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– 20-latest-2023-2024
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Test Bank for Nursing Research in Canada 5th
Edition Singh Chapter 1 – 20-latest-2023-2024
TEST BANK FOR NURSING RESEARCH IN CANADA, 4TH EDITION
by Mina Singh, RN, RP, BSc, BScN MEd, PhD, I-FCNEI, Cherylyn Cameron, RN, PhD,
Geri LoBiondo-Wood, PhD, RN, FAAN and Judith Haber, PhD, RN, FAAN
TABLE OF CONTENT
Part I: Research Overview Research Vignette: A Program of Research in Transcultural Nursing
1. The Role of Research in Nursing
2. Theoretical Framework
3. Critical Reading Strategies: Overview of the Research Process
4. Developing Research Questions, Hypotheses, and Clinical Questions
5. Finding and Appraising the Literature
6. Legal and Ethical Issues
Part II: Qualitative Research Research Vignette: Creating Qualitatively Derived Knowledge for a Practice Discipline
7. Introduction to Qualitative Research
8. Qualitative Approaches to Research
Part III: Quantitative Research Research Vignette: Tackling the Prevention of Falls Among Older Adults
9. Introduction to Quantitative Research
10. Experimental and Quasiexperimental Designs
11. Non-experimental Designs
Part IV: Processes Related to Research Research Vignette: Partnering with parents to reduce newborn pain - evidence and implementation
12. Sampling
13. Data Collection Methods
14. Rigour in Research
15. Qualitative Data Analysis
16. Quantitative Data Analysis
17. Presenting the Findings
Part V: Critiquing Research Research Vignette: A Program of Research
18. Critiquing Qualitative Research
19. Critiquing Quantitative Research
Part VI: Application of Research: Evidence-Informed Practice Research Vignette: From my Ph.D. to her Post-Doctoral studies: Building a
Survivorship Cancer Care Program
20. Developing an Evidence-Informed Practice Research Vignette: Social Support Needs of Older Adults
Chapter 01: The Role of Research in Nursing
LoBiondo-Wood: Nursing Research in Canada, 4th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. A key step to the development of nursing research was
a. the endowment of nursing research chairs.
b. universities offering baccalaureate nursing programs.
c. a baccalaureate degree becoming the entry to practice.
d. the Canadian Nurses Association developing a research mandate.
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Endowment of nursing research chairs did not occur until the number of nurses
with PhD degrees increased.
Universities offering baccalaureate nursing programs provided an introduction to
research within the BScN programs and led to further nursing education at the
MSN and PhD levels.
Baccalaureate degrees becoming the entry to practice did not occur until the
twenty-first century.
The Canadian Nurses Association did not develop a research mandate until the
end of the twentieth century.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
2. How is nursing research significant to the profession of nursing?
a. Responsibility is more specifically defined.
b. Liability within the practice of nursing is decreased.
c. A specialized body of knowledge is generated for use in the delivery of health care.
d. The scope of nursing practice is expanded into areas formerly reserved for other
disciplines.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Research aids in documenting accountability of nurses, but professional
guidelines regarding responsibility already exist.
Liability is a legal concept. Research does not promote liability.
Theory-based nursing research provides a foundation for evidence-informed
nursing care.
Nursing research expands the discipline of nursing as it pertains to nursing
practice.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
3.
Why are nursing practice–oriented scientific investigations valuable?
a. They validate the effectiveness of particular nursing interventions.
b. They encourage consumers to question the quality of health care.
c. They limit the theory base for clinical decision making.
d. They mandate health care reform.
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Practice-focused research supports the effectiveness of nursing interventions and
reinforces quality of nursing care.
On the contrary, they help reassure consumers about the quality of health care.
They support the development of the theory base for clinical decision making.
They reinforce the effectiveness of current nursing practice.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
4. When a change in nursing practice results in decreased cost of care, what additional factor
must be considered before general implementation of this change?
a. Ensuring compliance of the change by nurses with diverse educational
backgrounds
b. Maintaining or improving the quality of care resulting from the change in practice
c. Encouraging patients to be active partners in their health care decisions
d. Disseminating the change beyond the discipline of nursing
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Not all nurses are responsible for supervising compliance with new measures.
Nurses are accountable to maintain quality patient care despite cost-cutting
measures.
Nurses should encourage patient participation in care despite cost-cutting
measures.
Nurses are not responsible for reforming other disciplines.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
5. Why do nurses who do not conduct research need to understand the nursing research process?
a. To identify potential participants for clinical research studies
b. To assist in collecting accurate data for clinical research studies
c. To teach patients and families about the usefulness of participation in research
d. To be able to evaluate nursing research reports for relevance to their own clinical
practice
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Nurses who do not conduct research would not influence participant
identification.
Nurses who do not conduct research would not influence data collection.
Nurses who do not conduct research would not influence participant recruitment.
Nurses should be able to understand the research process by reading research
reports and determining if they should modify their practice based on research
evidence.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
6. How are nursing theory and nursing research related?
a. Nursing theory and nursing research are independent of each other and have no
direct relationship.
b. Without nursing theory, research conducted by nurses would not have an impact on
nursing practice.
c. Nursing research drives the direction and specific content of nursing theory.
d. Both advance the knowledge base of nursing.
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Theory and research are related to each other.
Research studies may be conducted without a clear theoretical framework and
still influence practice.
Quantitative nursing research tests nursing theory but does not influence content.
Theory and nursing research both influence how nursing practice is conducted.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
7. Which action demonstrates the role of an intelligent consumer of nursing research?
a. Designing a research study
b. Analyzing data to determine outcomes
c. Evaluating the credibility of the research findings
d. Replicate the study in another setting to confirm the findings
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
A consumer applies research to practice. Consumers are not responsible for
designing a study.
A consumer does not conduct data analysis of a study. The study’s primary
investigator analyzes data.
A consumer of nursing research needs to understand the research process to
determine the merit and relevance of evidence for research studies.
A consumer can apply research findings to practice but does not have to replicate
the study itself.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Evaluation
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
8. In designating research functions to nursing staff, which of the following functions would you
designate to a staff registered nurse?
a. Protecting human participants by promoting the ethical principles of research
b. Providing expert consultation about the way in which clinical services are
delivered
c. Developing methods to monitor the quality of nursing practice in the clinical
setting
d. Providing leadership by assisting others in applying scientific knowledge in
nursing practice
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
All nurses are responsible for protecting human participants in research.
Nurses are at the bedside implementing protocols. Expert consultation is
reserved for MSN- or PhD-level nurses.
Developing methods is reserved for nurses with advanced education.
Providing leadership is reserved for nurses with advanced education.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
9. Which of the following statements regarding the role of the nurse in research is true?
a. Nurses must be prepared at the baccalaureate level or higher to have any role in
nursing research.
b. Master’s-prepared nurses (those with MSN, MN, or MS degrees) are primarily
responsible for using the findings of nursing research in clinical practice.
c. One role of the registered nurse is to identify issues in clinical practice that are
suitable for research.
d. Regardless of nursing education, the only nurse who should interpret research
findings is the one who has the most comprehensive understanding of statistical
analysis methods.
ANS: C
A
B
C
Feedback
Having a role in nursing research or implementing findings is not limited to
BScN and MSN nurses only.
Master’s-prepared nurses can provide leadership to supervise how research
findings are applied in the clinical area. All levels of nurses can apply research
findings to practice.
Nurses should have an awareness of the relevance of nursing research and ask
clinical questions.
D
Data analysis is usually conducted by an MSN- or PhD-level nurse.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
10. Which of Florence Nightingale’s actions formed the foundation for modern-day nursing
research methods?
Establishing the St. Thomas Hospital School of Nursing in England
Writing the curricula for the nineteenth–century nurse training programs
Lobbying the British parliament to enact changes in law for better health care
Collecting data systematically on the health status of British soldiers during the
Crimean War
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Establishing a school of nursing is not a form of scientific investigation.
Developing curricula is not a form of scientific investigation.
Lobbying a parliament is more about advocacy and health care reform.
Systematic, objective data collection during the Crimean War formed the basis
for modern-day nursing research methods.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
11. What was the focus of most nursing research studies conducted during the first half of the
twentieth century?
Nursing education methods and outcomes
Effects of sanitation on health promotion and disease prevention
Use of epidemiology as a method of identifying risk for specific illnesses
Identification of the most effective means to disseminate positive findings from
nursing research
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Nursing education has been documented to have been the focus of nursing
research in the early twentieth century.
Disease prevention was a focus in the 1960s.
Florence Nightingale used epidemiology in her early research.
Dissemination of nursing research findings grew in the 1980s.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
12. What was the outcome of the 1932 Weir report?
a. Recognition of research as part of the roles and responsibilities of the registered
nurse
b. Recommendation of changes to improve standards of education and practice
c. Establishment of multiple entry levels to the nursing profession
d. Publication of the Canadian Journal of Nursing
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The focus was on advancing the delivery of nursing education to improve
practice.
The Weir report identified serious problems in nursing education that affected
nursing practice.
The standardization of BScN, MSN, and PhD programs was suggested, but it
took 50 years for its full adoption.
No publication called the Canadian Journal of Nursing exists.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
13. What action or strategy can limit the depth of nursing research?
a. Addressing physiological and psychological responses to actual or potential health
problems
b. Employing both qualitative methods and quantitative methods in the same study
c. Developing programs of research that build on prior investigations
d. Using singular measures to assess phenomena
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Addressing the physical and psychological aspects of a phenomenon provides
depth to research outcomes.
Multiple-method studies can provide greater depth of understanding of a
phenomenon.
Building on prior research allows for deeper exploration of human phenomena.
Using a single measure will not allow a researcher to examine the complexity of
human phenomena.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
14. Which of the following is the overall value of developing evidence-informed nursing practice?
a. Demonstration of how nursing makes a difference in patient outcomes
b. Implementation of the most cost-effective nursing practice patterns
c. Separation of nursing research from the research of other disciplines
d. Development of new nursing theories
ANS: B
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Evidence-informed practice provides a research foundation for nursing
interventions.
Implementation of more cost-effective nursing interventions may occur based on
evidence, but it is not the overall value of developing evidence-informed nursing
practice.
Developing a unique body of nursing knowledge is important but is not the
overall value of developing evidence-informed nursing practice.
Developing nursing theory is important, but evidence-informed nursing practice
is focused on the more concrete aspects of clinical practice.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
15. How does an international research perspective contribute to the discipline and science of
nursing?
By unifying the definition of the term health
By increasing the dissemination potential of research findings
By emphasizing the cultural aspects of nursing care
By testing innovative and cost-effective patient care delivery models
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Nursing models can be tested in a variety of settings, which strengthens the
credibility of the evidence. Health is a subjective term.
Dissemination of findings is one of the benefits of an international perspective,
but the primary focus is testing of models.
Emphasis on cultural considerations is one of the benefits of an international
perspective, but the primary focus is testing of models.
An international research perspective can lead to the formation of a global
research community.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
16. Which of the following is the identified priority for future nursing research efforts?
a. Improvement in patient quality of life
b. Cost containment of health care delivery
c. Promotion of excellence in nursing science
d. Promotion of advanced education in nursing
ANS: C
A
B
C
Feedback
Patient quality of life is a desired outcome but not the identified priority for
future nursing research.
Cost containment is not the identified priority for future nursing research.
Nursing is rising to the challenge of developing the science to improve health
D
care. Advancing nursing science is therefore a priority.
Promotion of advanced education in nursing is not the identified priority for
future nursing research.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
17. Review the information from four abstracts below and identify which study is an example of
outcome-based research.
a. This study used a school-based community sample (N = 920) to examine
trajectories of depressive symptoms, self-esteem, and expressed anger in the
critical years of emerging adulthood (ages 18 to 25).
b. To identify reasons for lower organ donation rates by knowledge and attitudes
about brain death, donation, and transplantation and trust in the health care system
were examined.
c. An exploratory study was undertaken with a racially diverse group of custodial
grandfathers to fill a gap in the literature about the vulnerability for elder abuse,
exploitation, and neglect as expressed by older Indigenous, Caucasian, and South
Asian custodial grandfathers.
d. A multicentre, international clinical trial was conducted in 3,500 patients with
documented coronary heart disease to determine whether a brief education and
counselling intervention delivered by a nurse can reduce prehospital delay in the
face of symptoms.
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Exploration of anger in adulthood is not an outcomes research study.
Surveying families about consent for organ donation is not an outcomes research
study.
Exploration of elder abuse is not an outcomes research study.
Outcomes research examines how nursing interventions affect patient outcomes.
This study examines the effectiveness of nursing interventions.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Evaluation
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
18. Why should a nursing research study that demonstrates a positive outcome for a specific
intervention be replicated before the intervention can be accepted for implementation?
a. Findings that are reproducible in a series of replicated studies increase the
generalizability of the results.
b. Being able to replicate existing studies increases the opportunity for nurses to be
involved in nursing research.
c. Replicated studies provide more data for statistical analysis and measurement of
reliability.
d. If a high level of significance is associated with the study results, replication is
unnecessary.
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Studies that can be replicated in and generalized to many settings demonstrate
the reliability of the study results.
Replication is not an excuse for involving nurses in research.
Multiple replications of a study will neither generate new data nor ensure
reliability.
Even studies that have a high level of significance should be replicated.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
19. How is using multiple measures to assess a clinical phenomenon useful to nursing research or
practice?
a. When multiple measures are used, qualitative data and quantitative data are always
obtained.
b. Using multiple measures reduces the number of participants needed in a sample
size to reach statistical significance.
c. Comparison of various methods of measurement may reduce the need to use
invasive methods in measuring physical parameters in future studies.
d. The results of studies using multiple measures to assess a clinical phenomenon are
more likely to be published in journals other than nursing journals as well.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Not all studies that have multiple measures use both quantitative and qualitative
approaches.
Using multiple measures does not reduce the number of participants in a study.
Qualitative data help provide essential descriptive data on how patients
experience a particular phenomenon.
Multiple-method studies should be conducted with the intent of disseminating
the results through professional nursing journals.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
20. Taking into account the future priorities of nursing research, which of the following studies
would most likely be funded by the Canadian Health Services Research Foundation
(CHSRF)? A study to
a. examine trajectories of depressive symptoms, self-esteem, and expressed anger in
the critical years of emerging adulthood (ages 18 to 25).
b. identify reasons for lower organ donation rates
c. fill a gap in the literature about the vulnerability for elder abuse, exploitation, and
neglect as expressed by older Indigenous, Caucasian, and South Asian e custodial
grandfathers.
d. determine whether a brief education and counselling intervention delivered by a
nurse can reduce prehospital delay in the face of symptoms.
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
While mental health is a priority of CHSRF, this study is not the most likely to
be funded.
Organ donation is not a priority for CHSRF at this time.
Older adults are considered a vulnerable population and studies relevant to this
population are a priority of CHSRF; however, interventions studies are granted
higher priority.
Intervention studies that examine ways to improve service and health among
those suffering with chronic illness are of the highest priority to CHSRF.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
Chapter 02: Theoretical Framework
LoBiondo-Wood: Nursing Research in Canada, 4th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following definitions of paradigm is correct?
a. A way of linking the naturalistic world to empirical thought
b. Philosophical beliefs that influence the way people in a society think about the
world
c. A model that captures the interaction of specific variables within a known concept
d. A concept that encompasses the integration of “wholeness,” spirituality, and
personal worth into scientific thought
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Paradigms vary for naturalistic and empirical worlds.
Philosophical beliefs that influence the way people in a society think about the
world defines the term paradigm.
A model that captures the interaction of specific variables within a known
concept describes positivist approaches to research.
A concept that encompasses the integration of “wholeness,” spirituality, and
personal worth into scientific thought is not a definition of the term paradigm; it
describes a specific paradigm.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
2. Which of the following is the correct definition of theory?
a. The assumptions and beliefs of the “worldview” of the researcher
b. A set of interrelated concepts that provides a systematic view of a phenomenon
c. The specific and measurable premise or assumption based on which the rationale
for research direction is established
d. A researcher’s “best guess” of the expected direction of the relationship between
independent and dependent variables
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The worldview of a researcher does not define theory.
Theory is defined as a set of interrelated concepts that provides a systematic
view of a phenomenon.
Measurable assumptions could be considered propositions that are associated
with a theory.
The researcher’s best guess as to the direction of a relationship is called a
hypothesis.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
3. During a class examination, the course instructor notes that a student who usually does poorly
in class tests has shaking hands, knocks over a bottle of water, breaks the points of two
pencils, makes many erasures, and wrinkles her computer score sheet. The instructor
concludes that the student has test anxiety. What type of reasoning is demonstrated by the
instructor?
a. Inductive reasoning
b. Deductive reasoning
c. Theoretical reasoning
d. Faulty reasoning
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Inductive reasoning involves using the details of an experience to create a
general picture.
Deductive reasoning takes theory and moves to more specific details.
Theoretical reasoning is not a type of logical reasoning.
The instructor did not use faulty reasoning.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
4. What is the major difference between inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning?
a. Inductive reasoning is theory driven, and deductive reasoning is independent of
theory.
b. Deductive reasoning forms the basis for qualitative research, and inductive
reasoning forms the basis for quantitative research.
c. Deductive reasoning is an unconscious approach in which intuition, rather than
logical, is the key feature, whereas inductive reasoning encompasses a more
logical and systematic approach to problem identification.
d. Inductive reasoning starts with observed details that lead to a general structure or
picture, whereas deductive reasoning begins with a structure or picture that guides
the search for associated details.
