of (4) ……………………. for other plants
oil and milk for cooking and in
Coconut flesh
(5) …………………….
glycerine (an ingredient in (6) ……………………….
Đáp án ở trang 124
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03
Education
Unit 3. Education
Link video bài học: https://bit.ly/3slXPuR
Language Development
Vocabulary
English
Phonetic
1.
knowledgeable (adj)
/ˈnɑːlɪdʒəbl/
2.
expertise (n)
/ˌekspɜːrˈtiːz/
3.
creativity (n)
/ˌkriːeɪˈtɪvəti/
4.
commit (v)
/kəˈmɪt/
5.
mentor (n)
/ˈmentɔːr/
6.
novice (n)
/ˈnɑːvɪs/
7.
expose (v)
/ɪkˈspəʊz/
8.
complex (adj)
/kəmˈpleks/
9.
diligent (adj)
/ˈdɪlɪdʒənt/
10. educational (adj)
/ˌedʒuˈkeɪʃənl/
Vietnamese
Exercise 1. Choose the correct synonym of the word.
1.
Expertise
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2.
3.
4.
5.
A. incompetence
B. proficiency
C.
D. institution
lesson
Knowledgeable
A. ignorant
B. arrogant
C.
D. informed
smart
Mentor
A. adviser
B. pupil
C.
D. peer
pedagogue
Diligent
A. lazy
B. intelligent
C.
D. absent-minded
persistent
Creativity
A. imagination
B. realistic
C.
D. belief
insanity
Exercise 2. Choose the correct antonym of the word.
1.
2.
Complex
A. complicated
B. sophisticated
C.
D. easy
simple
Creativity
A. dullness
B. originality
C.
D. imagination
ingenuity
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3.
4.
5.
Novice
A. master
B. newbie
C.
D. opponent
player
Diligent
A. industrious
B. lazy
C.
D. careful
hardworking
Educational
B. important
C.
useful
D. scholarly
E.
unhelpful
Grammar
Biết cách sử dụng Linking Word (Từ nối) sẽ giúp bạn đạt band điểm cao trong tiêu trí
Coherence and Cohesion trong IELTS Writing và hiểu Linking Word sẽ giúp bạn đọc
hiểu đoạn văn, sâu chuỗi thông tin giữa các câu trong IELTS Reading một cách hiệu
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quả hơn rất nhiều
Linking Word
Linking Word được sử dụng để nối các ý trong một câu hoặc các câu với nhau.
Linking Word có thể được sử dụng để:
Give examples: đưa ví dụ (For example, For instance, Namely…)
Add information: thêm thông tin
Sequence information: sâu chuỗi thông tin
Summarize: tóm tắt (In short, In brief, In summary, To summarise, In a
nutshell, To conclude, In conclusion)
Give a reason or result: đưa lý do hoặc kết quả (Therefore, So,
Consequently, This means that, As a result…)
Give contrast ideas: đưa ra sự tương phản (But, However,
Nevertheless, Nonetheless)
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Exercise 3. Write one more sentence for each picture using the given transition.
1. He drove carelessly. …….……………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
.
(Consequently - accident)
…………………………………………………………………………
.
2. You can use your computer to download
music. ……..………………………………………………………
…………………………………………….…………………………
(In addition – chat with friends)
…
…………………………………………….…………………………
…
3. Linh loves active sports like
boxing. ……………………………………………………..……
……………..
(In contrast – playing video
games)
…………………………………………………………………………
.
…………………………………………………………………………
.
4. Duc would love to buy a car. …………………..
……………………………………………………..………………….
.
(However – motorcycle)
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.
…………………………………………………………………………
.
5. Tom has many bad habits. ………………………
……………………………………………………..………………….
.
(Specifically – cigarettes/
partying)
…………………………………………………………………………
.
…………………………………………………………………………
.
Exercise 4. Match the following linking words with their correct definitions.
Linking word
1.
Definition
specifical
A. eventually, after a fairly long period of time
2.
generally
B. at the same time
3.
concurre
C. clearly, exactly, or in detail
in time
D. used to say that what follows in a sentence is
ly
ntly
4.
important
5.
more
importantly
F. in a way that includes most people, things, or
conditions, or most of the time
1. ………….. 2. ………….. 3. ………….. 4. ………….. 5. …………..
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2.
Practice
From a novice to an expert
Expertise is commitment coupled with creativity. Specifically, it is the commitment
of time, energy, and resources to a relatively narrow field of study and the
creative energy necessary to generate new knowledge in that field. It takes a
considerable amount of time and regular exposure to a large number of cases to
become an expert.
A
An individual enters a field a study as a novice. The novice needs to learn the
guiding principles and rules of a given task in order to perform that task.
Concurrently, the novice needs to be exposed to specific cases, or instances, that
test the boundaries of such heuristics. Generally, a novice will find a mentor to
guide her through the process. A fairly simple example would be someone
learning to play chess. The novice chess player seeks a mentor to teach her the
object of the game, the number of spaces, the names of the pieces, the function
of each piece, how each piece is moved, and the necessary conditions for winning
or losing the game.
B
In time, and with much practice, the novice begins to recognize patterns of
behavior within cases and, thus, becomes a journeyman. With more practice and
exposure to increasingly complex cases, the journeyman finds patterns not only
with cases but also between cases. More importantly, the journeyman learns that
these patterns often repeat themselves over time. The journeyman still maintains
regular contact with a mentor to solve specific problems and learn more complex
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strategies. Returning to the example of the chess player, the individual begins to
learn patterns of opening moves, offensive and defensive game-playing strategies,
and patterns of victory and defeat.
C
When a journeyman starts to make and test hypotheses about future behavior
based on past experiences, she begins the next transition. Once she creatively
generates knowledge, rather than simply matching superficial patterns, she
becomes an expert. At this point, she is confident in her knowledge and no longer
needs a mentor as a guide – she becomes responsible for her own knowledge. In
the chess example, once a journeyman begins competing against experts, makes
predictions based on patterns, and tests those predictions against actual behavior,
she is generating new knowledge and a deeper understanding of the game. She is
creating her own cases rather than relying on the cases of others.
Questions 1-5
Complete the flow chart.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.
From a novice to an expert
Novice
↓
Journeyman
↓
Expert
needs 1 ……………… and ……………… to perform a given task;
exposed to specific cases;
guided by a 2 ………………. through learning
starts to identify 3 ……………… within and between cases;
often exposed to 4 ……………… cases;
contacts a mentor when facing difficult problems
create predictions and new 5 ……………….;
performs task independently without the help of a mentor
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Questions 6-10
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the Reading Passage?
In boxes 6-10 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE
if the statement is true
FALSE
if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage
6.
A new chess player usually finds someone who can teach him/her the rules of
the game.
7.
A journeyman is a novice who has recognized patterns of behavior within cases.
8.
The journeyman no longer needs help from his mentor to solve complex cases.
9.
An expert is aware of his own mistakes.
10. An expert can create new knowledge on their own.
Đáp án ở trang 126
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04
Children
Unit 4. Children
Language Development
Vocabulary
English
Phonetic
/ˈtɑːdlər/
1.
Toddler (n)
2.
Pre-schooler (n)
/ˈpriːˌskuː.lə/
3.
Self-control (n)
/ˌself kənˈtrəʊl/
4.
Problem-solver (n)
5.
Facilitate (v)
/fəˈsɪlɪteɪt/
6.
Playful (adj)
/ˈpleɪfl/
7.
Educational (adj)
8.
Academic performance
/ˌækəˈdemɪk
(phrase)
pərˈfɔːrməns /
9.
/ˈprɑːbləmˈsɑːlvər/
/ˌedʒuˈkeɪʃənl/
Social and emotional
/ˈsəʊʃl ənd ɪˈməʊʃənl
development (phrase)
dɪˈveləpmənt/
10. Well-being (n)
Vietnamese
/ˈwel biːɪŋ/
Exercise 1. Choose the synonyms of the underlined words
1.
Toddler
A.
Infant
B.
Teenager
C.
Student
D.
Adolescent
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2.
3.
4.
5.
Playful
A.
Depressed
B.
Cheerful
C.
Serious
D. Happy
Facilitate
A.
Develop
B.
Promote
C.
Improve
D. Impede
Educational
A.
Useless
B.
Unhelpful
C.
Informative
D. Interesting
Well-being
A.
Health
B.
Misery
C.
Failure
D. Injury
Exercise 2. Use the words in the box to complete the sentences.
academic performance
playful
emotional development
1.
problem-solver
self-control
Scholarships will be awarded competitively based
on ……………………………
2.
Jack is a …………………………… boy who loves playing outside and
exploring the world.
3.
He gets straight A's in school and is the team's ……………………………
4.
When your child gains …………………………… over his impulses, that leads
to greater confidence and more productive behavior.
5.
Parents play the biggest role in …………………………… because they offer
the most consistent relationships for their child.
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Grammar
Reduced Relative Clause
Nếu đại từ quan hệ là chủ ngữ của mệnh đề quan hệ, mệnh đề quan hệ có thể
được rút gọn bằng cách bỏ đại từ quan hệ và thêm đuôi -ing hoặc sử dụng phân
từ hai (P2) của động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ.
Nếu động từ của MĐQH ở thể chủ động, sử dụng –ing:
The students who apply themselves often have good grades.
The students applying themselves often have good grades.
Nếu động từ của MĐQH ở thể bị động, lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ & động
từ tobe và sử dụng phân từ 2:
The coffee which is imported from Vietnam is flavorful.
The coffee imported from Vietnam is flavorful.
Example 1. “In a study carried out by Baker with toddlers and young
preschoolers, …”
Example 2. “She found that children with greater self-control solved problems
more quickly when exploring an unfamiliar set-up requiring scientific
reasoning.”
Exercise 3. Write the correct form of the verb
1.
Yesterday I read a book which was written by Hemingway.
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Yesterday I read a book (write) by Hemingway.
2.
The college students who live next door throw numerous parties.
The college students (live) next door throw numerous parties.
3.
Most people who were invited to the birthday party didn’t show up.
Most people (invite) to the birthday party didn’t show up.
4.
Anyone who cheats on the tests will be punished.
Anyone (cheat) on the tests will be punished.
Exercise 4. Rewrite sentences using relative clause or reduced relative clause
1.
Most of those trying to get tickets to BTS concert were unsuccessful.
2.
The student chosen as winner will get a prize.
3.
The saplings being planted today will one day grow into huge trees.
4.
People arriving late were not allowed to take the test
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Exam Focus
True / False / Not given & Yes / No / Not given
T/F/NG hay Y/N/NG là một dạng bài rất khó và chúng ta có thể đánh rơi khá
nhiều điểm nếu không nắm chắc được định nghĩa của từng đáp án này.
Nếu thông tin ở trong bài là:
“In a study carried out by Baker with toddlers and young preschoolers, she
found that children with greater self-control solved problems more quickly.”
True/Yes Có thông tin trong bài chứng minh statement là đúng
Statement: Baker conducted a study with young children.
False/No Có thông tin trong bài chứng minh statement là sai và chúng ta có
thể dùng thông tin này để sửa statement thành đúng
Statement: Baker conducted a study with the elderlies.
Not given Statement có thể sai hoặc đúng, thông tin cung cấp trong bài không
đủ để kết luận điều này
Statement: Baker conducted a study with young children after she ate
breakfast.
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Practice
Motivational factors and the hospitality industry
In a study carried out by Baker with toddlers and young preschoolers, she found
that children with greater self-control solved problems more quickly when
exploring an unfamiliar set-up requiring scientific reasoning. ‘This sort of evidence
makes us think that giving children the chance to play will make them more
successful problem-solvers in the long run.’
If playful experiences do facilitate this aspect of development, say the researchers,
it could be extremely significant for educational practices, because the ability to
self-regulate has been shown to be a key predictor of academic performance.
Gibson adds: ‘Playful behavior is also an important indicator of healthy social and
emotional development. In my previous research, I investigated how observing
children at play can give us important clues about their well-being and can even
be useful in the diagnosis of neurodevelopmental disorders like autism.
Whitebread’s recent research has involved developing a play-based approach to
supporting children’s writing. ‘Many primary school children find writing difficult,
but we showed in a previous study that a playful stimulus was far more effective
than an instructional one.’ Children wrote longer and better-structured stories
when they first played with dolls representing characters in the story. In the latest
study, children first created their story with Lego *, with similar results. ‘Many
teachers commented that they had always previously had children saying they
didn’t know what to write about. With the Lego building, however, not a single
child said this through the whole year of the project.’
Question 1-7
Use the words in the passage to complete the paragraph below.
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Baker discovered that kids who have better (1) …………………………… are better
problem-solvers when put into an unfamiliar setting. Additionally, students who can
self-regulate (2) …………………………… higher at school. Gibson said that playful
behavior (3) …………………………… healthy social and emotional (4) ……………………………
In his research, he found that (5) …………………………… children play can shed light into
their (6) …………………………… and can even be helpful in spotting mental
(7) ……………………………, such as autism.
