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History of science and Ancient Civilizations
The history of science covers the development of science from ancient
times to the present. It encompasses all three major branches of
.science: natural, social, and formal
The earliest roots of science can be traced to Ancient Egypt and
Mesopotamia in around 3000 to 1200 BCE. Their contributions to
mathematics, astronomy, and medicine entered and shaped Greek
natural philosophy of classical antiquity, whereby formal attempts were
made to provide explanations of events in the physical world based on
natural causes. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, knowledge
of Greek conceptions of the world deteriorated in Latin-speaking
Western Europe during the early centuries (400 to 1000 CE) of the
Middle Ages,but continued to thrive in the Greek-speaking Eastern
Roman (or Byzantine) Empire. Aided by translations of Greek texts, the
Hellenistic worldview was preserved and absorbed into the Arabicspeaking Muslim world during the Islamic Golden Age.[5] The recovery
and assimilation of Greek works and Islamic inquiries into Western
Europe from the 10th to 13th century revived the learning of natural
.philosophy in the West
Natural philosophy was transformed during the Scientific Revolution in
16th- to 17th-century Europe,as new ideas and discoveries departed
from previous Greek conceptions and traditions. The New Science that
emerged was more mechanistic in its worldview, more integrated with
mathematics, and more reliable and open as its knowledge was based
on a newly defined scientific method. More "revolutions" in subsequent
centuries soon followed. The chemical revolution of the 18th century, for
instance, introduced new quantitative methods and measurements for
chemistry. In the 19th century, new perspectives regarding the
conservation of energy, age of the Earth, and evolution came into focus.
And in the 20th century, new discoveries in genetics and physics laid the
foundations for new subdisciplines such as molecular biology and
particle physics. Moreover, industrial and military concerns as well as the
increasing complexity of new research endeavors soon ushered in the
.era of "big science," particularly after the Second World War
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Pre-17th century (Famous scientists) Hippocrates (460 –377 BC)the
father of modern medicineAristotle (384 –322 BC)botany, zoology,
physics, astronomy, chemistry, meteorology and geometryEuclid (325
–265 BC)father of modern geometry,His book ‘Elements‘ provided the
basis of mathematics into the Twentieth
Century.https://www.biographyonline.net/scientis
Pre-17th century (Famous scientists) Archimedes (287 –212 BC)worked
out Pi and developed the Archimedes screw for lifting up water from
mines or wells.Leonardo DaVinci(1452 –1519) Renaissance man,made
many discoveries and inventions but some of his contributions were not
actually used.Nicholas Copernicus(1473- 1543)A Renaissance
mathematician and astronomer who formulated a heliocentric view of the
universe. His book On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres (1543)
was one of the major moments of the Scientific
Revolution.https://www.biographyonline.net/scientis
th century (Famous scientists) Johannes Keplerséparer science,17
religion et philosophie Galileo Galileil'univers est écrit en langue
mathématique René Descartes Je suppose que le corps n’est autre
qu’une statue ou machine de terre […]. Dieu met au-dedans toutes les
pièces requises pour faire qu’elle marche, qu'elle mange, qu’elle
respire... » (Traité de
L’homme,1633).https://www.herodote.net/XVIIe_siecle-synthese1895.php
th century (Famous scientists) https://www.herodote.net/XVIIe_siecle-17
synthese-1895.phpJohn RayHistoria plantarum generalisBlaise
PascalBinomial coefficientscientific method and methodical scientific
inquiry in investigating scientific
phenomena.https://www.biographyonline.net/scientis
th century (Famous scientists) Antonie van Leeuwenhoekdiscovering18
single-celled organisms and also observing muscle fibres, blood flow
and bacteria. Developed the microscope which helped his own
discoveries.Sir Isaac Newtonstudies in mathematics, optics, physics,
and astronomy. Principia Mathematica, published in 1687. Laid the
foundations for classical mechanics, explaining the law of gravity and the
Laws of Motion.https://www.biographyonline.net/scientis
th century (Famous scientists) James Wattimproved the Newcomen18
steam engine creating an efficient steam engine, which was essential for
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the industrial revolution.Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisierdiscovered
hydrogen and Oxygen and showed the role of Oxygen in
combustion.https://www.biographyonline.net/scientis
th century (Famous scientists) Charles babbageinventor of the first19
mechanical computers.Michael Faradaythe fields of electromagnetic
induction, diamagnetism, electrolysis and electro-chemistry. Discovered
Carbon and Chlorine.https://www.biographyonline.net/scientis
th century (Famous scientists) Charles Darwindeveloped the theory of19
evolution against a backdrop of disbelief and scepticism. Collected
evidence over 20 years, and published conclusions in On the Origin of
Species (1859).Louis Pasteurdeveloping cures for rabies, anthrax and
other infectious diseases. Also enabled the process of pasteurisation to
make milk safer to drink.https://www.biographyonline.net/scientis
th century (Famous scientists) George Mendelthe founder of modern19