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Inductive reasoning can develop theory. Deductive reasoning tests theory.
Deductive reasoning is used in quantitative research, and inductive reasoning is
used in qualitative research.
Deductive research uses a logical, systemic approach to problem identification.
Inductive reasoning moves from specific to general, while deductive reasoning
moves from general to specific.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
5. How are theory and practice interrelated?
a. Practice is the operational definition of theory.
b. Practice provides the opportunity to test theory.
c. Theory provides the evidence on which practice is based.
d. Theory generates questions that are used to refine practice.
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Theory is abstract and not defined as practice.
Practice environments provide settings to test theory.
Theory is a guide for research, and research provides evidence for practice.
Research helps refine questions related to practice.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
6. Which of the following research questions reflects an inductive approach to scientific inquiry?
a. Is there a difference in infection rates among patients with neutropenia who eat
from dishes cleaned with automatic dishwashers as compared with patients with
neutropenia who eat from dishes that are hand washed?
b. Do older adults residing in assisted-living settings have more social interaction
than do older adults residing in their own homes?
c. What is the relationship between self-esteem and loneliness in recently widowed
women over 60?
d. What is the experience of parents when their child is born more than 10 weeks
preterm?
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Examining differences in infection rates is deductive.
Comparing social interactions in older adults is deductive.
Examining the specific relationship between self-esteem and loneliness is
deductive.
Preterm delivery is a specific clinical situation. The study seeks to broaden the
picture of that phenomenon by exploring parental experience in preterm
delivery.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
7. In an article reporting the results of a qualitative study that used inductive reasoning methods,
where is the conceptual framework usually presented?
a. Introduction
b. Methods
c. Statistical Analysis
d. Discussion
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
A conceptual model would not be found in the Introduction section.
The Methods section details the conduct of the study. A conceptual model would
not be found in the Methods section.
Qualitative studies do not have a Statistical Analysis section because qualitative
studies do not use statistical data.
The conceptual model may be implicit in a qualitative study. The discussion of
the findings may reveal that study participants experienced a phenomenon that is
reflected within a particular conceptual model.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge | Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
8. In an article reporting the results of a quantitative study that used deductive reasoning
methods, where is the conceptual framework usually presented?
Introduction
Methods
Statistical Analysis
Discussion
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Deductive reasoning involves moving from the broader theory to more specific
details. The conceptual framework would be found in the Introduction, as it
serves as a guide for the research study.
The Methods section refers to the scientific conduct of the study.
The Statistical Analysis section presents interpretation of data.
The Discussion section explores the significance of the findings and their
implications for nursing practice.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge | Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
9. Which of the following sequences represents movement from a greater level of abstraction to
a more concrete relationship between concepts?
Concepts, theory, hypothesis
Theory, hypothesis, concepts
Hypothesis, concepts, theory
Hypothesis, theory, concepts
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: A
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Abstractions begin with an abstract idea that is symbolized.
The answers are improperly sequenced as related to level of abstraction.
The answers are improperly sequenced as related to level of abstraction.
The answers are improperly sequenced as related to level of abstraction.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
10. How is a model related to a concept or concepts?
a. A model tests conceptual theories.
b. A concept defines the purpose of a model.
c. A model demonstrates the relationships among or between concepts.
d. Concepts generate the theoretical basis for knowledge depicted in a model.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
A model does not test theory.
A concept is not a definition of a model.
A model demonstrates relationships among concepts.
Concepts do not generate theory.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
11. What is the purpose of a conceptual model?
a. To move concepts from a concrete frame of reference to a more abstract one
b. To move concepts from an abstract frame of reference to a more concrete one
c. To reduce the abstraction of an operational definition
d. To allow testing of grand theories
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Concepts are the abstract ideas that make up a theory: a model helps present
these abstract ideas in a concrete way.
A conceptual model presents the abstract concept in a visual, interrelated way.
Operational definitions are a way to define concepts but are not the focus of a
conceptual model.
Conceptual models are used with all levels of theory, from microrange theory to
grand theory.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
12. A theory would be described as
a. prediction of the outcomes of a study.
b. an image that represents an abstract idea.
c. set of interrelated concepts that can explain a phenomenon.
d. a general framework to identify factors related to a phenomenon.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
A prediction of the outcome of a study is often referred to as hypothesis.
An image that represents an abstract idea describes a concept.
A theory is described as a “set of interrelated concepts that serves the purpose of
explaining or predicting phenomena”.
A theoretical framework identifies factors related to a phenomenon.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
13. When critiquing a research article, what is the most important issue the reader should consider
about the concepts of the study?
a. The theoretical interrelatedness of the concepts
b. Whether the study is qualitative or quantitative in nature
c. The specific meanings the researcher has ascribed to the study concepts
d. An in-depth understanding of the grand theory that underpins the study concepts
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Theoretical interrelatedness of the concepts is desirable but not the most
important issue to consider.
The type of study influences how concepts are examined, but it is not the most
important issue.
The reader wants to see a logical fit between operational and conceptual
definitions. It is important to understand the meaning that the researcher ascribes
to concepts, as meanings of concepts can vary from person to person.
A reader needs to have a basic understanding of the theory being used in the
study.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
14. What is commonly referred to as scientific knowledge?
a. Ethical
b. Personal
c. Aesthetic
d. Empirical
ANS: D
A
Feedback
“Ethical” refers to the sense of knowing what is right and what is wrong.
B
C
D
“Personal” refers to the knowledge we have of ourselves and what we have
seen/experienced.
“Aesthetic” is the art of knowing; it takes the other ways of knowing and creates
a new understanding.
Gain empirical knowledge from research and is often referred to as scientific
knowledge.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
15. How are theoretical and conceptual frameworks different?
a. Conceptual frameworks are more appropriate for qualitative studies, and
theoretical frameworks are more appropriate for quantitative studies.
b. Theoretical frameworks are individually developed by researchers, and conceptual
frameworks already exist.
c. Conceptual frameworks are individually developed by researchers, and theoretical
frameworks already exist.
d. Theoretical frameworks generate theory, whereas conceptual frameworks test
theory.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Conceptual or theoretical frameworks may be used for quantitative research.
Theoretical frameworks are not individually developed by researchers.
Conceptual frameworks are developed by researchers, whereas theoretical
frameworks that are based on the research and theory development of other
researchers and theorists already exist.
Conceptual frameworks are not used to generate theory in qualitative research.
Theoretical frameworks allow for theory testing.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
16. When reading an article reporting the results of nursing research, you find that the framework
has been drawn from a discipline other than nursing. What should you consider when
critiquing this aspect of the article?
a. Has the author clearly indicated the meaning of the framework to the study and
linked the framework to nursing?
b. Does the author have special expertise or education in the discipline from which
the framework has been derived?
c. Does the research have implications across disciplines?
d. Is the author a recognized leader in nursing?
ANS: A
A
Feedback
A framework does not have to come from nursing, but it should be possible to
B
C
D
link it to the practice of nursing.
The author should have an understanding of the framework but does not need to
have expertise in the field from which the framework has been derived.
The research should have cited the implications of the research for nursing
practice.
The author of a research article does not need to be a leader in the discipline of
nursing.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Evaluation
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
17. Which of the following is a good method for improving your research skill in evaluating
frameworks?
a. Reading the abstract closely and skimming the rest of the article.
b. Performing a literature search of all concepts related to the framework.
c. Conducting a scholarly analysis of the theoretical frameworks created by known
nursing leaders.
d. Engaging in repeated critiques and discussing the critiques with others who have
critiqued the same article.
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Skimming does not allow for an in-depth understanding of an article.
Conducting a literature search on all concepts related to the framework is
unnecessary and cumbersome.
A scholarly analysis of known theories is not necessary to learn how to evaluate
theoretical frameworks.
Novice readers can develop critiquing skills by engaging in repeated critiques
and discussing critiques with others.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
18. How is the Critical Thinking Decision Path helpful in the research decision process of
selecting a quantitative or qualitative study design?
It reflects the researcher’s beliefs and subsequent research questions and activities.
It reflects the method of research study dissemination activities.
It reflects research results related to studies focused on critical thinking.
It distinguishes between the inductive and deductive reasoning processes.
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: A
A
B
Feedback
The researcher’s beliefs and subsequent questions lead to selecting a quantitative
or qualitative design.
The Path provides details about the research study plan and the final
dissemination of the study results.
C
D
The Path is intended to guide researchers in the decision process for research
design and to exemplify the critical thinking used to plan a research study.
The Path is intended to guide researchers in the decision process for research
design by articulating the researcher’s beliefs, questions, and activities.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
19. “The fundamental epistemological stance that all knowledge is personal and based on the
interests, experiences, and perceptions of the researcher and the research participant” best
describes which of the following?
a. Post-positivist
b. Critical
c. Constructivist
d. Critical and constructivist
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Incorrect
Incorrect
Incorrect
Both the critical and constructivist paradigms share the ontological stance that
reality is constructed and based on our perceptions.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension | Cognitive Level: Application
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
20. “The methodological stance that the researcher should remain a distant observer in the
research process” best describes which of the following?
Post-positivist
Social critical thought
Constructivist
Naturalist
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Only the post-positivist makes attempts to exclude researcher bias.
Incorrect
Incorrect
Incorrect
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension | Cognitive Level: Application
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
21. “The goal of inquiry is understanding how ‘participants’ perceive the world by analyzing their
use of language and their social interactions” best describes which of the following?
Post-positivist
Critical
Constructivist
Critical and constructivist
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Incorrect
Incorrect
Hermeneutics encompasses everything in the interpretative process including
verbal and nonverbal forms of communication—language. Constructivist
methods require dialogue between the investigator and research participant.
There is a focus on interpretation of written and verbalized communication that
brings to the forefront the varying ways in which people construct their
understanding of their social world.
Incorrect
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension | Cognitive Level: Application
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
22. “The philosophical quests to use research to balance the distribution of power in modern
society” best describes which of the following?
a. Post-positivist
b. Critical socialist
c. Constructivist
d. Interpretivist
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Incorrect
Aim of inquiry for the social critical paradigm is (1) critique, (2) change, (3)
reconstruction of reality, and (4) emancipation.
Incorrect
Incorrect
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension | Cognitive Level: Application
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
23. “The ontological view that human responses to health and illness can be measured” best
describes which of the following?
a. Post-positivist
b. Critical
c. Constructivist
d. Critical and constructivist
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The post-positivist believes that the senses provide us with an imperfect
understanding of the external/material world and thus attempts to measure it.
Incorrect
Incorrect
Incorrect
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension | Cognitive Level: Application
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
Chapter 03: Critical Reading Strategies: Overview of the Research Process
LoBiondo-Wood: Nursing Research in Canada, 4th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following activities or situations is a hallmark of critical reading?
a. Checking the age of the author
b. Clarifying unfamiliar concepts or terms
c. Memorizing key sentences within the text
d. Understanding the concepts at first reading
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The age of the author is irrelevant to the critique.
Critical reading involves clarifying unfamiliar concepts.
Critical reading requires an in-depth analysis beyond basic memorization.
Several readings are usually required to understand concepts.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
2. Which of the following research steps would you expect to see in the report of a quantitative
research study but not in the report of a qualitative research study?
“Instruments”
“Literature Review”
“Data Collection” procedures
“Discussion and Recommendations”
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
“Instruments” implies numerical data that are used in quantitative research.
Qualitative data usually take the form of narrative text.
“Literature Review” can be found in qualitative studies.
“Data Collection” section can be found in qualitative studies.
“Discussion and Recommendations” section can be found in qualitative studies.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
3. You were reading a nursing research article on comparing methods of teaching patients newly
diagnosed with diabetes about self-administering insulin by injection. You found that you had
to read the article four times before you were comfortable evaluating the accuracy and quality
of the reported results. How would you interpret this situation?
a. You were reading the article too fast to comprehend key concepts.
b. The article is written at a level too high for your analytical skills.
c. You were probably using critical reading skills to analyze the article.
d. Your knowledge of diabetes is insufficient.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Reading an article several times is not an indication that one is reading too fast.
Articles need to be read several times, and this does not indicate that the article
is too complex.
Several critical readings are needed to understand the content of an article.
Reading an article several times is not an indication of the reader’s inadequate
knowledge.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
4. Which component of a research report is not appropriate for presentation in an abstract?
a. The explanation of the purpose of the study
b. The description of the reliability of the instruments
c. The conclusion of the authors that hypothesis A was not supported
d. The discussion that presents strategies for how the study could be strengthened
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The purpose of the study is cited in the abstract.
The instrument used for the study and its reliability would be included in the
abstract.
A study’s hypothesis and whether it was supported or rejected would be found in
the abstract.
A discussion of the study’s strengths would not be present in the abstract but
would be part of the report in the Discussion section.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
5. Which of the following is the best approach to use when reading a research report for the first
time?
Reading the entire article for specific content, then looking up cited journal articles
First reading the conclusions carefully and then skimming the rest of the article
Breaking the content into parts to understand each aspect of the study
Reading the title and abstract closely and then skimming the content
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: D
A
B
Feedback
Looking up cited journal articles would be done during subsequent readings for
deeper understanding of content.
At first reading, the abstract should be read carefully and the rest of the article
C
D
can be skimmed.
Analysis of content does not occur at first reading.
Preliminary understanding of an article is gained by skimming the entire article
and gaining a general sense of the content.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
6. In critical reading, which of the following stages of understanding is demonstrated by a reader
who looks up unfamiliar terms and highlights main concepts?
a. Analysis understanding
b. Synthesis understanding
c. Preliminary understanding
d. Comprehensive understanding
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Analysis involves breaking the content of the article into parts.
Synthesis involves developing new meanings from study concepts.
A preliminary reading often involves the reader keeping a dictionary nearby and
highlighting new terms.
Comprehension involves more in-depth understanding, as the reader attempts to
further clarify unclear concepts.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
7. In critical reading, which of the following stages of understanding is demonstrated by a reader
who determines that the findings of a study are appropriate to apply in his or her clinical
practice?
a. Analysis understanding
b. Synthesis understanding
c. Preliminary understanding
d. Comprehensive understanding
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Analysis involves reading to break down the content of the article into parts.
Synthesis understanding involves evaluating the study for the level of evidence
found in the findings. Evidence is evaluated for applicability to practice.
Preliminary understanding involves skimming the content to get a general sense
of an article.
Comprehensive understanding involves reviewing the article for clarification of
concepts and basic understanding. It is an early stage of critical reading.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
8. Which of the following strategies is most likely to facilitate comprehensive understanding of a
research paper or article?
Stating or restating the main theme of the article in your own words
Evaluating the qualifications of the author as an expert in the field
Examining the reference list to determine whether the literature cited is current
Determining whether the content meets the criteria for each step of the research
process
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Readers who have a comprehensive understanding of an article should be able to
state the main themes of the article in their own words.
Determining the qualifications of an author is part of critiquing or analyzing a
study.
Examining the reference list is part of critiquing or analyzing a study.
Examining content to determine if it meets the criteria for research steps is part
of the critiquing process.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
9. Which of the following statements in a research abstract or article identifies “gaps” in
knowledge?
a. “Comparing the same individuals at ages 13 and 23, O’Malley and Bachman
(1983) reported an increase in self-esteem.”
b. “While 39% of people on the kidney waiting list are from a minority racial group,
only 23% of deceased donor organ recipients are from the same group.”
c. “Although grandparents are increasingly a focus in the literature on ageing and
older adults, very little attention has been given to experiences of grandfathers
caring for grandchildren, with the experiences of men of colour in these roles
receiving the least consideration.”
d. “A significant portion of the morbidity and mortality associated with coronary
heart disease is related to patient delay in seeking treatment for symptoms of acute
coronary syndrome (ACS).”
ANS: C
A
B
C
Feedback
“Comparing the same individuals at ages 13 and 23, O’Malley and Bachman
(1983) reported an increase in self-esteem” offers information but does not
identify gaps.
“While 39% of people on the kidney waiting list are from a minority racial
group, only 23% of deceased donor organ recipients are from the same group”
offers information but does not identify gaps.
“Although grandparents are increasingly a focus in the literature on aging and
D
older adults, very little attention has been given to experiences of grandfathers
caring for grandchildren, with the experiences of men of colour in these roles
receiving the least consideration” identifies gaps in knowledge relevant to the
experiences of men of colour in caregiving roles.
“A significant portion of the morbidity and mortality associated with coronary
heart disease is related to patient delay in seeking treatment for symptoms of
acute coronary syndrome (ACS)” offers information but does not identify gaps.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
10. In which section of a research report or article would you expect to find a detailed description
of the instruments used to measure specific study variables?
a. “Problem Statement”
b. “Methods”
c. “Sampling”
d. “Data Analysis”
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The “Problem Statement” is a general statement about the significance of the
research problem.
Instruments are described in the “Methods” section in relation to how study
variables are measured. Reliability of the instrument is also discussed in this
section.
The “Sampling” section describes recruitment of participants.