Question 8-12
TRUE
FALSE
if the statement agrees with the information
if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN
8.
if there is no information on this
Children with good self-control are known to be likely to do well at school later
on.
9.
The way a child plays may provide information about possible medical problems.
10. Playing with dolls was found to benefit girls’ writing more than boys’ writing.
11. Children had problems thinking up ideas when they first created the story with
Lego.
12. People nowadays regard children’s play as less significant than they did in the
past.
Đáp án ở trang 128
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05
Technology
Unit 5. Technology
Link video bài học: https://bit.ly/3LWM85j
Language Development
Vocabulary
English
Phonetic
1.
investigation (n)
2.
conversion (n)
/kənˈvɜːrʒn/
3.
revolution (n)
/ˌrevəˈluːʃn/
4.
invention (n)
/ɪnˈvenʃn/
5.
wheel (n)
6.
progress (n)
/ˈprɑːɡres/
7.
hardware (n)
/ˈhɑːrdwer/
Vietnamese
/ɪnˌvestɪˈɡeɪʃn/
/wiːl/
Exercise 1. Match the following words with their definitions.
Word
1.
Definition
inv
estigation
2.
use or system to another
con
version
A. the act or process of changing something from one form,
B. a great change in conditions, ways of working, beliefs, etc.
that affects large numbers of people
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3.
rev
C. a thing or an idea that has been invented
inv
D. the machines and electronic parts in a computer or other
olution
4.
ention
5.
electronic system
wh
eel
6.
crime, etc.
pro
gress
7.
F. an official examination of the facts about a situation,
G. the process of improving or developing, or of getting
nearer to achieving or completing something
har
dware
H. one of the round objects under a car, bicycle, bus, etc. that
turns when it moves
1. ………….. 2. ………….. 3. ………….. 4. ………….. 5. ………….. 6. ………….. 7. …………..
Exercise 2. Fill in the blank with the suitable word.
2.
Since I needed the length of the measurement in inches instead of
centimeters, a ……………………….. from centimeters to inches was needed.
3.
The French ……………………….. brought about great changes in the
society and government of France.
4.
The police have completed their ……………………….. into the accident.
5.
Jane appreciates the ……………………….. of the air conditioner on hot
summer days.
6.
……………………….. pieces for the broken laptop had to be ordered from
the manufacturer.
7.
A ……………………….. on the toy car was broken, leaving it unable to
move.
8.
You can follow the ……………………….. of the project on our website.
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Grammar
Trong bài thi IELTS, việc sở hữu vốn từ vựng phong phú, biết nhiều từ khó và lạ sẽ
đem lại lợi thế lớn cho thí sinh. Tuy nhiên, vốn từ vựng tốt thể hiện qua việc bạn có
thể sử dụng linh hoạt và hiệu quả nhất các dạng từ (Danh từ, Động từ, Tính từ, Trạng
từ…) của một từ trong tiếng Anh. Vì vậy, khi học từ vựng, bạn không nên chỉ học một
từ đơn. Thay vào đó, bạn nên học theo họ từ cũng như những từ vựng khác đi kèm
với chúng. Việc học từ vựng theo hệ thống như vậy sẽ giúp bạn ghi nhớ tốt hơn và
làm bài thi IELTS Reading hiệu quả hơn.
Exercise 3. Use the correct word to complete the sentence.
1.
The ………………………. in this place is absolutely terrible. I want my money back.
(serving/ service)
2.
Could you help me make a ………………………..? I don't know which phone to buy.
(decide/ decision)
3.
Even very good clothes are quite ………………………. in this shop (affordable/
afford).
4.
There are no further ………………………. for applying for this job. (requirements/
requires)
5.
My mother had no idea that this vase was so ………………………. (value/ valuable).
6.
Companies should always tell the ………………………. in their advertisements. (true/
truth)
7.
Credit cards are really ………………………., but you have to be careful with them
(use/ useful)
8.
I read a ………………………. of all the new mountain bikes. This one is the best.
(compare/ comparison)
9.
Before you get money from the bank you have to make a ………………………. about
whether you can pay it back or not. (judgement/ judge)
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10. He has been an ………………………. banker for ages. (investing/ investment)
Practice
What is technology?
Etymologically the term technology comes from the combination of these two
Greek morphemes tékhnē, (meaning “art”) and -logía (meaning “study”). It refers
to the collection of techniques, skills, methods, and processes used in the
production of goods or services or the accomplishment of objectives, such as
scientific investigation.
The human species' use of technology began with the conversion of natural
resources into simple tools. The prehistoric discovery of how to control fire and
the later Agricultural Revolution increased the available sources of food. Likewise,
the invention of the wheel helped humans to travel in and control their
environment. Later developments in historic times, including the printing press,
the telephone, and the Internet, have lessened physical barriers to communication
and allowed humans to interact freely on a global scale. The steady progress of
military technology has brought weapons of ever-increasing destructive power.
The Greeks view about technology
Technology has been a subject of discussion in philosophy since the Greeks. The
Greek philosopher Democritus, for example, believed that technology is an
imitation of nature. House-building and weaving were first invented by imitating
swallows and spiders building their nests and nets, respectively.
Aristotle held the same view that technology is the consequence of imitation of
nature, but he added in his book Physics Book II that: "generally art in some cases
completes what nature cannot bring to a finish."
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Aristotle also distinguishes between natural things and artifacts. According to
Aristotle, the former have their principles of generation and motion inside,
whereas the latter, insofar as they are artifacts, are generated only by outward
causes. For example, animals, which are natural things, can grow, move, and
reproduce. A wooden bed, which is an artifact made by a human, cannot move,
grow, or reproduce itself.
Contemporary view about technology
Today, technology is a subject of debate because it is considered to be a doubleedged sword. While it has helped humanity in extending its potential with
outstanding inventions, it is nonetheless threatening humankind through some
other destructive ones. In addition to polluting the earth in unprecedented ways,
wars have become more and more devastating due to technological inventions.
Ethical dimensions of recent technological developments, such as DNA
engineering, have become a focal point of questioning and discussion.
Philosophical debates have arisen over the use of technology, with disagreements
over whether technology improves the human condition or worsens it.
To make matters worse, a consensus definition of technology has become more
difficult to find due to recent evolution in science and its applications. It is
especially confusing to decide whether technology refers to the machines (or
more precisely the hardware), the rules that govern or make them work, the
system that operates them or the different applications of science that are related
to them. What is sure is that technology has shaped societies and adapted itself to
people's changing needs.
Tools made by animals
Until recently, it was believed that the development of technology was restricted
only to human beings, but 21st-century scientific studies indicate that other
primates and certain dolphin communities have developed simple tools and
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passed their knowledge to other generations.
Questions 1-6
TRUE
if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE
if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN
if there is no information on this
1.
It is easy to provide a satisfactory definition of technology.
2.
The invention of wheel is the most important development of humans.
3.
Aristotle considered technology as merely an imitation of nature.
4.
Undoubtedly, technological development made human life better.
5.
Technological development is not limited to humans.
6.
Only dolphins and primates can produce tools.
Questions 7-12
Complete the paragraph below.
Write ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 7–12 on your answer sheet.
In modern times, technology is considered to have both benefits and drawbacks.
Although it has allowed humans to expand their potential, there are also some
(7) ………………………………. Besides the serious pollution, battles have been much more
(8) ………………………………. because of advancements in technology. More recent
achievements in technology, such as the engineering of (9) …………………………… has
become a topic of debate. It is controversial whether the (10) …………………………… of
humanity has become better or worse because of technology. Moreover, it is hard to
find a (11) …………………………… of technology that is agreed by all people; nevertheless,
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it is certain that technology has greatly impacted societies and accommodated the
(12) …………………………… of people that are always changing.
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06
Science
Unit 6. Science
Language Development
Vocabulary
English
Phonetic
1.
Obesity (n)
/əʊˈbiːsəti/
2.
Excess (n)
/ɪkˈses/
3.
Accumulate (v)
4.
Adverse (adj)
5.
Life expectancy (n)
6.
Primarily (adv)
7.
Gene (n)
8.
Disorder (n)
9.
Expenditure (n)
Vietnamese
/əˈkjuːmjəleɪt/
/ˈædvɜːrs/
/ˈlaɪf ɪkspektənsi/
/praɪˈmerəli/
/dʒiːn/
/dɪsˈɔːrdər/
/ɪkˈspendɪtʃər/
Exercise 1. Write the words above next to their meanings
1.
…………………………..
a.
a unit inside a cell that controls a particular
quality in a living thing that has been passed on
from its parents
2.
…………………………..
b. an illness that causes a part of the body to stop
functioning correctly
3.
…………………………..
c.
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the act of spending or using money; an amount
55
of money spent
4.
…………………………..
d. mainly
5.
…………………………..
e.
negative and unpleasant; not likely to produce
a good result
6.
…………………………..
f.
accumulate something to gradually get more
and more of something over a period of time
7.
…………………………..
g.
more than is necessary, reasonable or
acceptable
8.
…………………………..
h. the quality or fact of being very fat, in a way
that is not healthy
9.
…………………………..
i.
the number of years that a person is likely to
live; the length of time that something is likely
to exist or continue for
Exercise 2. Fill in the blank with suitable words
1.
………………………….. can increase the risk of heart disease.
2.
The budget provided for a total …………………………. of £27 billion.
3.
Lack of money will have an …………………………. effect on our research programme.
4.
………………………….. for both men and women has improved greatly in the past 20
years.
5.
Consumption of fatty acids may help prevent the ………………………….
6.
Children gradually …………………………. knowledge as they grow up.
7.
In the 1790s Britain was still …………………………. an agricultural country
8.
The …………………………. is passed on to their children
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9.
Although the donations were in …………………………... of one million dollars, few
reached the homeless who the money was intended to help.
Grammar
Passive voice
Cấu trúc câu chủ động:
S+V+O
Cấu trúc câu bị động:
S + be + V3
Cấu trúc câu bị động ở dạng thì nào thì chia tobe theo thì.
Nếu câu có động từ và hai tân ngữ thì muốn nhấn mạnh tân ngữ thì
thường sẽ dùng tân ngữ đó chuyển thành chủ ngữ câu bị động. Trong
trường hợp chung, tân ngữ được chọn là tân ngữ gián tiếp.
Example. I gave him a book = I gave a book to him = He was given a book (by
me).
Exercise 3. Change these sentences into passive voice.
1.
The waiter brings me this dish.
2.
Our friends send these postcards to us.
3.
Their grandmother told them this story when they visited her last week.
4.
Tim ordered this train ticket for his mother.
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5.
She showed her ticket to the airline agent.
6.
Jim baked this cake yesterday.
7.
They are going to buy a new apartment next year.
8.
The shop assistant handed these boxes to the customer.
9.
The board awarded the first prize to the reporter.
10. Have you sent the Christmas cards to your family?
Exercise 4. Change these questions into passive voice.
1.
When will you do the work?
2.
How are you going to deal with this problem?
3.
How do you spend this amount of money?
4.
I wonder whether the board of directors will choose Susan or Jane for the
position.
5.
How did the police find the lost man?
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Exam Focus
Short answer questions
Hướng dẫn làm dạng bài Short Answer Questions
Câu trả lời sẽ xuất hiện theo đúng trật tự bài đọc;
Đọc câu hỏi trước, sau đó bắt đầu đọc đoạn văn. Hiểu rõ ý của câu hỏi;
Lưu ý chỉ dẫn ‘NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER.’
Lưu ý rằng, câu trả lời không nhất thiết phải đúng ngữ pháp. Miễn là
đúng ý câu hỏi là được;
Không trả lời bằng ý kiến cá nhân, lấy thông tin từ bài đọc;
Từ Keywords trong câu hỏi thường là Nouns (danh từ) hoặc Noun
phrases (cụm danh từ);
Khi tìm được keywords, luôn tư duy sang từ đồng nghĩa - synonyms và
paraphrases.
Chiến thuật làm bài
Đọc kĩ hướng dẫn và note lại giới hạn từ vựng cần trả lời;
Đọc hiểu câu hỏi;
Gạch chân keywords trong câu hỏi;
Tư duy sang từ đồng nghĩa -synonyms và paraphrases cho những
keywords đó;
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Tìm đáp án (phần của đoạn văn chứa thông tin trả lời);
Đọc lại câu hỏi;
Đọc đoạn văn chưa câu trả lời 1 lần nữa để chắc chắn đáp án đúng;
Tiếp tục đọc và trả lời câu hỏi tiếp theo;
Practice
Obesity
Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the
extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life
expectancy and/or increased health problems. Body mass index (BMI), a
measurement which compares weight and height, defines people as overweight
(pre-obese) when their BMI is between 25 kg/m2 and 30 kg/m2, and obese when
it is greater than 30 kg/m2.