genetics for his discoveries about plant breeding and rules of
heredity.Emil Fischer Won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1902 for his
research into the chemical composition of purines and
sugars.https://www.biographyonline.net/scientis
th century (Famous scientists) Alfred Nobelchemist, engineer,20
innovator, and armaments manufacturer. Nobel invented dynamite and
held 350 other patents, including for a gas meter. Dmitri Mendeleev
Formulated the Periodic Law and standardised the Periodic Table of
Elements which is still used today. Mendeleev wrote Principles of
Chemistry (1868–1870) a classic textbook for many
decades.https://www.biographyonline.net/scientis
th century (Famous scientists) Alfred Nobelchemist, engineer,20
innovator, and armaments manufacturer. Nobel invented dynamite and
held 350 other patents, including for a gas meter. Dmitri Mendeleev
Formulated the Periodic Law and standardised the Periodic Table of
Elements which is still used today. Mendeleev wrote Principles of
Chemistry (1868–1870) a classic textbook for many
decades.https://www.biographyonline.net/scientis
th century (Famous scientists) Sigmund Freud new science of20
psychoanalysis. Marie CurieDiscovered radiation and helped to apply it
in the field of X-ray. She won Nobel Prize in both Chemistry and
Physics.https://www.biographyonline.net/scientis
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th century (Famous scientists) Albert Einsteinrevolutionised modern20
physics with his general theory of relativity. Won Nobel Prize in Physics
(1921) for his discovery of the Photoelectric effect, which formed the
basis of Quantum Theory.Max Plankcontributed to the development of
Quantum Mechanics. Awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in
1918.https://www.biographyonline.net/scientis
th century (Famous scientists) Ernest Rutherford Nobel Prize in20
Chemistry for his work into radioactivi
Definition of Science
Science is defined as the observation, identification, description,
experimental investigation, and theoretical explanation of natural
phenomena.Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary gives the definition of
science as "knowledge attained through study or practice "or "
knowledge covering general truths of the operation of general laws, esp.
as obtained and tested through scientific method [and] concerned with
". the physical world
: Here are some other common definitions of science
A branch of knowledge or study dealing with a body of facts or truths
systematically arranged and showing the operation of general laws: for
example, mathematical science
Systemic knowledge of the physical or material world gained through
observationsand experimentation
Systematized knowledge in general
Any of the particular branches of natural or physical sciences
Knowledge of facts or principles; knowledge gained by systematic study
Skill especially reflecting a precise application of facts or principle
The word Science comes from Latin word "scientia" meaning
"knowledge" and in the broadest sense it is any systematic knowledgebase or prescriptive practice capable of resulting in prediction. Science
.can also be understood as a highly skilled technique or practice
In more contemporary terms, science is a system of acquiring
knowledge based on the scientific process or method in order to
.organize a body of knowledge gained through research
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Science is a continuing effort to discover and increase knowledge
through research. Scientists make observations, record measureable
data related to their observations, and analyze the information at hand to
.construct theoretical explanations of the phenomenon involved
The methods involved in scientific research include making a hypothesis
and conducting experiments to test the hypothesis under controlled
conditions. In this process, scientists publish their work so other
scientists can repeat the experiment and further strengthen the reliability
.of results
Scientific fields are broadly divided into natural sciences (the study of
natural phenomena) and social sciences (the study of human behavior
and society). However, in both these divisions, knowledge is obtained
through observation and must be capable of being tested for its validity
.by other researchers working under similar conditions
There are some disciplines like health science and engineering that are
.grouped into interdisciplinary and applied sciences
Most scientific investigations use some form of the scientific method.
The scientific method tries to explain the events of nature in a
reproducible way, eventually allowing researchers to formulate testable
.predictions
Scientists make observations of natural phenomenon and then through
experimentation they try to simulate natural events under controlled
conditions. Based on observations, a scientist may generate a model
and then attempt to describe or depict the phenomenon in terms of
.mathematical or logical representation
Scientist will then gather the necessary empirical evidence to generate a
.hypothesis to explain the phenomenon
This hypothesis is used to form predictions which in turn will be tested by
experiment or observations using the scientific method. Statistical
analysis is commonly used to interpret results of experiments, and
evaluations are made to decide whether a hypothesis should be
accepted, rejected, or merely examined again with modifications. This
inspires ongoing research and the overall accumulation of knowledge in
.that particular field of science
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