“Data Analysis” reveals the statistical significance of results.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
11. You find that the method of statistical analysis is not provided in a report of a qualitative
research study. How would you describe this deficiency in your critique?
a. Do not mention the deficiency.
b. Point out the deficiency as a major flaw in the presentation.
c. List the deficiency as a limitation to the generalizability of the research findings.
d. Assume that the investigators (authors) were not familiar with the research
process.
ANS: A
A
B
Feedback
Qualitative studies do not use statistical analyses. The fact that statistical
analysis was not mentioned in the report demonstrates that the researcher was
knowledgeable about qualitative approaches to research.
The exclusion of a Statistical Analysis section is consistent with a qualitative
method.
C
D
Qualitative studies are not generalized because they are unique subjective
experiences of study participants.
The exclusion of the Statistical Analysis section demonstrates that the
researchers were knowledgeable about the qualitative research process.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
12. Which of the following factors is essential for an accurate and responsible critique of a
research article or paper?
Skill in statistical analysis
Knowledge of the subject matter
Familiarity with the conceptual framework
In-depth comprehension of classic and current literature related to the study
concepts
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Skill in statistical analysis, which will vary depending on a reader’s educational
level, is helpful in interpreting numerical data but is not required for a basic
critique by an undergraduate nursing student.
Knowledge of the subject matter is needed to accurately critique a research
study.
Familiarity with the conceptual framework is beneficial to critiquing but not
absolutely essential.
In-depth comprehension of literature related to study concepts is not required to
critique an article.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
13. Why should specific critiquing criteria be used to evaluate the usefulness of research articles?
To
a.
b.
c.
d.
enhance comprehension-level understanding
determine the reproducibility of the reported findings
ensure that all appropriate research steps have been implemented in the study
allow broader interpretation or application of the reported findings
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Critiquing leads to a deeper understanding beyond the comprehension level.
Critiquing using the research process helps the reader determine the study’s
merit.
Critiquing criteria guide the reader to learn the research process.
Proper critiquing can assist in interpretation of findings, but that is not the only
use of the process.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
14. Which of the following situations or factors would result in an unfavourable critique of a
research article or paper?
a. There is no specific section titled “Conceptual Framework.”
b. The discussion contains statements about the limitations of the study.
c. The abstract contains information that is not reflected in the actual research paper
sections.
d. The description of author credentials indicates that one of the authors is prepared at
only the master’s level.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
“Conceptual Framework” may be discussed under other sections, such as
“Literature Review” or “Methodology.”
Limitations are often found in the “Discussion” section of a research study
publication.
The “Abstract” should precisely reflect the key details of the research study.
Nurses with a master’s-level education can conduct viable research.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
15. In which section of a research report or study would unexpected findings be presented?
a. “Methods”
b. “Discussion”
c. “Conceptual Framework”
d. “Review of Literature”
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The “Methods” section details the systematic approach taken to conduct the
study.
The findings would be found in the “Discussion” section, which pulls the study
components together.
The “Conceptual Framework” section is found at the beginning of a report and
provides a theoretical map to guide the study.
The “Review of Literature” is conducted before implementation of the study.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
16. In which section of a research report would you expect to find the following statement?
“Despite efforts to improve the discharge-planning process and subsequent outcomes, existing
mechanisms fail to identify elders’ needs for follow-up care, and studies report
rehospitalization rates rising from 12% to 50%” (Bull et al., 1995; Happ et al., 1997; Lockery
et al., 1993).
a. “Introduction”
b. “Methods”
c. “Results”
d. “Discussion”
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The statement provided is a problem statement, which would be found in the
“Introduction” section of the research report.
The “Methods” section details the scientific conduct of the study.
The “Results” section discusses the findings of the study.
The “Discussion” section examines the significance of the study’s findings and
their implications for practice.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
17. Which of the following is one of the first objectives of critically reading a research study
report?
To apply the research to practice
To determine if the study is quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods
To quickly critique the study
To provide feedback to the author(s) of the research study
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Applying research to practice is the ultimate objective of the study but is not
central to the critical reading process.
It is important to determine if the study is quantitative or qualitative right from
the start so that appropriate criteria for review can be selected.
Critical reading is a time-intensive process and cannot be rushed.
Direct feedback is rarely provided to the author(s) of the research study and is
not a primary objective of critical reading.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
18. In which section of a research report or study would the study sampling be presented?
a. “Methods”
b. “Discussion”
c. “Conceptual Framework”
d. “Review of Literature”
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Some research authors may present their sampling in the “Methods” section but
not under distinct headings. Others may present them under subheadings such as
“Subjects,” “Sampling,” or “Participants.”
The sampling would be presented much earlier in the report. The “Discussion”
section occurs near the end of the report.
“Conceptual Framework” relates to the focal concepts, not to the participants
involved.
The “Review of Literature” section provides a summary of previous research
conducted on the focus of the study, not on the participants involved.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
19. Which level of understanding for critical reading is demonstrated by a reader who views the
focus of inquiry from an integrated perspective, with a deep understanding of the interrelated
sections of the study?
a. Analysis understanding
b. Synthesis understanding
c. Preliminary understanding
d. Comprehensive understanding
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Analysis understanding involves breaking down the content of the article into
parts.
Synthesis understanding involves pulling together all of the information to form
a new whole, make sense of it, and explain relationships among the bits of
information.
Preliminary understanding involves skimming the content to get a general sense
of the article.
Comprehensive understanding involves reviewing the article for further
clarification and basic understanding of concepts. It is an early stage in critical
reading.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
20. A researcher conducts a qualitative study that examines the lived experience of those being
receive[d] a diagnosis of breast cancer. A reader critiquing the report would expect to find that
the report:
a. presents the data in the form of narrative text.
b. provides a detailed statistical analysis of study results.
c. details independent and dependent variables.
d. describes how the data related to tumour growth was analyzed.
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Qualitative data take the form of narrative text.
No statistical analysis is conducted because numerical data are not collected.
There is no manipulation of variables, so independent and dependent variables
are not identified.
There is no data collection related to tumour growth measurement involved in
this study.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
Chapter 04: Developing Research Questions, Hypotheses, and Clinical Questions
LoBiondo-Wood: Nursing Research in Canada, 4th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. What is the difference between a hypothesis and a research problem?
a. There is no difference between a research problem and a hypothesis.
b. A hypothesis is theory based, and a research question is practice based.
c. A hypothesis attempts to answer the question posed by the research problem.
d. A research problem defines clinical research, and a hypothesis defines bench
research.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Hypotheses test research questions by connecting them to statistical analysis and
flow from research questions.
A hypothesis is sometimes theory based, and sometimes it is not. Research
questions are not always practice based; sometimes they originate in educational
theory that connects to nursing education research, and sometimes they originate
in basic research rather than in applied research.
A hypothesis attempts to answer the research question.
Research problems are present in all types of research; a hypothesis may be
present in basic or applied research.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
2. How is a hypothesis related to a theory?
a. A hypothesis can determine the validity of a theory.
b. A hypothesis can be used to evaluate the merit of a theory.
c. A theory can determine the validity of a hypothesis.
d. A theory can be used to evaluate the merit of a hypothesis.
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
A hypothesis bridges theory to the real world and empirical testing.
The merits of a theory are evaluated through a hypothesis.
A hypothesis tests the validity of a theory’s assumptions.
A theory being used to evaluate the merit of a hypothesis is the reverse of the
correct answer.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
3. Which of the following statements represents a potential area of research?
a.
b.
c.
d.
“Most of our admissions occur at night.”
“It is difficult to find personnel willing to work the night shift.”
“It seems that most of the patient falls on our unit occur during the night shift.”
“The night shift personnel are not attending promptly to the needs of our patient.”
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The significance of this statement is doubtful regarding its potential contribution
to the scientific body of nursing knowledge.
The significance of this statement is doubtful regarding its potential contribution
to the scientific body of nursing knowledge.
A specific patient problem has been identified, and the potential contribution of
its study to the scientific body of nursing knowledge is promising. The problem
is relevant to patients’ state of health.
The significance of this statement is doubtful regarding its potential contribution
to the scientific body of nursing knowledge; it is a subjective observation.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
4. When an idea or a clinical situation has emerged as a potential research problem, what is the
next appropriate step?
Identifying the variables
Formulating a hypothesis
Performing a literature review
Validating that the problem really exists
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
It is too soon to identify the variables; the variables will be confirmed by
literature review, which will provide a critical analysis of the factors in the
potential research question or problem.
The study may not be a hypothesis-testing study; literature review will provide
direction by revealing the gaps in the literature.
Literature review helps identify the relationships among potential variables and
further define the research question, points to a gap in the literature, and extends
the knowledge base related to potential variables.
The potential of the problem is revealed during a thorough review of the
literature.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
5. In a research study, what are the properties of interest that take on different values and are
different from each other?
a. Variables
b. Concepts
c. Hypotheses
d. Assumptions
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Variables are the properties of interest that take on different values and are
different from each other.
A concept is an abstraction that names an object or phenomenon.
A hypothesis is a prediction that helps answer a research question.
Assumptions are statements that are accepted as true.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
6. Which of the following identified research problems has enough significance to warrant
further development?
a. Children between 8 and 12 years do not eat the broccoli in their school lunches.
b. Women above 100 years old are at moderate risk for development of breast cancer.
c. Obese adults are at risk for development of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
d. The rate of sunscreen use among middle aged people is greater than 80%.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
This research problem holds little potential to contribute to the scientific body of
nursing knowledge.
This research problem holds little potential to contribute to the scientific body of
nursing knowledge.
Nursing can make a great contribution to behaviour change in relation to obesity,
and so nursing studies on obesity and diabetes mellitus hold significance for the
scientific body of nursing knowledge.
This research problem holds little potential to contribute to the scientific body of
nursing knowledge.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
7. The initial review of the literature helps the investigator:
a. organize the summary.
b. identify statistical tests.
c. identify the need to extend knowledge base.
d. determine the scope of the study.
ANS: C
A
Feedback
Often subsequent reviews of the literature end with a summary.
B
C
D
Statistical tests may not be discovered in the initial literature review.
This might be discovered in the initial review of the literature.
The scope of the study is better determined in subsequent literature reviews.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
8. Which of the following factors or considerations constitutes the feasibility of a research
study?
Availability of the participants
Direction of the hypotheses
Gaps in the literature
Design of the study
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
A study’s feasibility is determined by practical considerations. Availability of
participants is crucial.
The direction of the hypothesis is irrelevant to a study’s feasibility.
Gaps in the literature provide support for the research problem, but they do not
determine its feasibility.
The design of the study is shaped by the research question, not by the study’s
feasibility.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
9. What is the key difference between independent and dependent variables?
a. The dependent variable should change in response to manipulation of the
independent variable.
b. The independent variable should change in response to manipulation of the
dependent variable.
c. Although both the dependent and independent variables are manipulated, only the
dependent variable is considered an intervention.
d. The dependent variable relies on personal or demographic variables for strength,
whereas the independent variable is strong enough to stand alone.
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Dependent variables change in response to manipulation of independent
variables in experimental research.
The reverse is correct; dependent variables change in response to manipulation
of independent variables in experimental research.
The independent variable alone is considered a manipulation; the dependent
variable is the consequence or presumed effect.
Demographic variables are sometimes independent variables, such as in
nonexperimental research when they may have occurred naturally; strength has
nothing to do with their characteristics.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
10. Which of the following statements about independent and dependent variables is true?
a. All research problem statements must contain a dependent variable and an
independent variable.
b. There should only be one dependent variable associated with a single independent
variable.
c. The relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable for
any study must be causal.
d. A given characteristic or situation may be a dependent variable in one study and an
independent variable in another.
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Some descriptive studies have only one variable; qualitative studies do not
include independent and dependent variables.
Many studies include more than one independent variable and more than one
dependent variable.
Causal relationships are not necessarily implied by independent and dependent
variables; evidence is provided by association-type research questions.
Causal or associative direction determines the classification of variables as
independent or dependent.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
11. Which part of the following research question is the independent variable?
“To what degree will body weight change individually in a group of Aboriginal women over
50 years of age who participate in a program of walking?”
a. “Women over 50”
b. “Body weight change”
c. “Aboriginal women”
d. “Participate in a program”
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
“Women over 50” is a description of the sample group being studied.
In this study, “body weight change” would be the dependent variable.
“Aboriginal women” is another description of the sample group being studied.
The phrase “participate in a program” indicates that the researcher is asking how
participation in a walking program will impact on the women’s body weight.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
12. Review the abstract information provided below and identify the dependent variable for this
study.
“Across time, increases in social support and marriage were associated with increased
psychological well-being, whereas longer periods of unemployment were connected with
higher depression and lower self-esteem.”
a. “Social support”
b. “Marriage”
c. “Psychological well-being”
d. “Unemployment”
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
“Social support” is the independent variable. Social support causes a change in
psychological well-being (dependent variable).
“Marriage” or marital status is the independent variable. Marriage causes or
effects change in psychological well-being (dependent variable).
A change in “psychological well-being” (dependent variable) is affected by
social support, marriage, and self-esteem.
“Unemployment” or employment status is the independent variable.
Unemployment causes or effects change in psychological well-being (dependent
variable).
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
13. Which type of format is demonstrated by the following research question?
“Is there a relationship between self-esteem and body weight among postmenopausal
women?”
a. Correlational
b. Comparative nonexperimental
c. Quantitative experimental
d. Phenomenological
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Self-esteem and body weight are variables that are related in an associative way.
The word “relationship” strongly suggests correlational design studies.
Self-esteem and body weight are included in a comparative nonexperimental
study.
This research question does not include a causal research question.
This research question does not suggest a phenomenological design study;
human experience is not mentioned in the question.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
14. What type of format is demonstrated by the following research question?
“What is the lived experience of late-stage pregnancy loss among women over 35?”
Correlational
Comparative nonexperimental
Quantitative experimental
Phenomenological
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
This research question does not demonstrate a correlational study; the phrase
“lived experience” suggests a phenomenological study.
This research question is not a comparative nonexperimental study.
This research question is not a quantitative experimental study; an independent
variable and a dependent variable are not in evidence.
The phrase “lived experience” suggests a phenomenological study.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
15. Which of the following research problems is testable as written?
a. Should mothers addicted to crack cocaine be permitted to raise their children?
b. Is the classroom an appropriate place to teach sex education to 10-year-old
children?
c. Are older adults residing in assisted-living facilities satisfied with their level of
social interaction?
d. Is an HIV infection or AIDS status sufficient rationale for barring the person from
employment as an elementary school teacher?
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
This example suggests a value statement rather than a research question.
This example suggests a value statement rather than a research question.
This example implies variables that can be measured and suggests a comparative
nonexperimental design study. The independent variable is residence: in
assisted-living facilities or not in assisted-living facilities; the dependent variable
is social interaction.
This example suggests a value statement rather than a research question.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
16. Which of the following is the purpose of a hypothesis for any study?
a. To identify dependent and independent variables
b. To provide direction for research by identifying the expected outcome
c. To define the appropriate measures needed to test the research question
d. To provide a means to know whether or not the study of the research problem is
feasible
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
A hypothesis is a statement about the relationship between two or more variables
that suggest an answer to the research question.
A hypothesis posed as a declarative statement predicts an expected outcome.
A hypothesis does not define the appropriate measures needed to test the
research question; it suggests statistical testing.
A hypothesis does not determine the feasibility of studying the research problem.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
17. Which of the following hypotheses fails to meet the criteria of testability?
a. Proper hand washing prevents the spread of infection.
b. A consistent routine of low-impact aerobic exercising will increase coordination
among older adults.
c. Patients who use guided imagery during MRI procedures will have reduced
perceptions of emotional distress compared with patients who do not use guided
imagery.
d. Postoperative patients who receive round-the-clock scheduled analgesics will have
lower levels of pain compared with postoperative patients who receive analgesics
on a PRN schedule.
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
This statement does not suggest that there is a predicted outcome as specifically
as the other examples; the word “proper” is value laden.
This hypothesis includes a predicted outcome.
This hypothesis includes a predicted outcome.
This hypothesis includes a predicted outcome.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
18. Which of the following hypotheses is nondirectional?
a. A hospital with an infection control nurse will have fewer instances of sepsis
among inpatients than will a hospital without an infection control nurse.
b. Greater weight loss will be seen among dieting patients who receive a weekly
supportive telephone call from a dietitian than among dieting patients who do not
receive a weekly supportive phone call.
c. A difference in the stage of prostate cancer will be seen among men who had an
abnormal result from prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening compared with
men who had an abnormal result from digital rectal examination (DRE) screening.
d. Children who receive weekly counselling for 1 year after the death of a parent will
perform better in school than will children who do not receive weekly counselling
after the death of a parent.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
This example includes a directional hypothesis; the expected direction is present
(fewer).
This example includes a directional hypothesis; the expected direction is present
(greater).
This example includes a nondirectional hypothesis; there is no expected
direction evident.
A directional hypothesis; the expected direction is present (better).
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
19. What type of hypothesis is demonstrated by the following statement?
“There will be no difference in the number of adverse events among patients discharged 2
days after an abdominal hysterectomy compared with patients discharged 4 days after an
abdominal hysterectomy.”
a. Nondirectional hypothesis
b. Directional hypothesis
c. Deductive hypothesis
d. Null hypothesis
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
This example is not a nondirectional hypothesis; no expected direction is
present.