Obesity increases the likelihood of various diseases, particularly heart disease,
type 2 diabetes, breathing difficulties during sleep, certain types of cancer, and
osteoarthritis. Obesity is most commonly caused by a combination of excessive
dietary calories, lack of physical activity, and genetic susceptibility, although a few
cases are caused primarily by genes, endocrine disorders, medications or
psychiatric illness. Evidence to support the view that some obese people eat little
yet gain weight due to a slow metabolism is limited; on average obese people
have a greater energy expenditure than their thin counterparts due to the energy
required to maintain an increased body mass.
The primary treatment for obesity is dieting and physical exercise. To supplement
this, or in case of failure, anti-obesity drugs may be taken to reduce appetite or
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inhibit fat absorption. In severe cases, surgery is performed or an intragastric
balloon is placed to reduce stomach volume and/or bowel length, leading to
earlier satiation and reduced ability to absorb nutrients from food.
Obesity is a leading preventable cause of death worldwide, with increasing
prevalence in adults and children, and authorities view it as one of the most
serious public health problems of the 21st century. Obesity is stigmatized in much
of the modern world (particularly in the Western world), though it was widely
perceived as a symbol of wealth and fertility at other times in history, and still is in
some parts of the world.
Questions 1-5
Answer questions with NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS
1.
According to the first graph, what is lowered as a result of obesity?
2.
What does BMI measure?
3.
Besides physical activities, what is another solution to treat obesity?
4.
In serious cases, what is put to decrease the volume of the stomach?
5.
In the past, what did obesity symbolize?
Questions 6-10
TRUE
if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE
if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN
if there is no information on this
6.
People with a BMI of 28 kg/m2 are considered obese
7.
Genes are the most popular factor that lead to obesity
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8.
It is clearly proven that people who do not eat much can still be obese because
of their slow metabolism
9.
Thin people do not use much energy
10. There are no more places that highly value obesity.
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07
Language
Unit 7. Language
Language Development
Vocabulary
English
Phonetic
1.
Relevant (adj)
2.
Mother tongue (n)
/ˌmʌðər ˈtʌŋ/
3.
Consideration (n)
/kənˌsɪdəˈreɪʃn/
4.
Native (adj)
/ˈneɪtɪv/
5.
Influence (v)
/ˈɪnfluəns/
6.
Pronunciation (n)
/prəˌnʌnsiˈeɪʃn/
7.
Circumstance (n)
/ˈsɜːrkəmstæns/
8.
Diplomat (n)
/ˈdɪpləmæt/
9.
Embassy (n)
/ˈembəsi/
10. Alphabet (n)
/ˈælfəbet/
Vietnamese
/ˈreləvənt/
Exercise 1. Write the words above next to their meanings
1.
…………………………..
a.
a set of letters or symbols in a fixed order used for
writing a language
2.
…………………………..
b. the language that you first learn to speak when you
are a child
3.
…………………………..
c.
the act of thinking carefully about something
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4.
…………………………..
d. the way in which a language or a particular word or
sound is pronounced
5.
…………………………..
e.
to have an effect on the way that somebody
behaves or thinks, especially by giving them an
example to follow
6.
…………………………..
f.
connected with the place where you were born and
lived for the first years of your life
7.
…………………………..
g.
the conditions and facts that are connected with
and affect a situation, an event or an action
8.
…………………………..
h. closely connected with the subject you are
discussing or the situation you are in
9.
…………………………..
i.
a person whose job is to represent his or her
country in a foreign country
10. …………………………..
j.
a group of officials led by an ambassador who
represent their government in a foreign country
Exercise 2. Fill in the blank with suitable words
1.
There are 26 letters in the English ………………………….
2.
She's well qualified but has no …………………………. work experience
3.
The …………………………. will continue discussions with the Chinese government.
4.
The author translated the fairy tale into our ………………………….
5.
You'll need to be a real …………………………. to persuade them to come to some
agreement.
6.
John never showed any …………………………. for his mother's feeling
7.
I can't imagine a …………………………. in which I would be willing to steal.
8.
The feel for his …………………………. countryside comes through strongly in his
photographs.
9.
You should look out for your …………………………. when you speak English.
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10. Newspapers …………………………. the current of thought.
Grammar
Part of speech
Mỗi từ trong câu đều đóng một vai trò gì đó (part of speech) và IELTS là phần thi
thử thách và đòi hỏi thí sinh cần sử dụng đúng đắn từ vựng với vai trò phù hợp
trong câu.
Example.
“Tôi nghĩ bài toán này rất khó” “khó” ở đây dùng để miêu tả danh từ
“bài toán”, vậy có thể suy ra dạng từ cần dùng là tính từ (adjective)
“difficult”.
“Sự khó khăn này đã được lường trước” “khó” ở đây được dùng dưới
dạng danh từ “difficulty”
Exercise 3. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of the words given in the
brackets.
1.
Mr. Parks' lessons are really …………………………. I hate his lessons. (bore)
2.
My sisters are very …………………………. (ambition)
3.
I am so …………………………. that we are going to New York tomorrow. (excite)
4.
Women wear these skirts …………………………. (tradition)
5.
His job is to paint houses and put paper on the walls. He is a/an ………………………….
(decorate)
6.
I want to see the National Theater's …………………………. of Arthur Miller's 'The Last
Yankee'. (present)
7.
Are you …………………………. in the latest developments in technology? (interest)
8.
She is a very …………………………. woman. (determination)
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9.
There is friendly …………………………. between the two teams. (rival)
10. Is it your final ………………………….? (decide)
11. I don't like this team at all. They play …………………………. (awful)
12. I am …………………………. with her. (disgust)
13. Do you always behave …………………………. when your naughty nieces come to visit?
(tolerance)
14. My nephew is a professional …………………………. (wrestle)
15. I don’t like eating …………………………. cabbages. (pickle)
Practice
The hardest language
People often ask which is the most difficult language to learn, and it is not easy to
answer because there are many factors to take into consideration. Firstly, in a first
language the differences are unimportant as people learn their mother tongue
naturally, so the question of how hard a language is to learn is only relevant when
learning a second language.
A native speaker of Spanish, for example, will find Portuguese much easier to learn
than a native speaker of Chinese, for example, because Portuguese is very similar
to Spanish, while Chinese is very different, so first language can affect learning a
second language. The greater the differences between the second language and
our first, the harder it will be for most people to learn. Many people answer that
Chinese is the hardest language to learn, possibly influenced by the thought of
learning the Chinese writing system, and the pronunciation of Chinese does
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appear to be very difficult for many foreign learners. However, for Japanese
speakers, who already use Chinese characters in their own language, learning
writing will be less difficult than for speakers of languages using the Roman
alphabet.
Some people seem to learn languages readily, while others find it very difficult.
Teachers and the circumstances in which the language is learned also play an
important role, as well as each learner's motivation for learning. If people learn a
language because they need to use it professionally, they often learn it faster than
people studying a language that has no direct use in their day to day life.
Apparently, British diplomats and other embassy staff have found that the second
hardest language is Japanese, which will probably come as no surprise to many,
but the language that they have found to be the most problematic is Hungarian,
which has 35 cases (forms of a nouns according to whether it is subject, object,
genitive, etc). This does not mean that Hungarian is the hardest language to learn
for everyone, but it causes British diplomatic personnel, who are generally used to
learning languages, the most difficulty. However, Tabassaran, a Caucasian
language has 48 cases, so it might cause more difficulty if British diplomats had to
learn it.
Different cultures and individuals from those cultures will find different languages
more difficult. In the case of Hungarian for British learners, it is not a question of
the writing system, which uses a similar alphabet, but the grammatical complexity,
though native speakers of related languages may find it easier, while struggling
with languages that the British find relatively easy.
No language is easy to learn well, though languages which are related to our first
language are easier. Learning a completely different writing system is a huge
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challenge, but that does not necessarily make a language more difficult than
another. In the end, it is impossible to say that there is one language that is the
most difficult language in the world.
Questions 1-8
TRUE
if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE
if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN
if there is no information on this
1.
The question of how hard a language is to learn is relevant to both first and
second language acquisition.
2.
Portuguese is definitely easier than Chinese.
3.
A Japanese speaker may well find the Chinese writing system easier than a
speaker of a European language.
4.
The Hungarian alphabet causes problems for British speakers.
5.
Hungarian is the hardest language in the world.
6.
Hungarian has as many cases as Tabassaran.
7.
Many British diplomats learn Tabassaran.
8.
The writer thinks that learning new writing systems is easy.
Questions 9-12
Answer questions with NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS
9.
Besides circumstances and motivation, which factor is also important in learning
a second language?
…………………………………………
10. What is considered by British diplomats to be the most difficult language?
…………………………………………
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11. How many cases are there in Tabassaran language?
…………………………………………
12. Besides the writing system, what is also challenging for foreigners learning
Chinese language?
…………………………………………
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08
Environment
Unit 8. Environment
Link video bài học: https://bit.ly/3FtCZib
Language Development
Vocabulary
English
Phonetic
1.
endangered (adj)
2.
sustain (v)
3.
ecosystem (n)
4.
mineral (n)
5.
degradation (n)
6.
climate change (n)
7.
fertile (adj)
/ˈfɜːrtl/
8.
crop (v)
/krɑːp/
9.
flood (n)
/flʌd/
10. cultivate (v)
/ˈkʌltɪveɪt/
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Vietnamese
/ɪnˈdeɪndʒərd/
/səˈsteɪn/
/ˈiːkəʊsɪstəm/
/ˈmɪnərəl/
/ˌdeɡrəˈdeɪʃn/
/ˈklaɪmət tʃeɪndʒ/
70
Exercise 1. Match the word with the correct image.
climate change
crop
ecosystem
degradation
fertile
1. ………………………………………….
2. ………………………………………….
3. ………………………………………….
4. ………………………………………….
5. ………………………………………….
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Exercise 2. Match the word with the correct definition.
Word
1.
sustain
Definition
A. all the living things in an area and the way they
affect each other and the environment
2.
ecosystem
B. to prepare land and grow crops on it, or to grow a
particular crop
3.
crop
C. to cause or allow something to continue for a
period of time
4.
fertile
D. a plant such as a grain, fruit, or vegetable grown in
large amounts
5.
cultivate
F. able to produce a large number of good quality
crops
1. …………. 2. …………. 3. …………. 4. …………. 5. ………….
Grammar
Trong tiếng anh, khi muốn đưa thêm thông tin vào câu văn để diễn đạt một cách chi
tiết, chính xác và sinh động hơn, chúng ta thường phải sử dụng các phrase (cụm từ)
làm các đơn vị ngữ pháp trong câu.
Phrase là cụm từ (nhiều hơn một từ đứng cạnh nhau) dùng để thể hiện một khái
niệm và được sử dụng như 1 đơn vị ngữ pháp (chủ ngữ, tân ngữ) trong câu.
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Noun phrase
Noun phrase là cụm danh từ, thường bao gồm 1 danh từ và tất cả các từ bổ
nghĩa cho nó (hai trường hợp cơ bản là danh từ + danh từ hoặc tính từ + danh
từ)
Noun + Noun
Example:
climate change (biến đổi khí hậu)
human life (cuộc sống con người)
Adjective + Noun
Example:
farmable soil (đất trồng trọt)
antibiotic-resistant bacteria (vi khuẩn kháng kháng sinh)
Exercise 3. Underline the noun phrase in the following sentences.
1.
I want to buy the new videogame console.
2.
Lisa gave the little boy a candy.
3.
The end of the season is hard for some competitive athletes.
4.
Very few giant pandas remain in the wild.
5.
Grandma cooked a meal for ten people.
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Exercise 4. Write the correct modifier.
campus
young
open
1.
The ……………………. man married today.
2.
The college ……………………. is very diverse.
3.
The ……………………. puppy chased its tail
4.
A sailor’s best friend is a wide, ……………………. sea
5.
Linh gave her ……………………., crying baby a bottle
hungry
handsome
Exam Focus
Multiple Choices
Multiple Choices là một trong những dạng bài khó nhất của IELTS Reading vì
thường sẽ có 1 đáp án sai nhìn na ná đáp án đúng, làm cho chúng ta khó phân
biệt. Để làm tốt được dạng bài này, chúng ta nên làm theo các bước sau:
Bước 1. Sử dụng thông tin và keyword trong câu hỏi để tìm đáp án
Bước 2. Đọc hiểu mẩu thông tin liên quan đến câu hỏi
Bước 3. Phân tích các lựa chọn đáp án. Thông thường trong dạng bài Multiple
Choices, sẽ có 2 đáp án sai dễ nhận dạng và chúng ta có thể loại trừ ngay
Bước 4. Phân tích sự khác nhau giữa hai đáp án còn lại
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Áp dụng chiến thuật làm bài trên vào câu hỏi sau:
What is the writer’s main point in the first paragraph?
A. Soil is very important to humans
B. People use soil for many different purposes
C. Soil degradation is a serious problem that can affect human’s lives globally
D. Farming has been around for a long time
Bước 1. Sử dụng thông tin và keyword trong câu hỏi để tìm đáp án
Trong bài này, keyword là “in the first paragraph”
Bước 2. Đọc hiểu mẩu thông tin liên quan đến câu hỏi
“More than a third of the world’s soil is endangered, according to a recent UN report.
If we don’t slow the decline, all farmable soil could be gone in 60 years. Since soil
grows 95% of our food, and sustains human life in other more surprising ways, that is
a huge problem.”
Dịch: “Hơn 1/3 đất ở trên thế giới đang gặp nguy hiểm, theo một báo cáo gần đây
của Liên Hợp Quốc. Nếu chúng ta không làm chậm lại sự suy giảm này, tất cả đất
canh tác được sẽ biến mất trong 60 năm tới. Bởi vì đất trồng hơn 95% thức ăn của
chúng ta, và duy trì cuộc sống của con người theo nhiều cách đáng ngạc nhiên hơn,
đây là một vấn đề lớn.”
Bước 3. Phân tích các lựa chọn đáp án. Thông thường trong dạng bài Multiple
Choices, sẽ có 2 đáp án sai dễ nhận dạng và chúng ta có thể loại trừ ngay.
Trong câu hỏi này, đó là đáp án:
B. People use soil for many different purposes (Con người dùng đất vào nhiều mục
đích khác nhau)
D. Farming has been around for a long time (Nông nghiệp đã xuất hiện từ rất lâu rồi)
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Bước 4. Phân tích sự khác nhau giữa hai đáp án còn lại
A. Soil is very important to humans (Đất rất quan trọng đối với cuộc sống con người)
B. Soil degradation is a serious problem that can affect human’s lives globally (Sói
mòn đất là một vấn đề nghiêm trọng có thể ảnh hưởng đến cuộc sống con người trên
toàn cầu)
Tuy trong bài có những thông tin như “vì đất trồng hơn 95% thức ăn của chúng ta, và
duy trì cuộc sống của con người theo nhiều cách đáng ngạc nhiên hơn” để nói đến
tầm quan trọng của đất (đáp án A), mẩu thông tin này được cung cấp cùng với những
thông tin khác như “Hơn 1/3 đất ở trên thế giới đang gặp nguy hiểm”, “Nếu chúng ta
không làm chậm lại sự suy giảm này, tất cả đất canh tác được sẽ biến mất trong 60
năm tới”. Tác giả nhắc đến những vai trò của đất để nhấn mạnh nếu như mất đất,
cuộc sống con người sẽ bị ảnh hưởng một cách nghiêm trọng.
Vậy đáp án C là câu trả lời đúng.
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Practice
More than a third of the world’s soil is endangered, according to a recent UN
report. If we don’t slow the decline, all farmable soil could be gone in 60 years.
Since soil grows 95% of our food, and sustains human life in other more surprising
ways, that is a huge problem.
Peter Groffman, from the Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies in New York, points
out that soil scientists have been warning about the degradation of the world’s
soil for decades. At the same time, our understanding of its importance to humans
has grown. A single gram of healthy soil might contain 100 million bacteria, as well
as other microorganisms such as viruses and fungi, living amid decomposing plants
and various minerals.
That means soils do not just grow our food, but are the source of nearly all our
existing antibiotics, and could be our best hope in the fight against antibioticresistant bacteria. Soil is also an ally against climate change: as microorganisms
within soil digest dead animals and plants, they lock in their carbon content,
holding three times the amount of carbon as does the entire atmosphere. Soils
also store water, preventing flood damage: in the UK, damage to buildings, roads
and bridges from floods caused by soil degradation costs £233 million every year.
If the soil loses its ability to perform these functions, the human race could be in
big trouble. The danger is not that the soil will disappear completely, but that the
microorganisms that give it its special properties will be lost. And once this has
happened, it may take the soil thousands of years to recover.
Agriculture is by far the biggest problem. In the wild, when plants grow they
remove nutrients from the soil, but then when the plants die and decay these
nutrients are returned directly to the soil. Humans tend not to return unused parts
of harvested crops directly to the soil to enrich it, meaning that the soil gradually
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becomes less fertile. In the past we developed strategies to get around the
problem, such as regularly varying the types of crops grown, or leaving fields
uncultivated for a season.
Questions 1-4
1. Why did the writer mention Peter Groffman in the second passage?
A. To show the importance of soil to human’s lives
B. To demonstrate that scientist have long been able to foresee the problem of soil
degradation
C. To illustrate the seriousness of soil degradation
D. To provide evidence for his argument
2. Why did the author mention “antibiotic-resistant bacteria” in the second passage?
A. To point out another useful purpose of soil in the medical field
B. To show that soil is not really important
C. To indicate that soil can be beneficial for doctors too
D. To show that soil can be used to cure sickness
3. According to the writer, how can soil help combat climate change?
A. By increasing food supply for poor people
B. By holding greenhouse gases emission from plants and animals
C. By prevent flood
D. By raising people’s awareness about environmental protection
4. In the fourth paragraph, why did soil become less fertile?
A. Humans do not return unused part of crops to soil
B. Long months of drought as a result of climate change
C. Forest fires remove the nutrients from the soil
D. Plants and animals absorb the nutrients from the soil
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Questions 5-8
Complete the summary below.
Write ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 5-8 on your answer sheet.
Why soil degradation could be a disaster for humans
Healthy soil contains a large variety of bacteria and other microorganisms, as well as
plant remains and 5 ……………………….. It provides us with food and also with
antibiotics, and its function in storing 6 …………………………. has a significant effect on
the climate. In addition, it prevents damage to property and infrastructure because it
holds 7……………………………
If these microorganisms are lost, soil may lose its special properties. The main factor
contributing to soil degradation is the 8………………………….. carried out by humans.
Đáp án ở trang 136
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09
Business
Unit 9. Business
Link video bài học: https://bit.ly/3Ft6osY
Language Development
Vocabulary
English
1.
Phonetic
Vietnamese
Human resources
(phrase)
/ˌhjuːmən rɪˈsɔːsɪz/
2.
Capability (n)
/ˌkeɪpəˈbɪləti/
3.
Competitor (n)
/ˌkeɪpəˈbɪləti/
4.
Competitive advantage
/kəmˈpetətɪv
(phrase)
ədˈvæntɪdʒ/
5.
Managerial (adj)
6.
Employee turnover rate
(phrase)
7.
Benefits (n)
8.
Compensation (n)
9.
Recognition (n)
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/ˌmænəˈdʒɪriəl/
/ɪmˈplɔɪiː ˈtɜːrnəʊvər
reɪt/
/ˈbenɪfɪts/
/ˌkɒmpenˈseɪʃn/
/ˌrekəɡˈnɪʃn/
80
10. Performance (n)
/pərˈfɔːrməns/
Exercise 1. Match the following words with their synonyms
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Recognition
A.
Disapproval
B.
Acknowledgment
C.
Rejection
D.
Encourage
Compensation
A.
Salary
B.
Money
C.
Loan
D. Well-being
Competitor
A.
Rival
B.
Winner
C.
Loser
D. Ally
Benefit
A.
Handicap
B.
Misfortune
C.
Unlucky
D. Perk
Performance
A.
Health
B.
Neglect
C.
Conduct
D. Income
Exercise 2. Match the words with the correct definitions
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1.
Employee turnover rate
a.
how well a person, machine, etc. does a
piece of work or an activity
2.
b. people, when considered as an asset that is
Performance
or can be employed and that is useful to a
company, organization, etc.
3.
Competitive advantage
c.
an advantage such as medical insurance,
life insurance, and sick pay, that employees
receive from their employer in addition to
money.
4.
d. the number or percentage of workers who
Human resource
leave an organization and are replaced by
new employees.
5.
e.
Benefit
attribute that enables a company to
outperform its competitors.
1-
Noun clause
2-
3-
4-
5-
Noun clause: là một mệnh đề phụ thuộc (dependent clause), đóng vai trò như
Grammar
một danh từ ở trong câu
Có thể đóng vai trò chủ ngữ:
What Alicia said made her friends cry.
Có thể đóng vai trò tân ngữ
They now understand that you should not cheat on a test
Có thể bổ nghĩa cho chủ ngữ
Harry's crowning achievement at school was when he became
class president
Tại sao nên sử dụng Noun clause?
Noun
clause
có thể- IELTS
giúp bạn
đưa thêm thông tin vào chủ ngữ, tân ngữ trong
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Exercise 3. Identify the noun clauses in the following sentences and states their
functions in each sentence
1.
I love what you wore to prom last night.
2.
The fact that he cheated on her broke her heart.
3.
What you said about her behind her back was not cool.
4.
He always says that he wants to go abroad.
5.
The most memorable moment I had in high school was when I confessed to my
crush.
Exercise 4. Choose the appropriate conjunction for the following noun clauses
1.
Michael's excuse for his tardiness was …………………………… he had forgotten to set
his alarm.
2.
I'm afraid …………………………… we don't carry that boba tea flavor any longer.
3.
…………………………… is responsible for this mess needs to clean it up
4.
…………………………… kids should attend extra classes after school is a controversial
topic
5.
…………………………… a person treats service workers speaks volume about one’s
character
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Exam Focus
Matching People
Matching People là một trong 3 dạng bài Matching phổ biến trong IELTS Reading.
Đây là một dạng bài khá khó nhằn và có thể mất rất nhiều thời gian của chúng ta
nếu không sử dụng quỹ thời gian một cách hợp lý. Để tìm được đáp án trong thời
gian ngắn nhất, chúng ta nên làm các bước sau:
Scan xác định vị trí các tên người trong bài đọc
Đọc hiểu và xác định ý kiến của người đó
Đối chiếu với các câu hỏi
Chọn đáp án nếu có câu hỏi khớp với ý kiến của người đó
Áp dụng chiến thuật với câu hỏi sau:
Match each statement with the correct researcher, A-F.
Write the correct letter, A-B, in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
27. Hotel managers need to know what would encourage good staff to remain.
28. The actions of managers may make staff feel they shouldn’t move to a different
employer.
29. Little is done in the hospitality industry to help workers improve their skills.
30. Staff are less likely to change jobs if cooperation is encouraged.
31. Dissatisfaction with pay is not the only reason why hospitality workers change
jobs.
List of Researchers
A. Pfeffer
B. Lucas
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Step 1. Scan xác định vị trí tên người đầu tiên trong bài (Pfeffer)
Step 2. Đọc hiểu và xác định ý kiến của người đầu tiên
“Pfeffer (1994) emphasizes that in order to succeed in a global business
environment, organizations must make an investment in Human Resource
Management (HRM) to allow them to acquire employees who possess better skills
and capabilities than their competitors”
Dịch: Pfeffer (1994) nhấn mạnh rằng để thành công trong môi trường làm việc quốc
tế, các tổ chực cần đầu tư vào quản lý nhân sự để cho phép họ chiêu nạp được các
nhân viên sở hữu kĩ năng tốt và khả năng tốt so với các công ty cạnh tranh.”
Step 3. Đối chiếu với các câu hỏi
27. Hotel managers need to know what would encourage good staff to remain.
“Quản lý của các khách sạn cần biết điều gì khuyến khích nhân viên ở lại”
28. The actions of managers may make staff feel they shouldn’t move to a different
employer.
“Hành động của những người quản lý có thể làm cho nhân viên cảm thấy họ
không nên chuyển đến một công ty khác.”
29. Little is done in the hospitality industry to help workers improve their skills.
“Rất ít việc được làm trong ngành Khách sạn – Nhà hàng để giúp nhân viên cải
thiện các kĩ năng của họ.”
30. Staff are less likely to change jobs if cooperation is encouraged.
“Nhân viên sẽ ít đổi công việc hơn nếu sự hợp tác được khuyến khích.”
31. Dissatisfaction with pay is not the only reason why hospitality workers change
jobs.
“Không thoả mãn với mức lương là lý do dy nhất tại sao nhiều nhân viên trong
ngành Du lịch – Khách sạn đổi việc.”
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Step 4. Chọn đáp án nếu có câu hỏi khớp với ý kiến của người đầu tiên (Ý kiến của
Pfeffer không khớp với bất cứ câu hỏi nào)
Chuyển sang tên người thứ 2
Step 1. Scan xác định vị trí tên người thứ 2 (Lucas)
Step 2. Đọc hiểu và xác định ý kiến của người đó
“Despite this recognition of the importance of employee development, the
hospitality industry has historically been dominated by underdeveloped HR
practices (Lucas, 2002).”
Dịch: Dù nhận biết được về tầm quan trọng của việc phát triển nhân viên, ngành Du
lịch – Khách sạn từ trước tới nay vẫn bị thống trị bởi các phương pháp nhân sự kém
phát triển (Lucas, 2002).
Step 3. Đối chiếu với các câu hỏi
Step 4. Chọn đáp án nếu có câu hỏi khớp với ý kiến của người thứ 2
29. Little is done in the hospitality industry to help workers improve their skills.
“Rất ít việc được làm trong ngành Khách sạn – Nhà hàng để giúp nhân viên cải
thiện các kĩ năng của họ.”