This example is not a directional hypothesis.
This example is not a deductive hypothesis.
This is a null hypothesis, stating that there is no relationship between the
independent and dependent variables.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
20. Which type of research studies is expected to have research questions rather than hypotheses?
a. Experimental studies
b. Exploratory studies
c. Correlational studies
d. Predictive studies
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Experimental studies must have hypotheses so that variables can be investigated.
Exploratory studies do not investigate dependent and independent variables,
which makes it necessary for them to have research questions rather than
hypotheses.
Correlational studies require hypotheses that focus on relationships among
variables.
Predictive studies require hypotheses that focus on causality.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
Chapter 05: Finding and Appraising the Literature
LoBiondo-Wood: Nursing Research in Canada, 4th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following best describes a student’s task of gathering information on a topic in
preparing a paper for a class assignment?
Critiquing a study
Researching a topic
Conducting a study
Searching the literature
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
A critique of a study determines the study’s strengths and weaknesses; the
critique of the literature review is only one focus of the overall critique.
A critical review of the literature is used to investigate topics for class
assignments.
A literature review in a study includes a critical evaluation of data-based and
conceptual literature.
Searching the literature is conducted both in information-seeking efforts for
research and in academic assignments.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
2. Where is the literature review typically found in a research report?
a. In the abstract
b. In the Discussion section
c. Following the Methods section
d. After the beginning of the report
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Although it may be referred to, the abstract does not contain the full literature
review.
There may be some reference to the literature to explain the findings; however,
the Discussion section is not typically where the full literature review is found.
The literature review is not found following the Methods section.
The literature review is found after the beginning of the report, typically after the
Introduction to the study.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
3. Which of the following statements about the importance of literature review to the research
process is accurate?
Literature review guides all steps of the research process.
Literature review is necessary only in defining the problem statement.
Literature review provides a vehicle to disseminate the findings of the study.
The value of literature review is limited to finding gaps or inconsistencies in the
knowledge base.
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Literature review is constantly referred to and is important throughout all stages
of a research study.
Literature review guides the problem statement as it is defined, along with all
other parts and stages of a research study.
A completed study may be published to disseminate its findings and thus
becomes one citation in a literature review for future studies.
Literature review contributes to consistencies in the literature, locates
instruments used to measure variables, identifies experts on topics, and has other
functions as well.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
4. Which of the following objectives of literature review is unique to a review for research
purposes?
Discovering conceptual traditions used to examine problems
Generating useful research questions and hypotheses for nursing
Determining what is known and unknown about a subject, concept, or problem
Uncovering a new practice intervention or gaining support for current
interventions, protocols, and policies
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Discovering conceptual traditions used to examine problems applies to
systematic reviews and to reviews for research purposes.
The literature review focuses the research purpose by discovering conflicts in the
literature and pinpointing where little research evidence exists.
Discovering conceptual traditions used to examine problems applies to
systematic reviews and to reviews for research purposes.
A systematic review offers clinicians the best available evidence to make clinical
judgements and to support evidence-informed practice protocols.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
5. Some reviews of the literature are organized according to
a.
b.
c.
d.
retrieved materials.
theoretical summaries.
importance of the author.
variables being studied.
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Some retrieved citations are not useful and must be discarded.
The conceptual or theoretical framework does not necessarily organize the
literature review.
At times, authors must be unknown in order to do a thorough literature review.
The variables being studied provide a useful organizational approach to the
literature review; other organizational approaches exist as well.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
6. Which of the following statements about literature review for research purposes is true?
a. Literature review has no relevance to interpreting the findings.
b. The researcher needs to review only the literature that supports the findings.
c. The researcher should review literature that supports the findings and also
literature that refutes the findings.
d. Literature review is of relevance to the conceptualization of the study.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Literature review is used to accurately interpret and discuss the results or
findings of a study.
Literature review has many purposes, including the discovery of gaps,
consistencies, inconsistencies, and unanswered questions in the literature about a
problem.
Literature review should be done to support as well as refute findings.
Literature review is an essential element to the conceptualization as well as to
the other parts of the study.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
7. Which of the following characteristics is associated specifically with a refereed journal?
a. The articles are critiqued by a panel of experts.
b. The articles selected for publication relate to a specific field of knowledge.
c. Competition occurs among authors to have their articles published in this journal.
d. The journal publishes only articles that are primary sources of research findings.
ANS: A
Feedback
A
B
C
D
The articles are critiqued by a panel of experts.
Articles selected for publication are sources of the latest information about a
great variety of fields of knowledge.
No overt competition occurs among authors, since in a refereed journal the
reviews are blinded in most cases.
Refereed journals are the first source of primary scholarly literature.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
8.
Which of the following article titles suggests that the article is conceptual or theoretical
in nature?
a. A Nursing Intervention to Reduce Prehospital Delay in Acute Coronary Syndrome:
A Randomized Clinical Trial
b. The Vulnerability of Elder Abuse Among a Sample of Custodial Grandfathers: An
Exploratory Study
c. Depression, Self-Esteem, Loneliness, and Social Support Among Mothers
Participating in the New Parents Project
d. Toward a Theory of Patient Satisfaction
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
This title suggests an experimental research design.
This title suggests a descriptive quantitative or qualitative research design.
This title suggests a nonexperimental descriptive study.
This article reflects on a theory or concept concerning patient satisfaction.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
9. What type of article is implied when the author uses the following phrase in the abstract of the
article? “A study was conducted.”
a. Empirical literature
b. Conceptual literature
c. Clinical literature
d. Informational literature
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The word study suggests a data-based or empirical article.
As a study, the article does not imply solely conceptual literature.
It is not possible to determine that the article focuses on clinical literature.
The word study excludes an article including informational literature.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
10. How are secondary sources valuable in literature review?
a. They provide material written by the person who conducted the study.
b. They provide a different way of looking at specific issues or problems.
c. They determine the relationship of two or more variables affecting an outcome.
d. They increase the body of nursing knowledge in a specific area of practice.
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Secondary sources are authored by an individual other than the researcher who
conducted the study.
The evidence that is distilled by an expert usually provides a critical evaluation
or response to a study, not necessarily a different way of looking at specific
issues or problems.
This answer describes the pattern of a hypothesis.
Secondary sources published in refereed journals usually include implications
for practice and the work’s contributions to the development of nursing science.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
11. Which of the following strategies or actions is most important in writing a relevant literature
review?
Including as many secondary sources as possible
Analyzing an article for its strengths and weaknesses
Using direct quotations to present the majority of the information
Allowing the research consumer to form to his or her own synthesis of the
literature
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Primary sources are preferred to secondary sources when writing a relevant
literature review.
Critical reviews of articles are strategies that reveal the article’s strengths and
weaknesses; critiques are essential for writing relevant reviews of the literature.
Paraphrasing and interpreting literature citations are preferred strategies over
direct quotations for most literature reviews.
The researcher, not the consumer of research, synthesizes the literature to
determine the research question, the basis of the study, and the implementation
of the study.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
12. Which of the following is an appropriate method of “weeding out” irrelevant sources when
conducting an electronic search for articles for the literature review on a selected topic?
a. Collecting and critically reading all articles related to the topic published in the last
10 years.
b. Selecting for printout only those articles whose abstracts indicate usefulness.
c. Avoiding articles from clinical journals.
d. Avoiding articles that do not include the term “study” in the title.
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
This approach is too time-consuming, and the selection of sources is not
sufficiently narrowed.
This approach narrows the search to a more manageable focus.
Some clinical journal articles may be relevant, including data-based and
conceptual sources.
Many data-based articles do not include the word study in the title; avoiding
such articles on a research topic would restrict the selection.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
13. How should an article reporting the results of a study that failed to obtain significant findings
be categorized?
Empirical literature
Conceptual literature
Clinical literature
Informational literature
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The phrase significant findings suggests a quantitative study; whether the
findings were significant or not, this still indicates that the study should be
classified as empirical literature.
The example indicates that the study was empirical, not conceptual, literature.
There is no information to suggest that the study used clinical or another type of
literature.
This answer is not specific enough. Much of the literature can be considered
informational.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
14. Which of the following descriptions or headings is highly indicative of a data-based article?
a. Purpose
b. Conclusions
c. Method
d. Organizing framework
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Many articles have stated purposes.
Many articles have stated conclusions.
The description method suggests a systematic, objective approach intrinsic to a
data-based article.
Many articles have organizing frameworks, such as theoretical.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
15. Which of the following resources represents the most comprehensive source for nursing
literature?
a. CINAHL
b. MEDLINE
c. The Canadian Nurse
d. World Wide Web
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
CINAHL is the most relevant and frequently used source for nursing literature
covering nursing and related literature from 1956 to the present.
MEDLINE includes some nursing sources, but it is not the most comprehensive
database.
This journal is not a comprehensive source of literature.
The World Wide Web is not the best source of data-based reports for nursing.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
16. How is the review of literature different for reports of qualitative studies and reports of
quantitative studies?
a. Literature review has no role in qualitative research.
b. Articles for literature review in qualitative studies are largely drawn from
secondary sources.
c. In many cases the literature review for a qualitative study is not conducted until
after the study has been completed.
d. The processes involved in literature review are the same for both qualitative and
quantitative studies.
ANS: C
A
B
Feedback
Literature review is very important in qualitative research.
Articles for qualitative studies are primary and secondary sources.
C
D
Often the very nature of the qualitative design dictates that a literature review be
conducted after the study has been completed.
The processes are not necessarily the same for qualitative and quantitative
studies.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
17. Which of the following is the most important question to ask when evaluating a journal
article’s literature review?
How was the review conducted?
Was every relevant article critiqued?
Does the literature review reveal existing knowledge?
Was there an appropriate number of secondary sources?
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The outcome of the review is more important than the review process itself.
It is not possible to critique every relevant article.
The overall purpose of a literature review is to reveal existing knowledge.
There is no correct number of secondary (or primary) sources.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
18. Which of the following factors limits the usefulness of the World Wide Web as a source of
information for research consumers?
Downloading being a slow process at times
Nontext capabilities that reduce the professionalism of presentations
Poor quality control over the information on some Web sites
Much of the available information being too technical to be understood by the
casual reader
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Downloading is often a rapid process.
This is not an accurate statement about the professionalism of presentations and
nontext capabilities.
Many sources are not data-based, primary sources. It is not always evident which
sources are data-based and which are not.
Much of the information on the Web is highly comprehensible for the casual
reader.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
19. For a literature search for an academic paper or project, which of the following is considered
an appropriate timeline?
The most recent 6 months
The last 1 year
The last 3 to 5 years
No need to limit the timeline
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The most recent 6 months is an insufficient timeline for an academic paper or
project.
The last 1 year is an insufficient timeline for an academic paper or project.
The last 3 to 5 years is a sufficient timeline for an academic paper or project,
since recent literature will be relevant and may include classic references in
reference lists.
Extensive literature reviews may be self-limiting due to available citations on
specific topics.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
20. Which of the following selections demonstrates a Boolean connection?
a. Explode topic
b. Limit to abstracts
c. Search from 1995 to 2001
d. Search diabetes diagnosis and treatment
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Explode topic is a search strategy, not a Boolean connection.
Limiting the search to abstracts is not a Boolean connection.
This specifies the time limit of the search.
Examples of Boolean connections are and, not, and to; these link thesaurus terms
and influence the search.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
Chapter 06: Legal and Ethical Issues
LoBiondo-Wood: Nursing Research in Canada, 4th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. In Canada, the ethical standards for nursing practice come from
a. the Criminal Code.
b. the provincial legislation.
c. the Canadian Nurses Association (CNA) professional Code of Ethics.
d. the Regulated Health Professions Act.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The Code of Ethics for Nurses was written by the CNA.
The Code of Ethics for Nurses was written by the CNA for nurses across the
nation.
The Code of Ethics for Nurses was written by the CNA.
The Code of Ethics for Nurses was written by the CNA.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
2. The nurse researcher is planning a research study that will use human participants and their
choice to participate in a specific treatment. The ethical principle that describes a prospective
participant’s freedom to choose whether or not to participate in the research study is what?
a. Promoting Justice
b. Promoting Health and Well-Being
c. Maintaining Privacy and Confidentiality
d. Preserving Dignity
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Justice refers to fair treatment.
Promoting Health and Well-Being refers to preventing harm to people.
Confidentiality refers to anonymity and privacy.
Preserving Dignity refers to the right to respect and equality.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
3. Which of the following ethical guidelines describes a prospective participant’s freedom to
participate or not participate in a research study?
a. Promoting Justice
b. Promoting Health and Well-Being
c. Maintaining Privacy and Confidentiality
d. Promoting and Respecting Informed Decision Making
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Promoting Justice refers to fair treatment.
Promoting Health and Well-Being refers to preventing harm to people.
Confidentiality refers to anonymity and privacy.
Promoting and Respecting Informed Decision Making refers to the right to
informed consent and the choice to participate or not.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
4. Which of the following ethical principles is violated when a potential participant refuses to
participate in a clinical study and, in response, the physician takes less time to answer this
patient’s questions than he does with other patients?
a. Promoting Justice
b. Promoting Health and Well-Being
c. Maintaining Privacy and Confidentiality
d. Preserving Dignity
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Promoting Justice refers to fair treatment.
Promoting Health and Well-Being refers to benefiting others.
Maintaining Privacy and Confidentiality refers to anonymity and privacy.
Preserving Dignity refers to the right to respect and equality.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
5. The nurse researcher is planning a research study that will use human participants and their
choice to participate in a specific treatment. The ethical principle that describes a prospective
participant’s freedom to choose whether or not to participate in the research study is what?
a. Justice
b. Beneficence
c. Confidentiality
d. Respect for persons
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Justice refers to fair treatment.
Beneficence refers to benefitting others.
Confidentiality refers to anonymity and privacy.
Respect for persons refers to the right to self-determination.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
6. A person gives consent to participate in a study, is assigned to an intervention group, and is
expected to remain in the study for 1 year. Which ethical principle is violated if after 6 months
the participants in the treatment group have more problems than do the control participants
but the researcher does not allow the members of the treatment group to stop the treatment?
a. Promoting Justice
b. Promoting Health and Well-Being
c. Maintaining Privacy and Confidentiality
d. Preserving Dignity
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Promoting Justice is an ethical principle that preserves a participant’s right to
fair treatment. Participants should be able to withdraw without recrimination
from the researcher. They can choose to withdraw from a study at will, at any
time.
Promoting Health and Well-Being refers to benefit to others.
Maintaining Privacy and Confidentiality refers to anonymity and privacy.
Preserving Dignity refers to the right to respect and equality.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
7. Women have been excluded as participants in many randomized controlled trials because
a. it is difficult to include both genders.
b. female hormones may interact with the drugs studied.
c. women are generally more difficult to recruit as participants.
d. female participants may not realize they are pregnant, thus putting the fetus at risk.
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Women can be included just as easily as men in a study.
Male hormones are just as likely to interact with the drugs under study.
Women and men can be recruited with equal ease for a variety of research
studies.
Drugs used in studies could potentially cause harm to the fetus.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
8. Which of the following ethical principles was violated in the Hyman versus Jewish Chronic
Disease Hospital case, in which doctors injected older adults with cancer cells to study their
rejection responses?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Promoting Justice
Promoting Health and Well-Being
Maintaining Privacy and Confidentiality
Promoting and Respecting Informed Decision Making
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Promoting Justice refers to fair treatment.
Promoting Health and Well-Being refers to benefit to others.
Maintaining Privacy and Confidentiality refers to anonymity and privacy.
Promoting and Respecting Informed Decision Making refers to the right to
informed consent and the choice to participate or not. Participants have the right
to decide whether or not to receive a treatment. Injecting older adults with a
medication without their expressed consent violates the ethical principle of
respect for persons.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
9. The Research Ethics Board (REB) is responsible for
a. approval of the research design.
b. protecting participants from undue risk.
c. ensuring that informed consent is obtained.
d. promotion of nursing research in health care institutions.
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The REB does not approve the research design per se; it approves the acceptable
level of risk to participants and determines whether the research study poses any
potential undue risk.
The purpose of the REB is to protect participants from undue risk.
The researcher is responsible for ensuring that informed consent is obtained.
The REB protects participants from undue risk; it does not promote nursing
research per se.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
10. What is the ethical principle that is violated if doctors inject aged and senile patients with their
cancer cells to study their rejection responses?
Justice
Beneficence
Confidentiality
Respect for persons
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Justice refers to fair treatment.
Beneficence refers to benefitting others.
Confidentiality refers to maintaining privacy.
Participants have a right to decide whether they receive a treatment or not.
Injecting senile patients with a medication without their expressed consent
violates the ethical principle of respect for persons.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
11. A patient newly diagnosed with breast cancer is asked to participate in a clinical trial for a
new chemotherapy agent. This patient’s freedom to participate or not participate in the study
exercises protection of which of her human rights?
a. Right to fair treatment
b. Right to self-determination
c. Right to privacy and confidentiality
d. Right to anonymity
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Right to fair treatment protects a participant from coercion or undue influence as
it relates to decisions about participation in studies.
Freedom to participate or not is related to the right to self-determination.
This refers to a participant’s right to privacy.
This refers to a participant’s right to privacy and confidentiality.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
12. The issue of personal privacy may be more difficult for nurse researchers to protect in
qualitative studies than it is in quantitative studies for which reason?