Giải thích: “Rất ít việc” (little is done”) sát nghĩa với “các phương pháp nhân sự kém
phát triển” (underdeveloped) Đáp án cho câu hỏi 29 là B. Lucas
Practice
Motivational factors and the hospitality industry
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Pfeffer (1994) emphasizes that in order to succeed in a global business
environment, organizations must make an investment in Human Resource
Management (HRM) to allow them to acquire employees who possess better skills
and capabilities than their competitors. This investment will be to their
competitive advantage. Despite this recognition of the importance of employee
development, the hospitality industry has historically been dominated by
underdeveloped HR practices (Lucas, 2002).
Lucas also points out that ‘the substance of HRM practices does not appear to be
designed to foster constructive relations with employees or to represent a
managerial approach that enables developing and drawing out the full potential of
people, even though employees may be broadly satisfied with many aspects of
their work’ (Lucas, 2002). In addition, or maybe as a result, high employee
turnover has been a recurring problem throughout the hospitality industry.
Among the many cited reasons are low compensation, inadequate benefits, poor
working conditions and compromised employee morale and attitudes (Maroudas
et al., 2008).
Ng and Sorensen (2008) demonstrated that when managers provide recognition
to employees, motivate employees to work together, and remove obstacles
preventing effective performance, employees feel more obligated to stay with the
company. This was succinctly summarized by Michel et al. (2013): ‘Providing
support to employees gives them the confidence to perform their jobs better and
the motivation to stay with the organization.’ Hospitality organizations can,
therefore, enhance employee motivation and retention through the development
and improvement of their working conditions. These conditions are inherently
linked to the working environment.
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It is therefore essential for hotel management to develop HRM practices that
enable them to inspire and retain competent employees. This requires an
understanding of what motivates employees at different levels of management
and different stages of their careers (Enz and Siguaw, 2000). This implies that it is
beneficial for hotel managers to understand what practices are most favorable to
increase employee satisfaction and retention.
Deery (2008) has recommended several actions that can be adopted at the
organizational level to retain good staff as well as assist in balancing work and
family life. Those particularly appropriate to the hospitality industry include
allowing adequate breaks during the working day, staff functions that involve
families, and providing health and wellbeing opportunities.
Questions 1-5
Look at the following statements (Questions 1-5) and the list of researchers below.
Match each statement with the correct researcher, A-F.
Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
1.
Hotel managers need to know what would encourage good staff to remain.
2.
The actions of managers may make staff feel they shouldn’t move to a different
employer.
3.
Little is done in the hospitality industry to help workers improve their skills.
4.
Staff are less likely to change jobs if cooperation is encouraged.
5.
Dissatisfaction with pay is not the only reason why hospitality workers change
jobs.
List of Researchers
A. Pfeffer
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B. Lucas
C.
Maroudas et al.
D. Ng and Sorensen
E.
Enz and Siguaw
F.
Deery
Questions 6-9
Choose the correct letter A, B, C, D
6.
In the 1st paragraph, Pfeffer believes that the key to success in global business
environment is
A. Good working environment
B. Customer satisfaction
C.
Superior employees
D. High salary
7.
What has been an ongoing problem in the hospitality industry?
A. High employee turnover rate
B. Lack of customers
C.
Unsatisfied workers
D. Low compensation
8.
According to Ng and Sorensen, what should managers do to retain employees?
A. Increase their salaries
B. Encourage teamwork and provide acknowledgement
C.
Befriend them
D. Supervise them strictly
9.
Which of the following factors are NOT linked to better working conditions in the
hospitality industry?
A. More recognition
B. Increased cooperation
C.
Removing obstacles which hinder effective performance
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D. More vacation days
Đáp án ở trang 138
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10
History
Unit 10. His
Link video bài học: https://bit.ly/3Kpiggn
Language Development
Vocabulary
English
Phonetic
1.
archaeologist (n)
2.
arrow (n)
3.
artifact/ artefact (n)
/ˈɑːrtɪfækt/
4.
associated with (adj)
/əˈsəʊʃieɪtɪd wɪθ/
5.
assortment (n)
6.
beam (n)
/biːm/
7.
burial (n)
/ˈberiəl/
8.
cart (n)
9.
characteristic (n, adj)
/ˌɑːrkiˈɑːlədʒɪst/
/ˈærəʊ/
/əˈsɔːrtmənt/
/kɑːrt/
/ˌkærəktəˈrɪstɪk/
10. coastal (adj)
/ˈkəʊstl/
11. curving (adj)
/kɜːrvɪŋ/
12. determine (v)
/dɪˈtɜːrmɪn/
13. disintegrate (v)
Crack IELTS Reading - IELTS Fighter
Vietnamese
/dɪsˈɪntɪɡreɪt/
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14. domestic (adj)
/dəˈmestɪk/
15. double-ended (adj)
/ˈdʌbl endɪd/
16. elaborate (adj)
/ɪˈlæbərət/
17. embody (v)
/ɪmˈbɑːdi/
18. fittings (n)
/ˈfɪtɪŋz/
19. grave (n)
/ɡreɪv/
20. gunwale (n)
/ˈɡʌnweɪl/
21. harness (n)
/ˈhɑːrnɪs/
22. impression (n)
/ɪmˈpreʃn/
23. indicate (v)
/ˈɪndɪkeɪt/
24. climax (n)
/ˈklaɪmæks/
25. lavish (adj)
/ˈlævɪʃ/
26. mast (n)
/mæst/
27. militarization (n)
28. oar (v,n)
29. ox (n)
/ˌmɪlɪtərəˈzeɪʃn/
/ɔːr/
/ɑːks/
30. precursor (n)
/priˈkɜːrsər/
31. primary (adj)
/ˈpraɪmeri/
32. ratio (n)
/ˈreɪʃiəʊ/
33. renown (adj)
/rɪˈnaʊn/
34. rivet (n)
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/ˈrɪvɪt/
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35. saddle (n)
/ˈsædl/
36. shield (n)
/ʃiːld/
37. skeleton (n)
/ˈskelɪtn/
38. sledge (n)
/sledʒ/
39. status (n)
/ˈsteɪtəs/
40. stern (n)
/stɜːrn/
41. sufficient (adj)
/səˈfɪʃnt/
42. technical perfection (n)
43. tent (n)
/ˈteknɪkl pərˈfekʃn/
/tent/
44. trading (n)
/ˈtreɪdɪŋ/
45. transitional (adj)
/trænˈzɪʃənl/
46. unearth (v)
/ʌnˈɜːrθ/
47. vessel (n)
/ˈvesl/
48. warfare (n)
/ˈwɔːrfer/
49. warrant (v)
/ˈwɔːrənt/
50. yield (v)
/jiːld/
Exercise 1. Match the following words with their synonyms.
Word
Synonym
1.
vessel
A. swift
2.
warrior
B. ship
3.
fast
C. rot
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4.
disintegrate
D. soldier
5.
outline
F. impression
1. ………….. 2. ………….. 3. ………….. 4. ………….. 5. …………..
Exercise 2. Match the word with the correct image.
ox and cart
shield
saddle
rivet
sledge
1. ………………………………………….
2. ………………………………………….
3. ………………………………………….
4. ………………………………………….
5. ………………………………………….
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Exercise 3. Label the parts of a Viking ship with given words.
gunwale
mast
stern
1
2
3
1. …………..…………..
2. …………..…………..
3. …………..…………..
Grammar
Reduced Relative Clause (cont.)
Reduced Relative Clause (Mệnh đề quan hệ rút gọn) là 1 mệnh đề quan hệ đã
được lược bỏ bớt đại từ quan hệ và đôi khi là cả các trợ động từ (auxiliary
verbs) như to be, have/has been…
Có rất nhiều phương pháp rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ, nhưng nổi bật trong bài
đọc này là rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ khi hết hợp với câu bị động (Passive voice).
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Exercise 4. Relative clauses in the following sentences have been reduced. Rewrite
the sentences by adding which + be in appropriate place.
1.
The Nydam boat, found in 1863 in Southern Jutland, dates from the fifth century.
Reduced relative clause: …………..…………..…………..…………..…………..…………..…………..……
2.
The Gokstad ship, found in 1880 in Sandefjorde, Norway, is 79ft long.
Reduced relative clause: …………..…………..…………..…………..…………..…………..…………..……
3.
The Ladby ship, believed to date from the 10th century, was unearthed in 1935
in Funen, Denmark.
Reduced relative clause: …………..…………..…………..…………..…………..…………..…………..……
Exam Focus
Scanning
Scanning là kỹ năng dùng mắt để quét, tìm kiếm và xác định vị trí của một từ
khóa trong đoạn văn/bài đọc. Các từ khóa được chọn làm mục tiêu (Targets)
của kỹ năng Scanning thường là tên riêng, số liệu, cụm từ viết hoa/viết tắt,
hoặc các cụm danh từ chuyên ngành, dễ phát hiện.
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Practice
Scan the following targets in the Reading Passage and answer the questions.
Targets:
Nydam
Gokstad
Oseberg
Ladby
42ft
The Viking’s Voyage to Eternity
The Nydam boat, found in 1863 in Southern Jutland, dates from the fifth century and
is a precursor of the characteristic long boat associated with the height of the Viking
period. Previously, ships had been designed for both trading and warfare, but the
Nydam boat, measuring 76ft overall, shows characteristics that indicate that it was
built primarily as a warship. This trend toward militarization of the ships would
continue until its climax in the Gokstad ship.
The Gokstad ship, found in 1880 in Sandefjorde, Norway, is 79fl overall, doubleended, like all Nordic ships, with a high curving stem and stern posts. The remains of
the mast fitting suggest that the original would have been about 42 ft high, making
the ship rather powerful and swift in the water. The Gokstad ship was also recovered
with shields attached to the gunwale, at the ready for the warriors on board. The
technical perfection of this ship came as a result of a long tradition of experience and
experiment that first yielded sailing ships suitable for the open seas about one
hundred years before the Gokstad ship was even built.
The Ladby ship, believed to date from the 10th century, was unearthed in 1935 in
Funen, Denmark. The wooden skeleton has disintegrated, leaving only an impression
in the soil and rivets. From this feature, archaeologists were able to determine that
the vessel was 67.5 ft long and 9.5 ft wide, much smaller than the Gokstad ship, but
closer in length-to-beam ratio (1:7) for a fast oared warship. Inside, a nobleman’s
body was found, together with 11 horses and several dogs. One of the nobleman’s
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horses bore an elaborate harness. Many other artifacts were unearthed, including a
game board, arrows, and a shield.
The ship burial discovered in 1904 at Oseberg turned out to be the grave of a noble
woman of sufficient status to warrant a very lavish burial. Apart from the boat, the
grave also contained an assortment of artifacts including three sledges, a cart, a
saddle and the remains of ten horses and two oxen, tents, beds and other domestic
items that the lady would need in her next life. The ship was most likely used as
coastal transportation by the noblewoman, rather than a working ship or “modem”
warship, but still embodies transitional features found in later ships.
Questions 1- 9
Classify the following descriptions as referring to
The Nydam ship
N
The Gokstad ship
G
​
The Ladby ship
L
​
The Oseberg ship
O
Write the appropriate letters (N, G, L, O) in boxes 1 - 9 on your answer sheet.
NB
You may use any answer more than once.
1.
was probably not used for long ocean voyages.
2.
had completely rotted away, leaving only an outline.
3.
was probably used by a lady of high rank.
4.
had warriors, shields were still attached to its sides.
5.
contained the remains of dogs.
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6.
had a mast about 42ft high.
7.
shows the beginning of the evolution of Viking ships from those meant for both
trading and warfare to those used exclusively as warships.
8.
provides evidence that the Vikings enjoyed board games.
9.
appeared before the Viking’s renowned long ship.
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11
Health
Link video bài học: https://bit.ly/3ymp1NA
Language Development
Vocabulary
English
Phonetic
1.
aging (n)
2.
blood pressure (n)
3.
calorie (n)
/ˈkæləri/
4.
cancer (n)
/ˈkænsər/
5.
cure (v, n)
/kjʊr/
6.
diabetes (n)
7.
diet (n)
8.
disorder (n)
9.
drug (n)
/drʌɡ/
10. lifespan (n)
/ˈlaɪfspæn/
11. longevity (n)
/lɔːnˈdʒevəti/
12. mortal (adj, n)
13. pill (n)
Crack IELTS Reading - IELTS Fighter
Vietnamese
/ˈeɪdʒɪŋ/
/ˈblʌd preʃər/
/ˌdaɪəˈbiːtiːz/
/ˈdaɪət/
/dɪsˈɔːrdər/
/ˈmɔːrtl/
/pɪl/
100
14. prolong (v)
/prəˈlɔːŋ/
15. regimen (n)
/ˈredʒɪmən/
16. treatment (n)
/ˈtriːtmənt/
17. vigor (n)
/ˈvɪɡər/
Exercise 1. Complete the sentences with the words from the table.
1.
Do not discontinue the ………………… without consulting your doctor.
2.