Participants may be related to each other.
The researcher meets participants face to face in such studies.
Participants are not asked to sign an informed consent statement.
Verbatim quotations from participants may reveal personal information.
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Participants are usually not related to each other.
Face-to-face meetings with participants occur in both qualitative and quantitative
research, and this is not an issue of personal privacy unique to qualitative
research.
Participants are asked for informed consent in qualitative studies.
Verbatim quotations regarding personal situations could inadvertently reveal a
participant’s identity. Qualitative researchers will not use a participant’s real
name in a study report in an attempt to maintain the participant’s anonymity.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
13. A “captive” population of potential participants for comparing the effectiveness of a pamphlet
versus a videotape in teaching young men how to perform testicular self-examination
indicates what?
a. Students in a high school health education class
b. Young men undergoing treatment for testicular cancer
c. Men who request screening information from the Canadian Cancer Society
d. People who respond to a newspaper advertisement that requests responses from
sons and brothers of men who have had testicular cancer
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Participants should not feel that they have been coerced into participation. High
school students might feel they have been coerced to participate by a teacher.
Young men with testicular cancer could voluntarily consent to participate.
People requesting information are not a captive population.
People requested to provide information are not a captive population.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
14. A nurse researcher is developing a study’s informed consent form. Which statement violates
the Code of Federal Regulations?
a. “I understand that I may experience a small amount of discomfort during the study
when blood is taken from one of my veins.”
b. “I understand that the investigator will not be responsible for any harm I
experience that results from negligence.”
c. “I understand that I will not receive any compensation for my participation in this
research study.”
d. “I understand that this study may not have any immediate benefits to me as a result
of my participation.”
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Consent should inform a participant of potential discomfort.
Consent does not release researchers from negligence.
Issues of compensation should be addressed.
Consent should include issues related to the presence of or lack of benefits for
participants.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
15. What is the basic human right that is violated when a researcher allows an unauthorized
person access to study data containing information about participant identities and responses?
Justice
Beneficence
Confidentiality
Respect for persons
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Justice refers to fair treatment.
Beneficence refers to benefit to others.
Participants should be assured of anonymity and confidentiality. The ethical
principle of confidentiality is being violated in this situation.
Respect for persons refers to self-determination.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
16. A mother agreed to let her young son participate in a research study because she believed that
if she did not agree, her child would be denied drug therapy. What right has been violated in
this situation?
a. Voluntary consent
b. Freedom from harm
c. Protection from discomfort
d. Fair and equitable treatment
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The mother did not voluntarily consent as she felt coerced and also feared that
her son would be denied treatment.
Freedom of harm did not occur, as harm has yet to occur to the participant.
The participant has not experienced any physical harm or discomfort.
Fair treatment may have been violated, but it is not clear if the researcher used
undue influence or if that was the perception of the mother.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
17. In which of the following circumstances is informed consent always necessary?
a. An experimental study
b. A retrospective chart audit
c. A study in which the convenience sample participant voluntarily completes and
returns a questionnaire
d. A study with minimal risk in which the participant has been given a verbal
explanation of the study
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Experimental studies always require informed consent.
A retrospective chart audit may require institutional approval only.
A study with minimal risk may require only an information sheet and verbal
explanation.
Completion of a survey implies consent by the participant.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
18. Which statement about informed consent is most accurate?
a. Informed consent needs to be sought only if risks outweigh benefits.
b. Informed consent is required if physical risks exist but not psychological risks.
c. Researchers must obtain voluntary participation of participants after informing
them of possible risks and benefits.
d. A researcher is not obligated to seek informed consent if the details of the study
could upset the participant and potentially affect the study outcome.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Informed consent should be obtained regardless of the risk–benefit ratio.
Informed consent should be obtained whether the risks are physical or
psychological.
Informed consent is required to ensure that participants have been made aware of
risks and benefits.
Informed consent is especially important if participation in the study could cause
emotional distress to the participant.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
19. How should a completed and signed informed consent form be handled?
a. It is turned over to the agency’s REB for safekeeping.
b. It is sent to the Canadian Institutes of Health Research as evidence of compliance.
c. It is copied; one copy is given to the participant and the other is filed by the
researcher in a secured location.
d. There is not special procedure for handling a consent form.
ANS: D
A
B
Feedback
The REB does not hold records of informed consent.
The Canadian Institutes of Health Research does not hold informed consent
documents.
C
D
The participant and researcher should both have a copy of the signed informed
consent form. All materials related to a study should be secured in the same
location.
Procedure varies with institutions, but generally, the participant and researcher
should both have a copy of the signed informed consent form. All materials
related to a study should be secured in the same location.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
20. Which statements, descriptions, or pieces of information are considered an essential element
of the informed consent form for a research study?
a. “Patients who were contacted by study personnel and who signed (or whose proxy
signed) informed consent were enrolled in the study cohort.”
b. “The research has been reviewed and approved by the Human Participants’ Review
Committee, which include Jane Doe and John Smith.”
c. “If you have any concerns about the conduct of this study or your rights as a
research participant, please contact Jay Tee, lead investigator for this project at…”
d. “You have been randomly assigned to the intervention group, which will receive a
new experimental drug developed to prevent breast cancer.”
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
A witness signature is not required.
It is not necessary to list the names of the REB members on the consent form.
Consent forms must include identification of investigators.
Consent forms do not indicate in which group a participant will be placed.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
21. You are a staff nurse, and you observe a health care professional coercing a patient to agree to
participate in a research study. What should you do in this situation?
a. Contact the hospital’s REB.
b. Confront the researcher with your concerns.
c. Document your suspicions in the patient’s medical record.
d. Secretly record the researcher’s interaction with the patient.
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Concerns about the unethical conduct of a researcher should be directed to the
REB.
Confronting the researcher is not appropriate.
Documenting in the medical record is not appropriate.
Secretly recording the researcher’s interaction is not appropriate.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
22. A representative from a pharmaceutical company presents to the nurses at a long-term care
facility a new product, a premedicated wound dressing, for treating pressure ulcers. The
representative asks the nurses to try the new product for 1 month and compare its
effectiveness with that of their current method of treatment. What type of unethical action
does this situation demonstrate?
a. Intent to harm
b. Fraudulent behaviour
c. Scientific misconduct
d. Unauthorized research
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
There is no indication of intent to harm.
Fraudulent behaviour indicates intent to harm by deception.
Scientific misconduct refers more to issues of misrepresentation of scientific
data.
Trying a new product with the intent of product comparison is a type of
unauthorized research referred to as product testing.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
23. Which is considered an essential element of the informed consent form for a research study?
a. The witnessing signature of an authorized party
b. The listing of members of the agency’s REB
c. Explanation of whom to contact regarding any area of the study
d. List of participant’s assignment to intervention group or control group
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
A witnessing signature is not required.
Members of the REB do not need to be listed on the consent form.
Consent forms must include identification of investigators.
Consent forms do not indicate in what group a participant will be placed.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
24. A staff nurse overhears a health care professional use coercion to make a patient agree to
participate in a research study. What should the staff nurse do?
a. Confront the researcher with concerns.
b. Document suspicions in the patient’s medical record.
c. Contact the hospital’s REB.
d. Secretly record the researcher’s interaction with a potential participant.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Confronting the researcher is not appropriate.
Documenting in the medical record is not appropriate.
Concerns regarding unethical conduct by a researcher should be directed to the
REB.
Recording the researcher is not appropriate.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
25. What is the basic human right that exists when the participant’s identity cannot be linked, even
by the researcher, with his or her individual responses?
a. Right to self-determination
b. Right to anonymity and confidentiality
c. Right to fair treatment
d. Right to protection from discomfort and harm
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
This does not describe the right to self-determination.
The right to anonymity and confidentiality exists when the participant’s identity
cannot be linked, even by the researcher, with his or her individual responses.
This does not describe the right to fair treatment.
This does not describe the right to protection from discomfort and harm.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
26. What basic human right is considered to be equitable selection of participants and their
treatment during the research study?
a. Right to self-determination
b. Right to anonymity and confidentiality
c. Right to fair treatment
d. Right to protection from discomfort and harm
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
This does not describe the right to self-determination.
This does not describe the right to anonymity and confidentiality.
The right to fair treatment is being honored when there is equitable selection of
participants and their treatment during the research study.
This does not describe the right to protection from discomfort and harm.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
27. What basic human right exists when participants have the right to withdraw from a study
without penalty?
a. Right to self-determination
b. Right to anonymity and confidentiality
c. Right to fair treatment
d. Right to protection from discomfort and harm
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The right to self-determination exists when participants have the right to
withdraw from a study without penalty.
This does not describe the right to anonymity and confidentiality.
This does not describe right to fair treatment.
This does not describe the right to protection from discomfort and harm.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
MULTIPLE RESPONSE
1. Which statements are accurate regarding the assent process for pediatric research? (Select all
that apply.)
A parental signature is required for a child to participate in a study.
The study protocol is reviewed with the parent and not the child.
The child should be able to express a preference for participation.
A child older than age 16 does not require a parent’s signature for consent.
The child should understand the purpose of the study.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
ANS: A, C, E
Feedback
Correct
Incorrect
A parental signature is required as a part of the assent process.
The child should be able express a preference for participation.
The child should understand the purpose of the study.
The research protocol should be reviewed with both the parent and the
child.
Children require a parent’s signature for participation until they reach age
18.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
2. An adult participant receives an informed consent form to participate in a study on breast
cancer in women younger than the age of 35. The study’s informed consent process should
include which elements? (Select all that apply.)
a. The participant’s meeting the REB members who approved the study
b. The participant’s being informed of risks associated with the study
c. The participant’s being informed of the study protocol
d. The participant’s being given the right to decline participation at any time
e. The participant’s being assured that her confidentiality will be maintained
ANS: B, C, D, E
Feedback
Correct
Incorrect
The participant must be notified of potential risks.
The participant must be informed of the study protocol.
The participant must be made aware that she can decline participation in
the study at any time without penalty to her.
The participant should be assured that her personal information will be
kept confidential.
The participant does not meet REB members.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
3. The five human rights that are outlined in CNA guidelines include which rights? (Select all
that apply.)
Right to self-determination
Right to privacy and dignity
Right to legal consultation
Right to anonymity and confidentiality
Right to fair treatment
Right to protection from discomfort and harm
Right to comprehensive medical care
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
ANS: A, B, D, E, F
Feedback
Correct
Incorrect
A right to self-determination, a right to privacy and dignity, a right to
anonymity and confidentiality, a right to fair treatment, and a right to
protection from discomfort and harm are the five human rights that are
outlined in CNA guidelines.
A right to legal consultation and a right to comprehensive medical care are
not of the five human rights that are outlined in CNA guidelines.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
4. What are ethical principles that are illustrated by obtaining REB approval? (Select all that
apply.)
a. Respect
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Beneficence
Trust
Justice
Anonymity
Confidentiality
ANS: A, B, D
Feedback
Correct
Incorrect
REB approval illustrates the principle of respect.
REB approval illustrates the principle of beneficence.
REB approval illustrates the principle of justice.
REB approval does not illustrate the principle of trust.
REB approval does not illustrate the principle of anonymity.
REB approval does not illustrate the principle of confidentiality.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
5. What factors might influence whether it is ethical to require an older adult to participate in a
research study? (Select all that apply.)
a. The relevance of the research to issues important to older adults
b. The ethnic background of the potential participant
c. The age of the potential participant
d. The cognitive capacity of the potential participant
e. The degree of risk associated with the study
ANS: A, D, E
Feedback
Correct
Incorrect
The study should require older adult participants only if it is relevant to do
so. Older adult individuals should not be used because they are a
convenient sample.
Alterations in cognitive capacity can influence whether an older adult
person can properly consent.
A complex study might be too difficult for an older adult person to
understand if they have even mild cognitive impairment.
The ethnic background should not be an ethical concern.
The age of the participant should not be an ethical concern.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
Chapter 07: Introduction to Qualitative Research
LoBiondo-Wood: Nursing Research in Canada, 4th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following distinctions is characteristic of qualitative research methods?
a. Data are in text form.
b. Data are dichotomous (either yes or no).
c. Qualitative research does not generate data.
d. Data from qualitative studies are inappropriate for analysis.
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
This is the distinctive characteristic of all qualitative design studies.
Dichotomous data are nominal-level quantitative data.
All research studies generate data.
Data generated by qualitative studies are appropriate for content analysis.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
2. Which of the following statements is consistent only with qualitative research methods?
a. The focus of qualitative research is measuring one or more human characteristics.
b. Qualitative research methods attempt to control or eliminate variables that interfere
with what is being studied.
c. The basis for all qualitative interactions is the belief that a human being is a
composite of many body systems.
d. The focus of qualitative research methods is the study of human experiences that
occur within a person’s natural setting.
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Qualitative research does not measure any data, including human characteristics.
Variables are analyzed in quantitative research; qualitative research focuses on
human experiences.
Qualitative research does not compartmentalize human beings, especially as
body systems.
Qualitative research is constructivist, that is, all of the participants’ experiences
are interpreted and acknowledged.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
3. What should be the determining factor for a researcher to conduct a qualitative study?
a. The need to test a theory
b. The nature of the research question
c. The age and gender of the study participants
d. The availability of valid instruments to measure the phenomenon
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Theory testing is not a sound reason for selecting a qualitative design.
The nature of the research question is the determining factor in the choice
between a qualitative research study and a quantitative research study.
The variables of age and gender would not be a deciding influence in the
selection of a qualitative design.
Qualitative research does not entail the use of instruments to measure
phenomena.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
4. In which of the following instances should a qualitative research design be used instead of a
quantitative research design?
a. When time for data collection is limited
b. When the research questions are clinical in nature
c. When the goal is to view the experience in the same way as those who are having
the experience view it
d. When the researcher is a novice and has minimal experience or skill in scientific
problem solving
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Extended periods are required to complete some qualitative studies.
Qualitative and quantitative research designs may be used to answer research
questions that are clinical in nature.
This describes qualitative research designs; the interpretive, naturalistic
approach values experience from the perspectives of participants and informants.
Novice researchers are challenged by both qualitative and quantitative research
studies.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
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5. A qualitative nursing research approach will be most suitable for which of the following
research topics?
Experiences of elder abuse among diverse ethnic populations
Reduction of prehospital delay in the face of acute coronary syndrome symptoms
Examining trajectories of depressive symptoms among young adults
Perceived risk and willingness to interact with individuals with HIV or AIDS
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Qualitative research focuses on what experiences mean to people.
Reduction of prehospital delay in the face of acute coronary syndrome
symptoms suggests an experimental research design study.
Examining trajectories of depressive symptoms among young adults suggests a
nonexperimental design study.
Perceived risk and willingness to interact with individuals with HIV or AIDS
suggests an ex post facto or correlational design study.
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6. What basic belief is represented when a nurse asks a 38-year-old woman, “When was your
last menstrual period?” and the patient replies, “Oh, I don’t remember because it isn’t
important”?
a. A failure of communication
b. A difference between the received view and the perceived view
c. Cultural insensitivity on the part of the nurse and the health care system
d. Lack of awareness and knowledge on the part of the patient
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
In the context of research, the example suggests different paradigms, not
communication problems.
The example suggests different paradigms, the positivist and the constructivist.
Not finding it important does not indicate cultural insensitivity.
The nurse cannot presume lack of awareness and knowledge on the part of the
patient.
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7.
Which part of the following research question constitutes its context?
“What is the grief experience of women over 30 from rural Saskatchewan who have
experienced a late-stage pregnancy loss?”
a. Late-stage pregnancy loss
b. Women over 30
c. Grief experience
d. Saskatchewan
ANS: D
A
B
Feedback
This aspect of the experience focuses the research question on a specific period
when the pregnancy ended before term.
These variables—gender and age—identify the demographic characteristics of
C
D
participants.
Grief experience is the phenomenon being studied.
This location identifies where the experience occurred for the participants.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
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8. Which of the following aims of research is characteristic or appropriate for qualitative
research methods?
Control
Prediction
Explanation
Understanding
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Control, prediction, and explanation are the goals of quantitative or empirical
research.
Control, prediction, and explanation are the goals of quantitative or empirical
research.
Control, prediction, and explanation are the goals of quantitative or empirical
research.
Meaning and understanding of human experiences are characteristics of
qualitative research.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
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9. Which of the following factors in a research report indicates that the study used a qualitative
design?
Hypotheses are stated.
The sample is described as convenient.
Study participants are described as informants.
Participants were asked to complete a forced-choice questionnaire to measure their
understanding of the topic.
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Hypotheses are stated in correlational and experimental quantitative research
studies.
Some, but not all, qualitative research studies include convenient samples, which
are sometimes used in quantitative research studies as well.
The word informants points to a qualitative study, specifically ethnographic
design studies.
Forced-choice questionnaires suggest survey research or tests to measure
knowledge.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
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and Maintenance
10. How are values managed in qualitative research studies compared with quantitative research
studies?
a. In both types of studies, the goal is to separate values from the research process.
b. In quantitative studies, the values of the researcher are considered study variables.
c. In qualitative studies, the values of the participant are considered an outcome of
the study.
d. Although values are acknowledged by both types of research, the quantitative
approach uses statistical methods to remove or minimize the impact of values.