His ………………… was remarkable considering he had been so sick when he was a
child.
3.
A balanced ………………… provides nutrition for your body.
4.
If you want to retain youthful …………………,you have to take regular exercise.
5.
A man is deliberately designed to be ………………… . He grows, he ages, and he
dies.
Exercise 2. Match the following words with their correct definitions.
Word
1.
lifespan
Definition
A. a condition or illness that causes problems with the
way part of the body or brain works
2.
prolong
B. the process of growing old
3.
disorder
C. to make something last longer
4.
aging
D. a unit for measuring how much energy food will
produce
5.
calorie
E. the length of time that something is likely to live,
continue or function
1. ………….. 2. ………….. 3. ………….. 4. ………….. 5. …………..
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Practice
The Search for the Anti-aging Pill
In government laboratories and elsewhere, scientists are seeking a drug able to
prolong life and youthful vigor. Studies of caloric restriction are showing the way.
As researchers on aging noted recently, no treatment on the market today has
been proved to slow human aging – the build-up of molecular and cellular damage
that increases vulnerability to infirmity as we grow older. But one intervention,
consumption of a low-calorie yet nutritionally balanced diet, works incredibly well
in a broad range of animals, increasing longevity and prolonging good health.
Those findings suggest that caloric restriction could delay aging and increase
longevity in humans, too.
Unfortunately, for maximum benefit, people would probably have to reduce their
caloric intake by roughly thirty per cent, equivalent to dropping from 2,500
calories a day to 1,750. Few mortals could stick to chat harsh a regimen, especially
for years on end. But what if someone could create a pill that mimicked the
physiological effects of eating less without actually forcing people to eat less?
Could such a ‘caloric-restriction mimetic’, as we call it, enable people to stay
healthy
longer,
postponing
age-related
disorders
(such
as
diabetes,
arteriosclerosis, heart disease and cancer) until very late in life? Scientists first
posed this question in the mid-1990s, after researchers came upon a chemical
agent that in rodents seemed to reproduce many of caloric restriction’s benefits.
No compound that would safely achieve the same feat in people has been found
yet, but the search has been informative and has fanned hope that caloricrestriction (CR) mimetics can indeed be developed eventually.
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The benefits of caloric restriction
The hunt for CR mimetics grew out of a desire to better understand caloric
restriction’s many effects on the body. Scientists first recognized the value of the
practice more than 60 years ago, when they found that rats fed a low-calorie diet
lived longer on average than free-feeding rats and also had a reduced incidence of
conditions that become increasingly common in old age. What is more, some of
the treated animals survived longer than the oldest-living animals in the control
group, which means that the maximum lifespan (the oldest attainable age), not
merely the normal lifespan, increased. Various interventions, such as infectionfighting drugs, can increase a population’s average survival time, but only
approaches that slow the body’s rate of aging will increase the maximum lifespan.
The rat findings have been replicated many times and extended to creatures
ranging from yeast to fruit flies, worms, fish, spiders, mice and hamsters. Until
fairly recently, the studies were limited to short-lived creatures genetically distant
from humans. But caloric-restriction projects underway in two species more
closely related to humans - rhesus and squirrel monkeys - have made scientists
optimistic that CR mimetics could help people.
The monkey projects demonstrate that, compared with control animals that eat
normally, caloric-restricted monkeys have lower body temperatures and levels of
the pancreatic hormone insulin, and they retain more youthful levels of certain
hormones that tend to fall with age.
The caloric-restricted animals also look better on indicators of risk for age-related
diseases. For example, they have lower blood pressure and triglyceride levels
(signifying a decreased likelihood of heart disease), and they have more normal
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blood glucose levels (pointing to a reduced risk for diabetes, which is marked by
unusually high blood glucose levels). Further, it has recently been shown that
rhesus monkeys kept on caloric-restricted diets for an extended time (nearly 15
years) have less chronic disease. They and the other monkeys must be followed
still longer, however, to know whether low-calorie intake can increase both
average and maximum lifespans in monkeys. Unlike the multitude of elixirs being
touted as the latest anti-aging cure, CR mimetics would alter fundamental
processes that underlie aging. We aim to develop compounds that fool cells into
activating maintenance and repair.
Questions 1-5
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in the Reading
Passage?
In boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet, write
YES
if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO
if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN
if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
1.
Studies show drugs available today can delay the process of growing old.
2.
There is scientific evidence that eating fewer calorics may extend human life.
3.
Not many people are likely to find a caloric-restricted diet attractive.
4.
Diet-related diseases are common in older people.
5.
In experiments, rats who ate what they wanted led shorter lives than rats on a
low-calorie diet.
Questions 6-10
Classify the following descriptions as relating to
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A
caloric-restricted monkeys
B
control monkeys
C
neither caloric-restricted monkeys nor control monkeys
Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 6-10 on your answer sheet.
6.
Monkeys were less likely to become diabetic.
7.
Monkeys experienced more chronic disease.
8.
Monkeys have been shown to experience a longer than average life span.
9.
Monkeys enjoyed a reduced chance of heart disease.
10. Monkeys produced greater quantities of insulin.
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12
Tourism
Language Development
Vocabulary
English
18. phenomenon (n)
19. trivial (adj)
20. holidaymaker (n)
Phonetic
/fəˈnɑːmɪnən/
/ˈtrɪviəl/
/ˈhɑːlədeɪmeɪkər/
21. regulate (v)
/ˈreɡjuleɪt/
22. leisure (n)
/ˈliːʒər/
23. encounter (v)
24. journey (n)
/ɪnˈkaʊntər/
/ˈdʒɜːrni/
25. destination (n)
/ˌdestɪˈneɪʃn/
26. cope (with) (v)
/kəʊp/
27. anticipation (n)
/ænˌtɪsɪˈpeɪʃn/
28. reinforce (v)
29. gaze (v, n)
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/ˌriːɪnˈfɔːrs/
/ɡeɪz/
106
30. landscape (n)
31. linger over (idm)
32. host (v, n)
/ˈlændskeɪp/
/ˈlɪŋɡər ˈəʊvər/
/həʊst/
33. contemporary (adj)
/kənˈtempəreri/
34. pseudo event (n)
/suːdəʊ ɪˈvent/
Exercise 1. Complete the sentences with the words from the table.
6.
Tourists may ………………… some communication problems at first.
7.
One of the best ways to help you ………………… travel sickness is avoid reading or
looking at your phone.
8.
This building ………………… in 2003 to withstand earthquake.
9.
He bought extra food in ………………… of more people coming than he’d invited.
10. The town seems so empty in the autumn when all the ………………… have gone
home.
Exercise 2. Choose the correct antonym of the words.
1.
trivial (adj)
A. significant
B. minor
C.
2.
unimportant
contemporary (adj)
A. recent
B. out-of-date
C.
3.
modern
host (n)
A. entertainer
B.
owner
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C.
4.
guest
phenomenon (n)
A. event
5.
B.
regularity
C.
fact
regulate (v)
A. damage
B.
control
C.
manage
Practice
Tourism
A
Tourism, holidaymaking and travel are these days more significant social
phenomena than most commentators have considered. On the face of it, there
could not be a more trivial subject for a book. And indeed since social scientists
have had considerable difficulty explaining weightier topics, such as work or
politics, it might be thought that they would have great difficulties in accounting
for more trivial phenomena such as holidaymaking. However, there are interesting
parallels with the study of deviance. This involves the investigation of bizarre and
idiosyncratic social practices which happen to be defined as deviant in some
societies but not necessarily in others. The assumption is that the investigation of
deviance can reveal interesting and significant aspects of normal societies. It could
be said that a similar analysis can be applied to tourism.
B
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Tourism is a leisure activity which presupposes its opposite, namely regulated and
organised work. It is one manifestation of how work and leisure are organised as
separate and regulated spheres of social practice in modern societies. Indeed
acting as a tourist is one of the defining characteristics of being ‘modern’ and the
popular concept of tourism is that it is organised within particular places and
occurs for regularised periods of time. Tourist relationships arise from a
movement of people to, and their stay in, various destinations. This necessarily
involves some movement, that is the journey, and a period of stay in a new place
or places. ‘The journey and the stay’ are by definition outside the normal places of
residence and work and are of a short term and temporary nature and there is a
clear intention to return ‘home’ within a relatively short period of time.
C
A substantial proportion of the population of modern societies engages in such
tourist practices new socialised forms of provision have developed in order to
cope with the mass character of the gazes of tourists as opposed to the individual
character of travel. Places are chosen to be visited and be gazed upon because
there is an anticipation especially through daydreaming and fantasy of intense
pleasures, either on a different scale or involving different senses from those
customarily encountered. Such anticipation is constructed and sustained through
a variety of non-tourist practices such as films, TV literature, magazines records
and videos which construct and reinforce this daydreaming.
D
Tourists tend to visit features of landscape and townscape which separate them
off from everyday experience. Such aspects are viewed because they are taken to
be in some sense out of the ordinary. The viewing of these tourist sights often
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involves different forms of social patterning with a much greater sensitivity to
visual elements of landscape or townscape than is normally found in everyday life.
People linger over these sights in a way that they would not normally do in their
home environment and the vision is objectified or captured through photographs,
postcards, films and so on which enable the memory to be endlessly reproduced
and recaptured.
E
One of the earliest dissertations on the subject of tourism is Boorstins analysis of
the pseudo event (1964) where he argues that contemporary. Americans cannot
experience reality directly but thrive on pseudo events. Isolated from the host
environment and the local people the mass tourist travels in guided groups and
finds pleasure in inauthentic contrived attractions gullibly enjoying the pseudo
events and disregarding the real world outside. Over time the images generated of
different tourist sights come to constitute a closed self-perpetuating system of
illusions which provide the tourist with the basis for selecting and evaluating
potential places to visit. Such visits are made says Boorstin, within the
environmental bubble of the familiar American style hotel which insulates the
tourist from the strangeness of the host environment.
F
To service the burgeoning tourist industry, an array of professionals has developed
who attempt to reproduce ever-new objects for the tourist to look at. These
objects or places are located in a complex and changing hierarchy. This depends
upon the interplay between, on the one hand, competition between interests
involved in the provision of such objects and, on the other hand changing class,
gender, and generational distinctions of taste within the potential population of
visitors. It has been said that to be a tourist is one of the characteristics of the
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modern experience. Not to go away is like not possessing a car or a nice house.
Travel is a marker of status in modern societies and is also thought to be necessary
for good health. The role of the professional, therefore, is to cater for the needs
and tastes of the tourists in accordance with their class and overall expectations.
Questions 1-5
The Reading Passage has six paragraphs, A-F.
Choose the most suitable heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.
Write the correct numbers, i-ix, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.
Paragraph D has been done for you as an example.
NB There are more headings than paragraphs so you will not use all of them.
You may use any heading more than once.
List of Headings
i
The politics of tourism
ii
The cost of tourism
iii Justifying the study of tourism
iv Tourism contrasted with travel
v
The essence of modern tourism
vi Tourism versus leisure
vii The artificiality of modern tourism
viii The role of modern tour guides
ix
Creating an alternative to the everyday experience
1.
Paragraph A
2.
Paragraph B
3.
Paragraph C
Example
Answer
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Paragraph D
4.
Paragraph E
5.
Paragraph F
ix
Questions 6-10
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in the Reading
Passage?
In boxes 6-10 on your answer sheet, write
YES
if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO
if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN
if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
6.
Tourism is a trivial subject.
7.
An analysis of deviance can act as a model for the analysis of tourism.
8.
Tourists usually choose to travel overseas.
9.
Tourists focus more on places they visit than those at home.
10. Tour operators try to cheat tourists.
Questions 11-14
Choose one phrase, A-H, from the list of phrases to complete each key point below.
Write the correct letters, A-H, in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.
The information in the completed sentences should be an accurate summary of
points made by the writer.
NB There are more phrases A-H than sentences so you will not use them all.
You may use any phrase more than once.
11. Our concept of tourism arises from .....................
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12. The media can be used to enhance .....................
13. People view tourist landscapes in a different way from .....................
14. Group tours encourage participants to look at .....................
List of Phrases
A
local people and their environment.
B
the expectations of tourists.
C
the phenomena of holidaymaking.
D
the distinction we make between work and leisure.
E
the individual character of travel.
F
places seen in everyday life.
G
photographs which recapture our holidays.
H
sights designed specially for tourists.
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13
Relationship
Link video bài học chi tiết: https://bit.ly/3uFY719
Bài 1: Điền các cụm từ sau đây và các chỗ trống thích hợp.
registered
civil
whose spouses pass
partnership
away
have welcomed
misled into
legal share
becoming
ever
more complicated
the change
receive
a
share
Widows or widowers (1) ____________________ without making a will are set to
receive a bigger inheritance payout from next month. If a person dies without making
a will, the amount left automatically to his or her spouse or civil partner is changing
from £125,000 to £250,000 where there are children.
Experts (2) ____________________ , which takes effect on February 1, but
emphasize that it is still important to make a wilt, particularly if you are unmarried or
separated
but
not
divorced.