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Quantitative research separates values from the research process.
Quantitative studies do not consider the values of the researcher study variables.
Qualitative studies do not consider the value of the participant an outcome of the
study.
Values are excluded from the aims of the study, as they are thought to detract
from it.
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11. Which of the following study purposes and methodological procedures is inappropriate for
qualitative methods?
Testing of a new hypothesis
Using an intensive approach to data collection
Using inductive analysis with the captured data
Examining individual responses to a nonmodifiable situation
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Different quantitative, not qualitative, design studies test new hypotheses.
Both quantitative and qualitative studies use intensive data collection
approaches.
Inductive analysis is appropriate for some types of qualitative studies.
The effect of a treatment on a group of participants is studied in a qualitative
study.
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12. A Naturalistic settings typically include
1. the researcher’s office.
2. one that people live in everyday.
3. a convenient meeting place for the researcher.
4. homes, schools, communities, health care settings.
a. All of the above
b. None of the above
c. 2 and 3
d. 2 and 4
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Not all of the answers are correct.
There are correct answers.
A convenient meeting place for the researcher is not correct.
Homes, schools, communities, and health care settings are examples of places
that people live in every day, and are naturalistic settings.
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13. How should the number of participants be determined for a qualitative study that uses a
grounded theory approach?
a. Data are collected from new participants until no new information is generated.
b. The number of participants needed is equal to the number available at a specific
location.
c. The number of participants needed is equal to the number available within the
researcher’s specified time frame.
d. The number of participants needed is determined through a power analysis of data
generated in a pilot study of similar participants.
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Data are collected until saturation is achieved.
No set number of participants is necessary.
No set number of participants is necessary.
The number is determined by data saturation being achieved at a certain point of
the study.
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14. By what process does the nurse researcher set aside personal biases in order to avoid leading
the participant to issues that may be important to the researcher?
a. Inference
b. Avoidance
c. Bracketing
d. Restructuring
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Inference, used in both qualitative and quantitative research, does not represent
setting aside presuppositions.
Avoidance makes no sense in the context of research.
Bracketing helps researchers be aware of and examine their prejudices or values
and set them aside so that they can see the experience as the persons having it.
Restructuring does not describe the setting aside of biases.
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15. When an author does not commit to a particular research method it is often referred to as
a. observational.
b. mixed methods.
c. grounded theory.
d. naturalistic design.
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Although this used a part of qualitative research it is not considered a method.
Normally a mixed-method study requires a commitment to two or more research
methods that are combined.
This is a particular research method.
Naturalistic design adheres to the general tenets of qualitative research.
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16. In what section of the study does the researcher typically describe new conceptual conclusions
from the study?
Abstract
Conclusion
Data Analysis
Literature Review
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
There may be a sentence or two describing the new conclusion but not a full
discussion.
The Conclusion is where the new conceptual findings are described.
Data Analysis does not include conceptualization of the data.
Literature Review may include discussion of conceptual conclusions that
informed the development of the study but are not new.
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17. The term triangulation refers to
a. a mathematical technique.
b. combining different methods, theories, data sources, or investigators.
c. information collected becoming repetitive.
d. possible applications of the results of qualitative studies.
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
It is partially true that triangulation is a mathematical technique, but the term
refers to research methods.
Triangulation combines different methods, theories, data sources, or
investigators.
Information collected becoming repetitive describes saturation and grounded
theory research.
Possible applications of the results of qualitative studies are not a description of
triangulation.
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18. Metasynthesis involves
a. developing typologies as results of qualitative investigations.
b. different hierarchies of evidence as compared with quantitative studies.
c. interpreting various qualitative studies to reveal similarities and differences.
d. a systematic review of the literature involving classic and recent studies.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Typologies are sometimes results of qualitative studies.
Qualitative studies are sometimes ranked lower in a hierarchy of evidence.
Interpreting various qualitative studies to reveal similarities and differences is
meta-synthesis, useful in qualitative studies.
A systematic review of the literature involving classic and recent studies does
not describe meta-synthesis.
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Chapter 08: Qualitative Approaches to Research
LoBiondo-Wood: Nursing Research in Canada, 4th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following qualitative research approaches is most commonly used for theory
building?
Case study
Phenomenology
Grounded theory
Ethnographic method
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Case study focuses on specific clinical scenarios or situations.
Phenomenology focuses on the lived experience of a particular phenomenon.
Grounded theory is associated with theory building.
The ethnographic method focuses on culture.
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2. Which of the following features distinguishes intensive dialogue from a simple interview?
a. The researcher makes detailed notes about the participant’s responses during the
interview.
b. The researcher is fully engaged, becoming a thoughtful presence during the
interview.
c. The researcher develops the interview questions before the actual interview occurs.
d. The researcher completes the questionnaire for the participant to avoid any
misunderstanding or confusion.
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Notes can be taken in both a dialogue and an interview.
A dialogue is more extensive than a simple interview because the researcher is
present and actively engaged in a dialogue.
Questions can be developed before both a dialogue and an interview.
Researchers do not complete questionnaires for participants, as the goal is to
learn of the experience through the words of the participant.
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3. How does nursing research using the phenomenological approach differ from more traditional
forms of research?
a.
b.
c.
d.
The results present the “lived experience.”
The study participants are people with illness, injury, or disease.
The focus of the study is the actual or objective phenomenon itself.
The focus of the study is on understanding the reality of the phenomenon to the
person experiencing it.
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The “lived experience” emphasizes the experiencing of the phenomenon in dayto-day existence.
Phenomenology does not focus only on experiences of illness or injury.
The phenomenological study focuses on the subjective experiences of
participants, not the objective experience.
North American forms of phenomenology may focus on the realities of the
participants instead of the phenomenon itself.
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4. Review the abstract information provided below to determine which qualitative approach is
being used in each study.
Abstract #1
This study outlines a brief history of men as nurses in the United Kingdom. It uses a variety of
historical sources—primary archival, oral history, and secondary sources— to retell the
history of nursing with emphasis on the frequently neglected place of men within it. History
appears to indicate that men have had a place in nursing for as long as records are available,
but their contribution has been perceived as negligible, largely because of the dominant
influence that the nineteenth–century female nursing movement has had on the occupation's
historical ideology. The study indicates that men have an equally valid historical role within
nursing and that this should be acknowledged when considering male nurses’ position within
the nursing profession.
Abstract #2
The purpose of this study was to describe the meaning of nurses’ use of humour in their
nursing practice. Twenty-one registered nurses enrolled in a graduate nursing program
described in detail their experiences using humour in providing nursing care. The twenty-one
written descriptions were analyzed using Colaizzi’s method. Five themes emerged in which
humour was found to (a) help nurses deal effectively with difficult situations and difficult
patients, (b) create a sense of cohesiveness between nurses and their patients and also among
the nurses themselves, (c) be an effective therapeutic communication technique that helped to
decrease patients’ anxiety, depression, and embarrassment, (d) be planned and routine or be
unexpected and spontaneous, and (e) create lasting effects beyond the immediate moment for
both nurses and patients.
Abstract #3
To a) explore young people’s experiences of school and drug use, b) generate hypotheses
regarding the pathways through which schools may influence students’ drug use, and c)
examine how these may vary according to students’ sociodemographic characteristics,
qualitative data were collected through semistructured interviews with 30 students (aged 14 to
15) and ten teachers in two case study schools. Students were purposively sampled to
encompass variations in socioeconomic status, gender, ethnicity, and school engagement.
Techniques associated with thematic content analysis were used to analyze the data and
generate hypotheses.
a. Abstract #1 = Ethnographic method, Abstract #2 = Phenomenology, Abstract #3 =
Historical
b. Abstract #1 = Historical, Abstract #2 = Phenomenology, Abstract #3 = Case study
c. Abstract #1 = Case study, Abstract #2 = Phenomenology, Abstract #3 = Historical
d. Abstract #1 = Historical, Abstract #2 = Phenomenology, Abstract #3 =
Ethnographic method
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Abstract #1 does not address culture or social process; Abstract #2 uses
phenomenological research to answer questions of personal meaning: the
meaning of nurses’ use of humour in their nursing practice; Abstract # 3 does not
provide an understanding of the past through the collection, organization, and
critical appraisal of facts.
Abstract #1 uses historical research methods to outline a brief history of men as
nurses in the United Kingdom; Abstract #2 uses phenomenological research to
answer questions of personal meaning: the meaning of nurses' use of humour in
their nursing practice; Abstract # 3 uses a case study method to study the
peculiarities and commonalities of specific cases (two schools) to provide an indepth description of the essential dimensions and processes or the pathways
through which schools may influence students’ drug use.
Abstract #1 does not state the peculiarities and commonalities of a specific case
over time to provide an in-depth description of the essential dimensions and
processes of the phenomenon; Abstract #2 uses phenomenological research to
answer questions of personal meaning: the meaning of nurses' use of humour in
their nursing practice; Abstract #3 does not use historical research methods to
create an understanding of the past through collection, organization, and critical
appraisal of facts.
Abstract #1 uses historical research methods to outline a brief history of men as
nurses in the United Kingdom; Abstract #2 uses phenomenological research to
answer questions of personal meaning: the meaning of nurses’ use of humour in
their nursing practice; Abstract #3 does not address culture or social process.
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5. What forms the final synthesis of participants’ descriptions after a researcher has analyzed
data from a phenomenological study?
a. Description of the lived experience
b. Identification of thought sequences
c. Generalization of the findings
d. Classification of themes
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The final synthesis is a narrative of the lived experience.
Identification of thought sequences refers to the audit trail.
Qualitative results are not generalized.
Classification of themes occurs during data analysis.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
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6.
Which of the following research questions is most appropriate for a grounded
theory approach?
a. How do incarcerated persons interact with fellow prisoners convicted of violent
crimes against children?
b. How do First Nations adolescent girls select a method of contraception?
c. What percentage of primary school teachers has a master’s degree?
d. How is the total number of clinical hours in a nursing program related to NCLEX
pass rates?
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The research question is appropriate because it focuses on human interactions.
The question does not focus on social processes related to human interactions.
The question does not focus on social processes related to human interactions.
The question does not focus on social processes related to human interactions.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
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7. Why does the investigator ask a question different from a formal research question when
initiating dialogue with a participant in a phenomenological study?
a. Qualitative methodology dictates that research questions be implied rather than
explicitly stated.
b. The investigator needs to ensure that the initiating question is clear and
understandable to the study participant.
c. Research questions are considered an outcome of qualitative research rather than a
driving force for the conduct of the study.
d. Research questions must be congruent with the themes and connected to the data
generated by the study.
ANS: B
A
Feedback
Research questions can be explicitly stated in qualitative research.
B
C
D
The question posed to the participant may be different from a research question
because the initial question needs to be clear and understandable to participants.
The research question of a qualitative study should be formulated at the
beginning.
The research question is posed first, and themes emerge through interviews.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
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8. How should the researcher proceed when the second person interviewed during a
phenomenological study makes statements that are very similar to those made by the first
participant?
a. Stop interviewing more participants because the data are considered saturated.
b. Ask the second participant whether he or she has been talking with the first
participant.
c. Continue to interview more participants to determine whether the similarities in
responses persist or were just coincidental.
d. Continue to interview participants but change the phrasing of the question used to
initiate dialogue.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Two interviews are not sufficient to determine data saturation.
The researcher should not discuss other interviews with a participant.
The researcher should continue with further interviews. Themes need to be
consistent among multiple interviews before the researcher stops collecting data.
The question should not be modified, as that will change participant responses
and make it difficult to determine if common themes emerge from the data.
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9. How does the researcher know that data saturation has occurred?
a. When all participants agree on the themes derived from the study
b. When the ideas or data coming from new participants have all been expressed by
previous participants
c. When the emerging themes are congruent with those developed as a result of
previous studies of the same phenomenon
d. When the participants are no longer interested or willing to discuss their
experiences or feelings
ANS: B
A
B
Feedback
Participant agreement on themes does not determine data saturation.
Data saturation is determined to have occurred when the researcher recognizes
that he or she has heard the themes in multiple prior interviews.
C
D
Phenomenologists do not use previous studies to determine data saturation as
each new group of participants has its own unique set of subjective experiences
compared with past groups in similar studies.
Participant interest does not determine data saturation.
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10. In a report of a phenomenological study, you find direct quotes from the participants threaded
throughout the narrative. What is the significance of this observation?
The researcher is supporting his or her findings.
The researcher is attempting to make the report more personal.
The technique violates the human participants’ right to protection.
The technique ensures that the proper level of data saturation has been reached.
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Direct quotes allow the reader to evaluate what the participants said and how the
researcher labelled what was said.
Use of quotes is not a researcher’s attempt to make a report personal but is
consistent with the phenomenological method.
Use of direct quotes does not violate human participants’ right to protection as
long as the researcher does not cite the participant’s real name.
Use of direct quotes is part of data reporting and not related to data saturation.
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11. Which of the following is considered the foundation of the grounded theory method of
qualitative research?
Cultural anthropology
Spirituality or religiosity
Philosophy, art, and science
Symbolic interaction and social science
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Ethnographic studies emerged from anthropology.
Spirituality is not considered a source of research.
Phenomenology is considered to have stemmed from philosophy.
Grounded theory emerged from social science and symbolic interaction.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
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12. Which of the following data-gathering techniques is accepted in the grounded theory approach
but not in the phenomenological approach?
Face-to-face interview
Recorded interview
Participant-written response to written questions
Skilled observation of individuals in a social setting
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Phenomenologists use face-to-face interviews.
Phenomenologists use recorded interviews.
Phenomenologists use participant-written responses.
Grounded theorists observe participants in their natural settings. This practice is
referred to as fieldwork. Phenomenologists do not use fieldwork.
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13. Why is literature review expected to be limited in a study that employs grounded theory
methods?
a. Studies using grounded theory methods are sparse.
b. Grounded theory is more sensitive to cultural values than to the researcher’s
values.
c. Theories are expected to emerge directly from current research data and not from
previous research.
d. By limiting the literature review, the researcher ensures that personal biases are
bracketed.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Grounded theory studies are not sparse.
Grounded theory does not focus specifically on cultural values.
Grounded theory emerges from current research data and reflects the contextual
values that are integral to the social processes being studied.
It is not necessary for the researcher to limit the literature review in order to
bracket the preconceived notions of a phenomenon.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
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14. Which of the following actions or behaviours should be avoided in a study employing
grounded theory methods?
a. Having “hunches” about emerging patterns before data gathering is completed
b. The researcher expressing his or her opinions or values to the participant
c. Changing how data about experiences are collected or selected after the study has
been initiated
d. Expanding codes or data categories as the study progresses
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Grounded theorists often pursue hunches as data emerges.
Researchers want to observe participants interacting in natural social settings.
Interjection of the researcher’s opinion disrupts the natural setting.
Emerging data can cause a researcher to change how experiences are observed or
how data are collected.
Expansion of data codes and categories is expected to occur as data emerge.
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15. Which of the following statements is consistent with an emic view of a factor or situation?
a. A health care provider’s statement that Aboriginal people are stoic in the
experience of pain
b. A kindergarten teacher’s statement that there are fewer discipline problems among
Asian children
c. The Canadian Cancer Society’s report that the incidence rate of prostate cancer is
higher among African-Canadian men
d. A Caucasian teenager’s statement that being skinny is more socially acceptable
than having normal weight or being overweight
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The health care provider’s statement provides an outsider’s view or etic view.
The kindergarten teacher’s statement provides an etic view.
The cancer agency report provides an etic view.
Emic refers to an insider’s view. The teenager’s statement provides a view on
body weight related to the teenager’s personal experience.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
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16. Which of the following titles suggests that the study employs the ethnographic method?
a. The Phenomenon of Breast Self-Examination Among African-Canadian Women
b. The Lived Experience of Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Women
c. The Need for Culturally Sensitive Cancer Prevention Patient Education Materials
d. Preserving Femininity After Mastectomy
ANS: A
A
B
Feedback
Researchers use the ethnographic method to examine cultural variations in
health. The other answers do not refer to issues related to cultural behaviour.
Lived experience is consistent with phenomenology.
C
D
Culturally sensitive educational material is a patient need but not a research
study focus.
Femininity after mastectomy is not a research topic that specifically addresses
issues related to cultural variations.
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17. For an ethnographic study titled “How Rural Northern Albertan Families With Preschool
Children Define and Practice Health,” the researcher gathered data from mothers who were
identified as the primary directors of health care within the family unit. What role did the
mothers have in this study?
a. Community informants
b. General informants
c. Local informants
d. Key informants
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
This is not the proper term for the participants.
This is not the proper term for these participants.
This is not the proper term for these participants.
Key informants are individuals with special knowledge who are willing to
provide information to the ethnographer about a phenomenon.
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18. Which of the following research questions illustrates the ethnographic approach to qualitative
research?
a. In what ways do Puerto Rican women obtain health information?
b. What is the quality of life for persons living with HIV infection?
c. What was Florence Nightingale’s involvement in sanitation reforms during the
1860s?
d. How do individuals with heart disease experience anger?
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Ethnographic studies address questions that concern how cultural knowledge,
norms, values, and other contextual variables influence one’s health experience.
Quality of life is related to day-to-day experience, more consistent with
phenomenology.
An examination of Florence Nightingale’s activities would be a historical study.