However,
people
should
not
be
(3)
____________________ thinking that these changes mean that they do not need to
make a will. It still remains the case that unmarried couples are not entitled to
receive anything on the death of their other half if he or she has not made a will.
Modern family life is (4) ____________________, with second marriages and
children from more than one relationship. A will is the only way to ensure that those
you love or are obliged to care for are adequately provided for. After the spouse has
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received his or her (5) ____________________, the rest of the estate is shared by
children or grandchildren. If there are none, surviving parents will get a share. If
there are none of these, any brothers and sisters who shared the same two parents
as the deceased will (6) ____________________.
If your family circumstances have changed, it is important that you make or update a
will to ensure that your money and possessions are distributed according to your
wishes. For example, you may be separated and your ex-partner now lives with
someone else. If you are married or enter into a (7) ____________________, this will
invalidate any previous will you have made.
Bài 2: Nối từ ở cột bên trái với định nghĩa phù hợp của nó ở cột bên phải.
1. widow
a. a husband or wife, considered in relation to their partner
2. widower
(formal)
3. spouse
b. a former member of an established couple
4. will
c. to have stopped living together as a couple somebody's
5. inheritance
wife,
6. ex-partner
d. husband or partner
7. (be) separated
e. a person who has recently died
8. (be) divorced
f. a woman whose husband has died and who has not
9.
other
half
(informal)
10. estate
married again
g. money or property which you receive from somebody
who has died
11.
h. a man whose wife has died and who has not married again
deceased(noun)
i. A document is which a person declares what should be
12. invalidate
done with their money and property after they die
j. to be legally separated from a husband or wife because
the marriage has ended
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k. to prove that an argument, conclusion, or result is wrong
or cause it to
l. all the money and property somebody leaves behind them
when they die
Bài 3: Chọn nhan đề tương ứng cho mỗi đoạn sau
1. _____________
Nicholson defines the traditional family as the unit of parents with children who live
together'. The bond between husband and wife is seen as particularly important, and
the family feels itself to be separate from other kin. This family group is often
referred to as the nuclear family.
2. _____________
Traditional families have disadvantages:
● Because both partners now tend to work, they have tremendous time pressures,
making it difficult to carry out satisfactory and rewarding childcare.
● Children who are the victims of abuse by parents have relatively little opportunity
to turn to other relatives for help.
● Traditional families place a heavy burden of expectation on the partners, and,
with work and childcare commitments, it may be difficult for them to provide the
love and companionship each partner expects.
However, traditional families do have some advantages:
● Their small size tends to encourage intimacy between family members, and,
when the relationships work, they can be rewarding and long-lasting.
● Traditional families can be economically successful because they are not usually
expected to share their resources with others.
3. _____________
Having someone else's child stay overnight is quite a responsibility. Some children
begin having sleepovers with friends during the early school years, others still haven't
started by age 11. It is important not to start too early: just because they say they
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want to have a sleepover at someone else's house, doesn’t mean it's a good idea.
When there is a sleepover at your house, be prepared with some strategies to get
the children to stop talking and calm down. Agree lights out time in advance and
have some calmer activities before bedtime.
A. Advice for sleepovers
B.
The traditional family unit
C.
The advantages and disadvantages of traditional families
Bài 4: Làm theo các yêu cầu sau.
A. Hoàn thành các câu dưới đây với các giới từ sau.
for/ from/ in/ into/ of/ on/ over/ with
1.
Parents sometimes want to exercise too much control __________ their
children.
2.
Young people often perceive their parents as interfering too much__________
their lives.
3.
It is often better to negotiate responsibilities __________ adolescents than to
impose responsibilities __________ them.
4.
Children must learn to cooperate__________ others in order to achieve goals.
5.
In some countries such as Scotland, the age__________ criminal responsibility
is as low as ten.
6.
When setting standards__________ behavior, the child's level of maturity
needs to be taken __________ account.
7.
In order for children to distinguish right__________ wrong, they need to be
held accountable __________ their actions.
8.
Parents do not always behave__________ the best interests__________ their
children.
B. Hoàn thành các câu dưới bằng các cụm cho trước dưới đây.
Taken into account
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Interfering too much in their lives
Cooperate with others
Exercise too much control over
In the best interests of
1.
It is unethical if professionals do not act …………… their clients.
2.
If a child has a disability, this has to be …………… when deciding on a programme
of education.
3.
If you are applying for a job which requires teamwork, you need to demonstrate
that you are able to ……………
4.
When governments impose too many rules and regulations, people often
complain that the state is ……………
5.
If managers …………… their employees, workers may never develop the ability to
take initiative.
Bài 5: Đọc các đoạn văn và các tiêu đề dưới đây, sau đó chọn tiêu đề khớp với mỗi
đoạn văn.
Tiêu đề
i. Proteins might play a part in anaesthesia
ii. A hypothesis held before the 1980’s
iii. Effect of the two variables on proteins
iv. Findings made by Dr. Eckenhoff
v. How anaesthesia works
vi. Shapes of proteins
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Sleeping secrets
A
In 1846, a Bostonian dentist called William Morton removed a tumour from
the neck of a newspaper printer to whom he had administered ether. The printer felt
no pain. Ever since then, doctors have been trying to fathom exactly what causes the
curious state of unconsciousness, now known as anaesthesia, into which he lapsed.
B
For a long time, researchers in the field believed that anaesthetics worked
by dissolving in the fatty sheaths that insulate nerves. This, it was theorized, caused
them to interfere with the electrical signals that pass along those nerves. Since one
of the few things that anaesthetic chemicals seemed to have in common was a
tendency to dissolve in fats, and their solubility was related to their effectiveness,
that hypothesis looked good until the suggested electrical effects were measured in
the 1980s and discovered to be too small.
C
At around that time, however, another idea was becoming popular. This was
that anaesthetic combine with a critical proteins in the central nervous system and
bring them – and consciousness – grinding to a halt. Subsequent research has shown
that anaesthetics can, indeed, bind to protein molecules, and can sometimes affect
their function as a result. But nobody has yet identified the elusive proteins involved
in anaesthesia. In October, however, Roderic Eckenhoff, an anaesthesiologist at the
University of Pennsylvania, will publish a paper that may bring that identification
closer. Though he has not found the guilty proteins, he thinks he knows something
important about their characteristics, and thus how anaesthetics perform their trick.
D
Proteins consists of long chains of chemical links known as amino acids.
These chains, however, are usually folded up into more or less globular shapes which
are held steady by weak chemical bonds between adjacent parts of the chain.
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14
Wildlife
Link video bài học: https://bit.ly/3902v2y
I. READING
Bài 1: Hãy điền các từ cho sẵn vào chỗ trống thích hợp. Chia động từ nếu cần thiết.
be
pay
rise
work
… By 2030 the percentage of the population aged 65 or older (1)____________
significantly, to more than 30%. This means that fewer people (2)____________, and
therefore fewer people (3)____________ income tax. In the future it may be
necessary for governments to increase the official retirement age to 70 or even older.
When today’s 30-years-olds (4)____________ in their sixties it is unlikely that they
will enjoy the relaxed lifestyle that today’s older generation can expect when they
give up work.
Bài 2: Điền các từ dưới đây vào các câu phù hợp để tạo thành các cụm từ cố định
(Collocation).
Hoàn thành các câu sau bằng các từ dưới đây để tạo thành cụm danh từ phù hợp
animal
human
nature
natural
1.
It’s human_____________ to want to find a solution to our problems.
2.
Vegans do not use or eat any_____________ products.
3.
I would rather be served by a_____________ being than by a computer.
4.
I am constantly amazed by how beautiful and how destructive
mother_____________ can be.
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5.
Man is said to be the most dangerous creature of all the_____________
kingdom.
6.
Animals are much happier living in their_____________ habitat.
7.
Manmade disasters such as chemical spills can destroy the_____________
balance.
8.
In some countries prisoners are denied basic_____________ rights.
Bài 3: Nối nghĩa của các từ in đậm với nghĩa phía dưới tương ứng.
Other introduced species have proved similarly disastrous among native Australian
animals. Since the introduction of the cat, the fox and the rabbit from Europe, 19
species of native animals have become extinct and a further 250 species are
considered to be either endangered or vulnerable.
The modern-day approach to the biological control of pests is through genetically
modified crops. It remains to be seen whether this controversial method will have
any long-term repercussions, particularly in regards to the ecological balance of the
environment where they are grown. Some fear that insects may become resistant to
these new crops and therefore become even more difficult to control.
1. at risk
_________________
2. negative effects
_________________
3. to stop being affected by something _________________
4. at risk of dying out
_________________
5. no longer existing
_________________
6. crops whose genes have been scientifically changed _________________
7. extremely bad or unsuccessful _________________
8. the relationship between plants, animals, land, air, and water
_________________
Bài 4: Đọc đoạn văn sau và xác định những câu sau là đúng (True) hay sai (False).
Introduced species
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Since the birth of agriculture, farmers have tried to avoid using pesticides by
employing various biological methods to control nature. The first method involved
introducing a predator that would control pests by eating them. This was used
successfully in 1925 to control the prickly pear population in Australia. The prickly
pear had originally been used as a divider between paddocks. However, it eventually
spread from a few farms to 4 million hectares of farming land, rendering them
unusable. The Cactoblastis moth larvae was introduced to help control the situation
and within ten years, the prickly pear was virtually eradicated. Further attempts at
biological control weren't so successful. When farmers tried to eliminate the cane
beetle by introducing the South American cane toad, the results were catastrophic.
The cane toad did not eat the cane beetle and the toad population spread rapidly
leading to the decline of native species of mammals and reptiles.
1.
Farmers do not like using chemicals to kill pests. _______
2.
The prickly pear was planted as a type of barrier between fields. _______
3.
The Cactoblastis moth killed off nearly all prickly pear plants. _______
4.
The cane toad was a native species to Australia. _______
5.
Using the cane toad was very successful. _______
Bài 5: Thay những từ trong ô dưới đây vào những từ in đậm trọng đoạn text sao
cho nghĩa không đổi. Trả lời bằng cách viết số của từ được đánh dấu trong đoạn
văn bên cạnh các từ trong bảng.
Habitat
Ecological balance
Soil
Pesticides
Insects
Crops
Endangered
Become resistant to
Eradicate
Vegetation
Genetically modified
Agriculture
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Some farmers believe that growing 1 fruit and vegetables that have been 2 changed
so that their genes are different is a good way to 3 totally stop pests and improve
the quality of their produce. However, this type of
4
farming has both advantages
and disadvantages.
One of the advantages is that farmers can grow plants that produce a poison that is
harmful to 5 small animals like flies and caterpillars. This means that farmers will not
have to use
6
chemicals to kill these animals and so this should be better for the
surrounding environment and the
7
earth that plants grow in. As a result, it could
help to protect other 8 plants as well as the 9 living space of any animals in the area.
On the other hand, farmers usually only spray their fields once or twice per year but
these new plants would be toxic all year round. Furthermore, it is possible that over
time the pests may
10
stop being killed by the toxins and so the problem would be
worse than ever. The toxins may also be poisonous to other plants and animals and
this would upset the 11 way plants and animals live and grow together and may lead
to more animals becoming12 at risk of extinction.
USEFUL VOCABULARY
Ecological balance: cân bằng sinh thái
Insect (n): côn trùng
Soil (n): đất
Pesticide (n): thuốc trừ sâu
Endanger (v) : gây nguy hiểm
Modify (v): thay đổi sửa đổi
Eradicate (v): triệt tiêu
Agriculture (n): nông nghiệp
Vegetation (n): cây cỏ, cây cối
Extinction (n): sự tuyệt chủng
Resistant (adj) : kháng cự, có sức chịu đựng
Caterpillar(n) : sâu bướm
II. WRITING
Bài 1: Làm theo các yêu cầu sau.
A. Nối từ ở cột bên trái với nghĩa tương ứng của nó ở cột bên phải.
1.
volcano
a. a building where things are made using machines
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2.
acid rain
b. damage caused to nature by chemicals or waste
3.
glacier
c. the mixture of gases around the Earth
4.
factory
d. the measurement of heat or cold
5.
to harvest
e. a mountain with a hole at the top where lava comes out
6.
pollution
f. to explode
7.
to erupt
g. a large river of ice which moves slowly
8.
atmosphere
h. a form of energy that comes from a nuclear reaction
9.
temperature
i. rain which contains large amounts of harmful chemicals
10. radiation
j. to pick and collect crops or plants
B. Chọn các từ thích hợp ở phần A để điền vào các chỗ trống sau.
1. In summer it can be very hot here; the___________can reach 40°.
2. The plants were destroyed by___________from the factory.
3. Farmers___________their crops at the end of summer.
4. The volcano___________and lava started to flow down the mountain.
C. Sắp xếp những bước sau để tạo thành một quy trình hoàn chỉnh của việc hoa nở.
Sau đó sử dụng các từ trong bảng sau để hoàn thành quy trình đó. Hãy chia động
từ ở dạng bị động ở những chỗ phù hợp.
Plants (grow)
Flowers (pick)
Plants (water)
Seeds (plant)
Plants (die)
Plants (flower)
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1. Firstly/ The first stage of the process is that
______________________________________
2. Secondly,
_________________________________________________________________.
3. Next,
____________________________________________________________________.
4. Then,
_____________________________________________________________________.
5. After
that__________________________________________________________________.
6. Finally,
____________________________________________________________________.
Bài 2: Hãy viết bằng tiếng Anh với các yêu cầu sau đây.
1. Write four sentences about your most favorite animal.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_________.
2. Write two things you have done to protect the environment.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. Predict three things that you think may happen to the environment in 50 years.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________________
_________.
III. SPEAKING
Bài 1: Điền từ thích hợp trong bảng vào đoạn văn sau đây. Sau đó hãy thực hiện lại
cuộc hội thoại này với bạn ngồi cạnh.
volcanoes
waves
tremors
destruction
construction
stress
magnitude
James: So how about Italy? Do you have earthquakes?
Agostino: Yes, because we have a few active (1)______________, but mostly the
quakes are minor so we just get small (2)______________ you hardly notice.
James: And major earthquakes?
Agostino: Well, it is possible to have a (3)______________ 7 or 8 earthquake, yes.
James: Caused by sismic (4)______________ that come up to the surface?
Agostino: That’s right. They can lead to the (5)______________ of whole villages.
James: So when engineers are planning the (6)______________ of new buildings, do
they have to take potential quakes into account?
Agostino: Yes, definitely. The building has to sway, rather than break, under the
(7)______________ of a quake.
Bài 2: Hãy nói về chủ đề sau: “What is your most favorite season?”
Gợi ý:
1. Which season is it?
2. What is the weather like in that season?
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3. Why do you like it? (Name reasons such as activities you like to do or the weather
makes you feel comfortable,…)
4. How do you feel about that season?
Đáp án ở trang 145
Answer Key
Answer Key
Unit 1. Animals
Language Development. Exercise 1
1
farmland
2
insects
3
river valley
4
beehive
Language Development. Exercise 2
1
D
2
F
3
A
4
C
5
G
6
B
Language Development. Exercise 3
1
Noun
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2
Verb
3
Noun
4
Noun
5
Verb
6
Verb
7
Noun
Language Development. Exercise 4
1. Noun: British ornithologist
Relative clause: who has studied European bee-eaters for more than 45 years
Translate: Ông ấy là một nhà điểu học người Anh, người đã nghiên cứu những loài
ăn ong ở châu Âu trong hơn 45 năm.
2. Noun: Their journey
Relative clause: which is long and dangerous
Translate: Cuộc hành trình dài và nguy hiểm của họ xảy ra hàng năm.
3. Noun: A river valley
Relative clause: which is formed by the flow of a river
Translate: Thung lũng sông được hình thành bởi dòng chảy của sông là môi trường
sống tự nhiên của những loài ăn ong.
4. Noun: Bee-eaters’ breeding sites
Relative clause: which are usually located near river banks
Translate: Địa điểm sinh sản của những loài ăn ong thường nằm gần các bờ sông
đang dần biến mất.
Practice
1. insects
7. chicks
2. poison
8. pesticides
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3. river alleys
9. False
4. Africa
10. False
5. predators
11. True
6. tunnels
12. Not given
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Unit 2. Plants
Language Development. Exercise 1
1
d
4
f
2
e
5
b
3
c
6
a
Language Development. Exercise 2
1
Độ bền kéo
4
Thường xanh
2
Sinh cảnh
5
Nội nhũ
3
Sản vật
6
Chế phẩm
Language Development. Exercise 3
1
Bamboo
4
Foliage
2
Coconut
5
Seed
3
Cosmetics
6
Palm tree
Language Development. Exercise 4
1
Bamboo tends to grow in stands [which are] made up of groups of
individual plants that grow from root systems [which are] known as
rhizomes.
2
An important product [which is] obtained from the shell is charcoal.
3
Inside the shell are the nutrients [which are] needed by the
developing seed.
Practice. Passage 1
1
Food, habitat
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2
Soil erosion
3
Paper
4
Construction
Practice. Passage 2
1
Ropes
2
Charcoal
3
Bowls
4
Hormones
5
Cosmetics
6
Dynamite
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Unit 3. Education
Language Development. Exercise 1
1
B
2
D
3
A
4
C
5
A
Language Development. Exercise 2
1
C
2
A
3
A
4
B
5
D
Language Development. Exercise 3 (suggested answer)
1
Consequently, he got into an accident.
2
In addition, you can also use it to chat with friends.
3
In contrast, he also likes playing video games.
4
However, he can only afford a motorcycle.
5
Specifically, he loves smoking cigarettes and partying.
Language Development. Exercise 4
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1
C
2
F
3
B
4
A
5
D
Practice
1. guiding principles and rules
6. T
2. mentor
7. T
3. patterns of behavior/patterns
8. F
4. complex
9. NG
5. knowledge
10. T
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Unit 4. Children
Language Development. Exercise 1
1
A
2
B
3
B
4
C
5
A
Language Development. Exercise 2
1
Academic performance
2
Playful
3
Problem-solver
4
Self-control
5
Emotional development
Language Development. Exercise 3
1
Written
2
Living
3
Invited
4
Cheating
Language Development. Exercise 4
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1
Most of those who tried to get tickets to BTS concert were
unsuccessful.
2
The student who are chosen as winner will get a prize.
3
The saplings which are planted today will one day grow into huge
trees.
4
People who arrived late were not allowed to take the test.
Practice
1
Self-discipline
2
Score
3
Demonstrate
4
Growth
5
Watching
6
Health
7
Diseases
8
TRUE
9
TRUE
10
NOT GIVEN
11
FALSE
12
TRUE
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Unit 5. Technology
Language Development. Exercise 1
1
F
2
A
3
B
4
C
5
H
6
G
7
D
Language Development. Exercise 2
1
conversion
2
revolution
3
investigation
4
invention
5
hardware
6
wheel
7
progress
Language Development. Exercise 3
1. service
6. truth
2. decision
7. useful
3. affordable
8. comparison
4. requirements
9. judgement
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5. valuable
10. investment
Practice
1. F
7. destructive
2. NG
8. devastating
3. F
9. DNA
4. F
10. condition
5. T
11. definition
6. NG
12. needs
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Unit 6. Science
Language Development. Exercise 1
1
Gene
6
Accumulate
2
Disorder
7
Excess
3
Expenditure
8
Obesity
4
Primarily
9
Life expectancy
5
Adverse
Language Development. Exercise 2
1
obesity
6
accumulate
2
expenditure
7
primarily
3
adverse
8
gene
4
life expectancy
9
excess
5
disorder
Language Development. Exercise 3
1
This dish is brought to me (by the waiter).
2
These postcards are sent to us (by our friend).
3
This story was told to them (by their grandmother) when they
visited her last week.
4
This train ticket was ordered for Tim’s mother.
5
The special cameras weren’t showed to me.
6
Her ticket was showed to the airline agent (by her).
7
This cake was baked by Jim yesterday.
8
A new apartment is going to be bought next year.
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9
The first prize was awarded to the reporter by the board.
10
Have the Christmas cards been sent to your family by you?
Language Development. Exercise 4
1
When will the work be done?
2
How is this problem going to be dealt?
3
How is this amount of money spent?
4
I wonder whether Susan or Jane will be chosen by the board of
directors for the position.
5
How was the lost man found by the police?
Practice
1
Life expectancy
6
F
2
Weight, height
7
F
3
Dieting
8
F
4
Intragastric balloon
9
T
5
Wealth, fertility
10
NG
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Unit 7. Language
Language Development. Exercise 1
1
Alphabet
6
Native
2
Mother tongue
7
Circumstance
3
Consideration
8
Relevant
4
Pronunciation
9
Diplomat
5
Influence
10
Embassy
Language Development. Exercise 2
1
alphabet
6
consideration
2
relevant
7
circumstance
3
embassy
8
native
4
mother tongue
9
pronunciation
5
diplomat
10
influence
Language Development. Exercise 3
1
Boring
9
rivalry
2
Ambitious
10
Decision
3
Excited
11
Awfully
4
Traditionally
12
disgusted
5
Decorator
13
tolerantly
6
Presentation
14
wrestler
7
Interested
15
pickled
8
Determined
Practice
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1
F
7
NG
2
NG
8
F
3
T
9
Teachers
4
T
10
Hungarian
5
NG
11
48
6
F
12
Pronunciation
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Unit 8. Environment
Language Development. Exercise 1
1
ecosystem
2
fertile
3
climate change
4
crop
5
degradation
Language Development. Exercise 2
1
C
2
A
3
D
4
F
5
B
Language Development. Exercise 3
1
the new videogame console
2
little boy
3
some competitive athletes
4
Very few giant pandas
5
a meal for ten people
Language Development. Exercise 4
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1
young
2
open
3
handsome
4
campus
5
hungry
Practice
1. B
5. minerals
2. A
6. carbon
3. B
7. water
4. A
8. agriculture
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Unit 9. Business
Language Development. Exercise 1
1
B
2
B
3
A
4
D
5
C
Language Development. Exercise 2
1
d
2
a
3
e
4
b
5
c
Language Development. Exercise 3
1
what you wore to prom last night
2
The fact that he cheated on her
3
What you said about her behind her back
4
that he wants to go abroad
5
when I confessed to my crush.
Language Development. Exercise 4
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1
that
2
that
3
whoever
4
whether (or not)
5
how
Practice
1
E
2
D
3
B
4
D
5
C
6
C
7
A
8
B
9
D
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Unit 10. History
Language Development. Exercise 1
1
B
2
D
3
A
4
C
5
F
Language Development. Exercise 2
1
saddle
2
sledge
3
ox and cart
4
shield
5
rivet
Language Development. Exercise 3
1
gunwale
2
mast
3
stern
Language Development. Exercise 4
1
The Nydam boat, which was found in 1863 in Southern Jutland, dates from
the fifth century.
2
The Gokstad ship, which was found in 1880 in Sandefjorde, Norway, is 79ft
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long.
3
The Ladby ship, which was believed to date from the 10th century, was
unearthed in 1935 in Funen, Denmark.
Practice
1. O
4. G
7. N
2. L
5. L
8. L
3. O
6. G
9. N
Unit 11: Health
Language Development. Exercise 1
1
treatment
2
longevity
3
diet
4
vigor
5
mortal
Language Development. Exercise 2
1
E
2
C
3
A
4
B
5
D
Practice
Questions 1-5
1
No
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2
Yes
3
Yes
4
Not given
5
Yes
Questions 6-10
1
A
2
B
3
C
4
A
5
B
Unit 12: Tourism
Language Development. Exercise 1
1
encounter
2
cope with
3
was reinforced
4
anticipation
5
holidaymakers
Language Development. Exercise 2
1
A
2
B
3
C
4
B
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5
A
Practice
Questions 1-5
1
iii
2
v
3
iv
4
vii
5
viii
Questions 6-10
6
No
7
Yes
8
Not Given
9
Yes
10
Not Given
Questions 11-14
11
D
12
B
13
F
14
H
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Unit 13: Relationship
Bài 1
1. whose spouses pass away
2. have welcomed the change
3. misled into
4. becoming ever more complicated
5. legal share
6. receive a share
7. registered civil partnership
Bài 2
1f, 2h, 3a, 4i, 5g, 6b, 7c, 8j, 9d, 101,11 e, 12k
Bài 3
1. The traditional family unit 2. The advantages and disadvantages of traditional
families
3. Advice for sleepovers
Bài 4
1. over; 2. in; 3. with, on; 4. with;
5. of; 6. of, into; 7. from, for; 8. in, of
Bài 5
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A. v; B. ii; C. i; D. vi
Unit 14: Widlife
READING
B1
will have risen – will be working – will be paying - are
B2
1. nature
2. Animal
3. Human
4. Nature
5. Animal
6. Natural
7. Natural
8. Human
B3
1. Vulnerable
2. Repercussions
3. Become resistant
4. Endangered
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5. Extinct
6. Generally modified
7. Disastrous
8. Ecological balance
B4
1. True
2. True
3. True
4. False
5. False
B5
1. Crops
2. Genetically modified
3. Eradicate
4. Agriculture
5. Insects
6. Pesticides
7. Soil
8. Vegetation
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9. Habitat
10. Become resistant to
11. Ecological balance
12. Endangered
WRITING
B1
A.
1. e
2. i
3. g
4. a
5. j
6. b
7. f
8. c
9. d
10. h
B.
1. temperature ; 2. pollution; 3. harvest; 4. erupted
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C.
1. Seeds are planted
2. Plants are watered
3. Plants grow
4. Plants flower
5. Flowers are picked
6. Plants die
SPEAKING
volcanoes – tremors – magnitude – waves – destruction - stress.
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