Studying the experience of anger is consistent with the phenomenological
approach.
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19. In historical research, what or who constitutes the sample of the study?
a. Individuals who are the main characters in the historical context under study
b. Physical setting(s) in which the event occurred
c. Researchers and data gatherers
d. Data sources
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
While speaking with the main characters offers relevant information, it would
provide insufficient information in a historical study.
Examining the physical setting alone is insufficient.
Researchers are data gatherers and not the sample.
The sample consists of multiple data sources such as documents, videos, and
witnesses that describe the event under study.
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20. Which of the following pioneers of qualitative nursing research is known for the
phenomenological study that provided the basis for the theory of “human becoming”?
a. Leininger
b. Newman
c. Parse
d. Strauss
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Leininger was an expert researcher in Culture Care.
Newman studied and theorized about Health as Expanding Consciousness.
Parse developed the theory of Human Becoming.
Strauss was one of the two developers of grounded theory.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
21. What is the purpose of a “grounded theory” research design?
a. To ensure that the theory used has appropriate philosophical underpinnings
b. To move a concept from the perceived view to the received view
c. To test a theory for its specific application
d. To examine patterns of action and interaction between and among various types of
social units
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Expanding research into other disciplines is not a focus of grounded theory.
Phenomenology examines human experience.
Ethnographic studies examine cultural aspects.
Grounded theorists are interested in social process and human interaction.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
22. Which of the following specific major premises of grounded theory is represented when the
members of a nation are outraged by their nation’s flag being burned by the members of
another nation?
a. Social interactions are the focus of grounded theory.
b. Humans respond to objects on the basis of the meanings those objects have for
them.
c. People use interpretive processes in order to deal with or change the meanings of
their situations.
d. Personal meanings arise from interactions with others over time and are perceived
through one’s individual worldview.
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Symbolic interactionism supports grounded theory studies, and social
interactions are the focus of these studies.
In phenomenological studies, not grounded theory studies, humans respond to
objects on the basis of the meanings those objects have for them.
Phenomenological research is used to answer questions of meaning and to
understand experiences as those having the experiences understand them.
Phenomenological research is used to answer questions of meaning and to
understand experiences as those having the experiences understand them.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
23. How are ethnographic and phenomenological studies different?
a. Ethnographic studies include both qualitative and quantitative data, whereas
phenomenological studies employ only qualitative methods of data collection.
b. Ethnographic research makes extensive use of case studies, whereas
phenomenological research relies more on questionnaires that include multiplechoice options.
c. Phenomenological research focuses on the meaning of an event or experience to an
individual or group of people, whereas ethnographic research focuses on patterns
of behaviour of people within a culture.
d. Phenomenological research requires that data be collected face to face over an
extended period and in the person’s natural setting; ethnographic studies collect the
history of a culture by using primary and secondary documents as key data
sources.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Some aspects of this answer are correct; but it is not entirely correct.
Phenomenological research does not rely on questionnaires that include
multiple-choice questions.
Phenomenological research focuses on the meaning of an event or experience to
an individual or group of people, whereas ethnographic research focuses on
patterns of behaviour of people within a culture. This accurately describes
phenomenological and ethnographic research.
It is correct that phenomenological research requires that data be collected face
to face over an extended period and in the person’s natural setting; it is not
correct that ethnographic studies collect the history of a culture by using primary
and secondary documents as key data sources. This part describes historical
research.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
Chapter 09: Introduction to Quantitative Research
Test Bank
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following factors is considered a measure to keep the conditions of a
quantitative study uniform?
a. Accuracy
b. Methods
c. Control
d. Validity
ANS: C
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Accuracy refers to all aspects of a study that systematically and logically follow
the research question.
Methods refers to sections of the research study that include sampling, data
collection, and data analysis.
The term control refers to measures used by the researcher to keep the
conditions of the study uniform.
Validity refers to the truthfulness or soundness of a study.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
REF: Page 200
2. What is the overall purpose of research design?
a. To determine sample size
b. To identify the problem statement
c. To aid in the solution of a research question
d. To assist the researcher in identifying gaps in knowledge
ANS: C
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Sample size is determined by the chosen design and power analysis.
The problem statement describes the general focus of the research study.
The purpose of the research design is to provide the plan for finding answers to
the research question(s).
Gaps in knowledge should be identified and synthesized in the literature review.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
REF: Pages 199–200
3. Which of the following actions in a quantitative research study represents a measure to
eliminate bias on the dependent variable?
a. Establishing strict eligibility criteria for the study participants
b. Ensuring that all data are collected by a single researcher
c. Formulating at least two hypotheses for each research question
d. Testing a theoretical framework
ANS: A
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Strict eligibility criteria help reduce extraneous or mediating variables that
compete with study variables for influence on the dependent variable.
Collection of data by a single researcher would not control bias if poor sampling
techniques are used.
Formulating two hypotheses would not eliminate potential bias and could
possibly confuse the study.
Testing of a theoretical framework by itself does not control the effects of bias
on the dependent variable.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
REF: Page 204
4. In what way does literature review assist a researcher in selecting the appropriate design for a
quantitative study?
a. By enlarging the scope of hypotheses
b. By ensuring that the researcher remains faithful to the study purpose
c. By allowing the researcher to compare current findings with previous findings
d. By providing the opportunity to determine the objectivity of the problem area
ANS: D
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Literature review gives the researcher clues about the direction and nature of
hypotheses but not necessarily the scope.
Literature review does not ensure fidelity to the study purpose, which is, rather,
the role of research design.
Literature review does give information on past findings, but it provides the
research design through comparison of the designs of previous studies.
Objectivity in the conceptualization of the research question is achieved by a
thorough review of the literature.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
REF: Page 200
5. Which of the following conditions is met when all aspects of a study systematically and
logically follow from the research problem?
a. Internal validity
b. External validity
c. Accuracy
d. Legitimacy
ANS: C
Feedback
A
B
C
The term internal validity refers to whether the independent variable made the
change in the dependent variable.
The term external validity refers to the generalizability of the investigation’s
findings to additional populations and other environmental conditions.
The term accuracy means that all aspects of a study systematically and logically
flow from the research question.
D
The term legitimacy refers to the plausibility or validity of an item, variable, or
study.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
REF: Page 201
6. A researcher wants to study the effects of head injury in children under the age of 5 years on
mothers’ decisions to work outside of the home. Which of the following factors negatively
affects the feasibility of this study?
a. The local region has a high percentage of single-parent families.
b. Head injuries in children under age 5 represented less than 1% of hospital
admissions during the year previous to the study.
c. Children under the age of 5 years are not able to read, write, or give direct
informed consent to participate in this study.
d. A comprehensive review of the literature shows no studies that examined this
question were conducted during the past 15 years.
ANS: B
Feedback
A
B
C
D
A high percentage of single-parent families would not guarantee head injury in
children.
The term feasibility refers to the pragmatic considerations of a study; such a low
rate of admissions would make it difficult to obtain subjects for the study.
Informed consent from children would not affect the availability of subjects.
Lack of previous studies would suggest a need for such a study, but that factor
does not influence feasibility.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application
REF: Page 201
7. Which of the following factors would be considered a mediating variable among potential
subjects in a study to determine whether high doses of vitamin C are helpful in reducing
susceptibility to influenza?
a. Gender and religion of the potential subjects
b. The subjects’ previous experience with influenza
c. The subjects having received influenza vaccination
d. The educational level and marital status of the potential subjects
ANS: C
Feedback
A
B
C
D
The gender and religion of participants would not be mediating variables in this
instance.
Subjects’ previous experience with influenza would not interfere with the testing
of vitamin C’s impact on their susceptibility to flu.
An extraneous or mediating variable, for example, influenza vaccines, is one that
would interfere with the operation being studied.
Educational level and marital status of subjects would not be mediating variables
in this scenario.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application
REF: Page 203
8. Which of the following actions would best control for mediating variables when designing a
study to determine whether a videotape or a pamphlet is most effective in educating young
women about breast self-examination (BSE)?
a. Randomly assigning subjects to the two groups
b. Excluding subjects who already perform BSE on a regular basis
c. Selecting only heterosexual women as study subjects
d. Determining what breast cancer means to individual participants
ANS: B
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Random assignment of subjects to the two treatment groups would strengthen
the study but not decrease known mediating variables.
Subjects already performing BSE would not be appropriate for inclusion in a
study on teaching BSE.
Sexual orientation does not affect a woman’s need to perform BSE.
Determining the meaning of breast cancer to individual participants would not
control for extraneous or mediating variables in this situation.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application
REF: Page 203
9. How would an investigator ensure that a sample is homogeneous?
a. By restricting eligibility criteria to control for extraneous variables relevant to the
study.
b. By randomly assigning subjects to either the experimental group or the control
group.
c. By assigning one research assistant to collect all data.
d. By collecting all the data at the same time of day.
ANS: A
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Homogeneity of a sample is ensured by restricting eligibility criteria.
Random assignment to experimental or control groups does not ensure
homogeneity.
Data collection by one researcher will not control for extraneous variables in a
sample.
Timing of data collection will not ensure a homogeneous sample.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application
REF: Page 204
10. In what way could a homogeneous population of subjects in a study weaken the study?
a. By decreasing the reliability of the findings
b. By decreasing the generalizability of the findings
c. By increasing the number of subjects needed to reach statistical significance
d. By increasing the risk of the findings being the result of chance alone
ANS: B
Feedback
A
B
C
D
The homogeneity of a sample would not necessarily affect reliability.
The homogeneity of a sample can decrease generalizability of the findings.
The homogeneity of a sample does not mandate a larger sample size.
The homogeneity of a sample does not increase the risk of chance findings.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
REF: Page 204
11. Why are extraneous variables limited or eliminated in a well-designed study?
a. More research questions would be required to define the extraneous variable.
b. Extraneous variables compete with the dependent variable as an explanation of the
study’s outcome.
c. Extraneous variables compete with the independent variable as an explanation of
the study’s outcome.
d. Manipulation of extraneous variables increases the risk for researcher bias in the
study’s outcome.
ANS: C
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Research questions are not necessarily linked to and do not control for
extraneous variables.
The dependent variable is influenced by the independent variable.
Extraneous or mediating variables interfere with analyzing the effect of the
independent variable(s) on the dependent variable.
Manipulation of extraneous variables does not necessarily increase (or decrease)
the risk for researcher bias.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
REF: Pages 203–204
12. When should an extraneous variable be included as part of the study’s design?
a. When it is nonmodifiable, such as age or gender
b. When it is an important consideration for the outcome
c. When the researcher is limited by time and monetary issues
d. When it would not make a difference to the overall study outcome
ANS: B
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Nonmodifiable variables can be controlled for statistically and do not have to be
written into a design.
If a researcher believes that an extraneous variable is important to the outcome,
it should be included in the design.
Time and financial demands should not solely influence whether extraneous
variables are part of a study’s design.
If the extraneous variables would not make a difference to the study outcome,
then their inclusion in the design would be unnecessary.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
REF: Pages 203–204
13. Which of the following techniques or actions represents constancy in data collection for
control of extraneous variables in a study examining the effect of hormone replacement
therapy on bone density loss in postmenopausal women?
a. Drawing blood from all subjects at the same time of day
b. Always having the same nurse or phlebotomist always draw blood from all
subjects
c. Using the same room for drawing blood from all subjects
d. Ensuring that all subjects are postmenopausal women taking hormone replacement
therapy
ANS: A
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Constancy in data collection, for example, fixed timing of data collection, helps
maintain control in the research design.
In this scenario, the same person drawing blood samples would not ensure
constancy.
The same environment for drawing blood would not ensure constancy.
If subjects were already receiving hormone therapy, it would be difficult to
distinguish the effects of the new treatment.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
REF: Pages 204–205
14. What does assigning half a study sample to an experimental group and the other half to a
control group represent in controlling for mediating variables?
a. Data collection constancy
b. Manipulation of a mediating variable
c. Elimination of mediating variables
d. Manipulation of an independent variable
ANS: D
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Separating subjects into two groups (treatment versus control) does not represent
data collection constancy.
A mediating or extraneous variable is usually controlled rather than manipulated.
Separation of study subjects into treatment and control groups does not eliminate
mediating variables.
Administering a program, treatment, or intervention to a treatment group and
withholding it from a control group represent manipulation of an independent
variable.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
REF: Page 205
15. What is the purpose of randomization, or random assignment of subjects, in a study?
a. To ensure that all groups within a study are representative of the larger population.
b. To increase the chances that the study groups will be different from each other
with regard to extraneous variables
c. To ensure that current events do not influence the outcomes of the study
d. To eliminate the need for establishing specific study criteria and subject eligibility
ANS: A
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Randomization is designed to ensure that study subjects represent the larger
population.
Differences in study groups with regard to extraneous variables would not be
increased by randomization.
Randomization cannot control current or historical events.
Randomization does not eliminate the need for study criteria and subject
eligibility factors.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
REF: Page 206
16. For which type of quantitative study is the issue of control less important?
a. Paper-and-pencil
b. Exploratory
c. Experimental
d. Correlational
ANS: B
Feedback
A
B
C
D
The term paper-and-pencil refers to a measurement method, not a research
design.
Control is less important in exploratory studies because the researcher is
investigating an area in which little literature exists.
Control is critical to optimal experimental design.
Control is more important to correlational design than to exploratory design
because in correlational design, relationships between factors are being studied.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
REF: Page 206
17. Which of the following situations represents a threat to internal validity in an experimental
study measuring the effect of audio-taped instructions to patients being discharged home after
coronary artery bypass graft surgery?
a. Both men and women were included as subjects in the study.
b. Two new surgeons recently began performing the coronary artery bypass graft
surgeries.
c. Patients in the experimental group passed their tapes on to those in the control
group receiving usual care.
d. Data collection took 1 year.
ANS: C
Feedback
A
B
C
Including both genders would be a design strength, not a threat to internal
validity.
Personnel factors, such as new surgeons, should not directly affect the treatment
and threaten internal validity.
Sharing of the treatment tapes with control group members interferes with
interpretation of the true effect of the independent variable.
D
Duration of data collection does not threaten internal validity, provided that
control processes were standardized.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
REF: Pages 207–209
18. Why is the administration of a pretest a cause for concern in a research study?
a. It is a threat to internal validity, as it may affect the post-test results.
b. It is a threat to external validity, as it may affect the post-test results.
c. It is a form of selection bias that contributes to the problem of maturation.
d. It is a form of maturation that contributes to the problem of selection bias.
ANS: A
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Repetition of a test can influence subjects’ responses in subsequent tests and
threaten internal validity.
Testing is a threat to internal validity, not to external validity.
Pretesting should not create selection bias.
Pretesting is not a developmental, biological, or psychological process in
research subjects; maturation is.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
REF: Pages 207–208
19. Which of the following is the area of concern with regard to external validity?
a. The relationship between the independent variable and the study outcomes
b. Whether a specific event influenced the dependent variable
c. The degree to which extraneous or mediating variables interfered with the study
outcomes
d. The degree to which the findings are generalizable to populations beyond those
studied
ANS: D
Feedback
A
B
C
D
The term internal validity refers to the relationship between the independent
variable and the study outcomes.
The influence of a specific event on the study (historical threat) usually is
associated with the independent variable (internal validity).
Extraneous or mediating variables usually are associated with the effects of the
independent variables.
External validity deals with possible problems of generalizability of the
investigation’s findings to other populations or environments.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
REF: Page 210
Chapter 10: Experimental and Quasiexperimental Designs
Test Bank
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following criteria must be met to infer causality?
a. The relationship between cause and effect must be measurable and reciprocal.
b. The relationship must not be explainable by any other variable.
c. The independent variable must change in response to manipulation of the
dependent variable.
d. The outcome must be logical, expected, and predictable.
ANS: B
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Cause and effect are not necessarily reciprocal.
Control of other variables that may explain the effect of the independent variable
on the dependent variable is critical to causality.
In a cause-and-effect relationship, the independent variable changes the
dependent variable.
Cause-and-effect-relationships are not necessarily logical or expected.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
REF: Page 217
2. Which of the following situations meets a criterion for inferring causality between
performance of exercise and adaptation behaviour of women receiving chemotherapy for
breast cancer?
a. Adaptation behaviour began before the exercise program was initiated.
b. Adaptive behaviour occurred in the control group over time.
c. The level of adaptation behaviours increased proportionately with increase in the
intensity of the exercise.
d. No differences in adaptation behaviours were observed between subjects in the
experimental group and subjects in the control group.
ANS: C
Feedback
A
B
C
D
The change in the dependent variable before treatment begins would interfere
with clear causality.
If a change in adaptation behaviour occurred without treatment, that would
interfere with causality.
A clear proportional change in the dependent variable that occurs because of
clear proportional change in the independent variable supports causality.
The lack of difference between groups suggests that the independent variable
(treatment) was not causally related.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
REF: Pages 221–222
3. What is the term used to describe the experimental treatment initiated by the researcher?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Independent variable
Dependent variable
Extraneous variable
Outcome variable
ANS: A
Feedback
A
B
C
D
The other term for experimental treatment is independent variable.
The dependent variable is also called the outcome.
The term extraneous variable refers to a variable that can interfere with inferring
causality.
Outcome variable is another term for dependent variable.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
REF: Page 217
4. By what specific criterion should you judge the results or findings of experimental research?
a. The size of the experimental group compared with the size of the control group
b. The validity that the experimental treatment caused the desired effect on the
outcome
c. The degree to which the research questions were congruent with the hypotheses
and the purpose of the study
d. The degree to which the researcher was able to apply the findings to clinical or
practice settings
ANS: B
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Findings of an experimental study are not ultimately judged by comparing group
sizes.
The validity of the results of an experimental study depends on how well the
researcher controlled alternative explanatory variables.
Though important, congruence of research questions, hypotheses, and so on is
not the ultimate criterion for evaluating an experimental effect.
Clinical applicability does not guarantee validity of experimental results.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
REF: Page 217 | Page 227
5. Which of the following factors or characteristics is present only in an experimental design
(and not in a quasiexperimental design)?
a. Research question or hypothesis
b. Experimental treatment
c. Informed consent
d. Randomization
ANS: D
Feedback
A
B
Research questions or hypotheses are present in all levels of quantitative
research.
Experimental treatment is also present in a quasiexperimental design.
C
D
Informed consent is required for all types of research.
Randomization or random assignment to a group is not present in a
quasiexperimental study.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
REF: Pages 218–219
6. What aspect should be the primary consideration in critiquing the research report of an
experimental study and determining the validity of the conclusions presented?
a. How well the researcher controlled for extraneous variables
b. The direction of the relationship between dependent and independent variables
c. The credentials and previous experience of the researcher
d. The number of persons involved in the data collection process
ANS: A
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Control is the ultimate criterion in experimental research because it is related to
constancy in the manipulation of variables.
The direction of the treatment relationship is not critical to control.
Researcher credentials and experience, while important, do not ensure
experimental control.
The number of data collectors is not a primary criterion for determining the
validity of conclusions.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
REF: Page 217
7. How differently is the independent variable handled in studies with an experimental design or
a quasiexperimental design?
a. An independent variable is not identified or needed in a quasiexperimental design.
b. Both designs identify an independent variable, and both manipulate the
independent variable.
c. Experimental designs demonstrate that the independent variable is related to the
outcome, but quasiexperimental studies allow for independent variables that stand
alone.
d. Although both designs identify an independent variable, experimental designs
identify it before the research is initiated, and quasiexperimental designs identify it
after the data have been analyzed.
ANS: B
Feedback
A
B
C
D
A quasiexperimental design incorporates both dependent and independent
variables.
The major difference between experimental and quasiexperimental designs is the
randomization of groups; independent variables are manipulated in both designs.
Both experimental and quasiexperimental designs examine the relationship of
dependent and independent variables.
In both designs (experimental and quasiexperimental), variables are identified
before the study begins.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
REF: Page 223
8. Which of the following statements about random assignment or randomization is true?
a. The randomization process decreases the influence of researcher bias but can
increase the effect of systematic bias in a study.
b. The randomization process decreases the influence of systematic bias but can
increase the effect of researcher bias in a study.
c. With randomization, each subject has an equal and known probability of being
assigned to any group in a study.
d. Randomization eliminates the need for informed consent.
ANS: C
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Randomization does not decrease researcher bias or necessarily increase
systematic bias.
Randomization does not necessarily influence systematic bias or researcher bias.
Randomization, or random assignment to a group, implies that each subject has
an equal and known probability of being assigned to a group.
Informed consent is always required in any type of research on human subjects.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
REF: Page 218
9. Why is randomization important in a study with an experimental design?
a. It reduces the risk of the subject being harmed by participation in the study.
b. It ensures that the experimental group and the control group have the same number
of participants.
c. It allows the study to proceed without the researcher knowing the identity of the
treatment group.
d. It increases the likelihood that differences in the outcomes of the groups are not
related to chance alone.
ANS: D
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Randomization does not protect a research subject from harm.
Sampling techniques such as quota sampling, not randomization, ensure equal
group size.
Randomization does not blind the researcher to treatment group versus control
group.
Randomization helps attribute any group differences in study outcomes to the
treatment or experimental condition and not to chance alone.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
REF: Page 219
10. What is the meaning of “control” in a study with an experimental design?
a. The care taken to ensure maintenance of participant confidentiality
b. The introduction of one or more constants into the experimental situation
c. The ability of the researcher to prevent data collection from extending beyond the
original time specified for the study
d. The faithfulness of the researcher in the application of all the assumptions of the
experimental process to the study
ANS: B
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Participant confidentiality is protected by the researcher’s coding of subjects.
Control is the introduction of one or more constants into the experimental
situation.
Control in an experimental design is not related to specific periods of a study.
Control is associated with holding factors constant, rather than with applying
experimental assumptions.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
REF: Page 219
11. Using the abstract information provided below, identify which group would be considered the
“control group” for this experimental study.
“To determine the efficacy of a cognitive-behavioral intervention for treating insomnia in
breast cancer survivors, randomized controlled trials were conducted with seventy-two
women who through sleep diaries were identified as experiencing insomnia. Participants were
randomly assigned to a multi-component intervention including stimulus control instructions,
sleep restriction, and sleep or a single-component group (sleep education).”
a. The group receiving the multi-component.
b. The group receiving the single component.
c. The group experiencing adverse effects.
d. The group refusing to participate.
ANS: B
Feedback
A
B
C
D
The group receiving the multi-component is the experimental or treatment
group.
In true experimental research, the control group is the group that receives the
usual treatment. The single component is the usual treatment.
Adverse effects do not occur only in the control group but are more likely to
occur in the treatment group.
Refusal to participate does not refer to control group status.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
REF: Pages 217–218
12. In a study about help to quit smoking, one group of participants received a single supportive
phone call 10 days after attending a program on strategies to resist the urge to smoke. A
second group received a weekly supportive phone call for 6 weeks after attending the same
program, and a third group received no supportive phone calls after attending the program.
What property of experimental research did the researcher employ in this study?
a. Quasi-experimental research—no control group
b. Random assignment to research groups
c. Manipulation of the intervention dose
d. Controlling for extraneous variables
ANS: C
Feedback
A
B
C
D
There was a control group—the group that received no phone calls.
The description of the study does not indicate whether random assignment was
done.
The description of the study indicates manipulation of the independent variable
with various patterns of interventions, that is, phone calls.
Control of extraneous variables is not evident in this description.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
REF: Page 219
13. A study was conducted to determine whether a videotape would be more effective than a
pamphlet in instructing college-age women to perform breast self-examination on a regular
basis. Which of the following conditions could be considered an antecedent variable?
a. Four participants in the pamphlet-based instruction group had mothers who had
been diagnosed with breast cancer, and the other group had no participants with
mothers diagnosed with breast cancer.
b. The group that received the videotape training comprised members of one sorority,
and the group that received the pamphlet-based instruction comprised members of
a different sorority.
c. During the study, most participants received flu shots through the college’s student
health service.
d. The pamphlet group had 38 members, and the videotape group had 33 members.
ANS: A
Feedback
A
B
C
D
An antecedent variable (e.g., mothers with breast cancer) is something that
occurs before the study but may affect the outcome and confuse results.
The sorority effect would occur during data collection in the study, not before
the study.
Flu immunization would not have occurred before the study, but during the
study.
Sample size would occur during the study, not before it.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
REF: Page 220
14. A study compared weight loss in obese subjects between those who participated in a support
group and those who chose not to. Which of the following factors or conditions in the study
would be considered an intervening variable?
a. Data collection for both groups occurred over the Thanksgiving holiday.
b. The group that did not participate in a support group had a greater percentage of
male subjects.
c. Three subjects were diagnosed with hypertension 1 month after the study began.
d. Two subjects dropped out of the study 1 month after the study began.
ANS: C
Feedback
A
B
If a factor affects both groups, then it is likely not an intervening variable.
Group size and gender would be part of the study.
C
D
An intervening variable (e.g., hypertension diagnosis) affects the subject during
the course of the study; it is therefore not part of the study and could affect the
dependent variable.
Subject attrition would not be considered an intervening variable.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
REF: Page 220
15. What type of threat to validity is minimized by the use of the Solomon four-group design?
a. Mortality
b. Selection bias
c. Testing
d. Antecedent variable
ANS: C
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Use of four groups does not control subject mortality or attrition.
Selection bias would be controlled by correct sampling processes.
Testing threats to internal validity are ruled out by Solomon four-group design.
Antecedent variables are not controlled by the use of the four-group design.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
REF: Page 222
16. For which of the following studies would an after-only experimental research design be most
appropriate?
a. The effect of cause of spousal death on widow self-esteem.
b. The effect of preoperative teaching on vascular complications after surgery.
c. The effect of a mentorship program on improvement of student performance in a
BSN program.
d. The effectiveness of using the videotape to teach adolescent males about the
warning signs of testicular cancer.
ANS: B
Feedback
A
B
C
D
The effect of cause of spousal death cannot be controlled and studied.
After-only design is particularly useful when outcomes cannot be measured
beforehand (e.g., postoperative complications).
Student performance can be measured before and after the intervention
(mentorship program).
Knowledge about testicular cancer can be measured before and after the
intervention (videotape teaching).
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
REF: Pages 222–223
17. Why would a nurse researcher opt for a quasiexperimental study design instead of an
experimental study design?
a. The study is planned to be conducted in a laboratory setting.
b. An experimental treatment is not part of the study.
c. The researcher has not conducted research before.
d. Full experimentational control is not possible.
ANS: D
Feedback
A
B
C
D
A laboratory setting, in itself, would not preclude the use of an experimental
design.
If no experimental treatment is used, then the study does not have a
quasiexperimental design.
Researcher inexperience should not influence the choice of design.
When full experimental control is not possible, it is appropriate for the
researcher to select a quasiexperimental design.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
REF: Page 224
18. Which of the following types of quasiexperimental design is implemented when subjects are
not randomly assigned to groups?
a. Nonequivalent control group design
b. After-only control group design
c. Solomon four-group design
d. Time series design
ANS: A
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Nonequivalent control group design is a quasiexperimental design in which
subjects are not randomly assigned to groups.
After-only control group design does not preclude the use of random assignment.
Random assignment does occur in the Solomon four-group design.
A time series design involves multiple episodes of data collection; it does not
mean that random assignment is not used.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
REF: Pages 225–226
19. What advantage do quasiexperimental studies have over experimental studies?
a. A smaller sample size is sufficient to obtain significant results in
quasiexperimental studies.
b. Quasiexperimental studies are stronger in establishing cause-and-effect
relationships.
c. Descriptive statistics can be used to analyze the data in quasiexperimental studies.
d. Quasiexperimental studies are more adaptable to real world settings.
ANS: D
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Sample size is determined by power analysis, rather than design, in
quasiexperimental studies.
Quasiexperimental designs are not as strong as experimental designs.
Descriptive statistics can be used for both quasiexperimental and experimental
studies.
Quasiexperimental studies are more adaptable to real-world settings, where
randomization is difficult or impossible.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
REF: Page 228
20. Which of the following is a purpose of evaluation research in nursing?
a. Documenting the cost-effectiveness of new nursing interventions
b. Discovering the health beliefs of a specific ethnic group
c. Defining the cause-and-effect relationship in poor surgical outcomes
d. Describing various models of health care delivery
ANS: A
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Evaluation research is the use of research methods to evaluate a program,
treatment, or policy (e.g., a nursing intervention).
Health beliefs of a specific group would be learned through an ethnographic
study.
Cause-and-effect relationships can be analyzed with experimental or
quasiexperimental approaches.
Describing models of health care delivery most likely occurs in descriptive
research.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
REF: Page 229
21. In the study by Siminoff, Burant and Ibrahim entitled “Racial Disparities in Preferences and
Perceptions Regarding Organ Donation,” sampling was done using a random digit telephone
technique. What threats to internal validity does this prevent?
a. Selection effects
b. Selection bias
c. Social desirability bias
d. Testing effects
ANS: B
Feedback
A
B
C
D
The researchers used randomly selected individuals in this study, which reduced
selection bias.
The researchers used randomly selected individuals in this study, which reduced
selection bias—which could threaten internal validity.
Probability sampling helped reduce selection bias, not social desirability bias.
Probability sampling would not reduce the effects of testing, but would help
reduce selection bias.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Evaluation
REF: Page 220
Chapter 11: Non-experimental Designs
LoBiondo-Wood: Nursing Research in Canada, 4th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. What is the first question that should be asked in determining whether an experimental design
or a nonexperimental design should be used in a quantitative study?
Is there an independent variable?
What is the nature of the problem being studied?
Will a measurement tool or instrument be needed?
Can statistical analysis be applied to the study data?
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Independent variables are used in both experimental and nonexperimental
studies.
The nature of the research problem determines whether an experimental or
nonexperimental design should be used.
A measurement tool or instrument can be used in both nonexperimental and
experimental designs.
Statistical analyses can be used in both experimental and nonexperimental
designs.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
2. When should a descriptive or exploratory design be used?
a. When expanding the results of a qualitative study
b. When direct contact with potential participants is not possible
c. When little is known about a particular participant or phenomenon
d. When issues of cause and effect in a situation have already been determined
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Expanding the results of a qualitative study does not mandate the use of a
descriptive or exploratory design.
Descriptive designs often involve direct contact with participants.
A descriptive or exploratory design is appropriate when little is known about a
research topic.
Cause and effect are determined by both quasi-experimental and experimental
designs.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application)
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and Maintenance
3. Which of the following titles suggests a descriptive study?
a. Characterization of Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy
b. The Lived Experience of Liver Transplantation Among Older Caucasian Men
c. Effect of Virtual Reality as a Distraction Intervention on Adolescents Undergoing
Chemotherapy
d. Correlation Between Current Income Level and Self-Esteem Among Recently
Widowed Women
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The word characterization suggests that the researcher is conducting a
descriptive study on chemotherapy-related neuropathy.
The phrase lived experience is associated with phenomenological research.
The phrase effect of is associated with an experimental design.
The phrase correlation between is associated with correlational level quantitative
research.
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and Maintenance
4. Which of the following is an advantage of research studies that examine the association or
relationships between variables?
Ability to determine a causal relationship
Possibility for greater manipulation of the variables
Randomization of participants that allows for increased generalizability
Potential for application in clinical settings and establishment of a foundation for
future experimental studies.
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Causal relationships are usually determined by experimental and quasiexperimental designs.
Correlational or association-type designs do not involve manipulation of
variables.
Randomization can be used in various levels of research and is not reserved only
for associative research.
The advantages of correlational studies include their applicability to clinical
settings and the establishment of a foundation for future experimental designs.
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and Maintenance
5. Which of the following would be used to assess whether mental health patients who received
cognitive-behavioural therapy via smart phones remain out of hospitals for longer periods of
time?
a. Cross-sectional survey
b. Longitudinal, comparative survey
c. Predictive, statistical survey
d. Causative, correlational survey
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
A cross-sectional survey would not allow study of hospitalization over time,
since the survey would occur at only one point.
A survey that collected data several times from two groups (those with and
without smart phone therapy) would properly assess therapeutic effects.
Predictive design and statistical survey analysis would not be adaptable to this
research scenario.
A causative survey would not be used in a correlational study.
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6. Why would a nurse researcher choose not to use a survey study design?
a. Data analysis is limited with a survey design.
b. Information collected is relatively superficial.
c. Results are never applicable beyond the study population.
d. More participants are required to reach statistical significance than for other study
designs.
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Survey design can yield extensive data for analysis.
Information obtained in a survey tends to be superficial.
Survey design does not necessarily limit generalizability.
A survey design does not necessarily increase the need for a larger sample size.
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and Maintenance
7. A nurse researcher would choose to use a correlational study of multiple variables for which
purpose?
To identify the independent variable
To test whether one variable causes another variable
To examine relationships between or among variables
To distinguish how different one variable is from another variable
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: C
A
B
Feedback
The independent variable(s) should be identified by the researcher planning a
study.
Causation cannot be established by a correlational study.
C
D
A multivariate correlational study examines relationships between or among
variables.
A correlational study will not help distinguish one variable from another.
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8. Why would a nurse researcher choose to use a correlational design for a nonexperimental
study?
a. It represents an efficient and effective method of collecting a large amount of data
about a problem.
b. Many questionnaires and instruments are already developed and have been
determined to be valid and reliable.
c. Generalizability is greater than for results of studies using experimental designs.
d. It allows flexibility in the manipulation of more than one variable.
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
A correlational design permits collection of a large amount of data about a
problem.
Questionnaires and instruments are used in all levels of research, not only for
correlational studies.
Experimental studies are usually considered to have a stronger design and to be
generalizable if sampling is appropriately designed.
No variable is manipulated in a correlational study because it is considered
nonexperimental.
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and Maintenance
9. Which of the following factors or situations in a study using a correlational design should
cause you to question the validity of the study?
a. The study did not have a nontreatment control group.
b. The researchers concluded that a causal relationship existed between the variables.
c. The researchers suggested that their findings had practical application in a clinical
setting.
d. The researchers used preexisting instruments to measure the variables instead of
developing specific instruments for the study.
ANS: B
A
B
C
Feedback
Control groups are not used in correlational studies, which have a
nonexperimental design.
The design of correlational studies does not permit the generation of causal
inferences.
Practical applications of the study findings in a clinical setting may be
D
appropriate for various levels of research.
Use of validated, reliable preexisting instruments is considered entirely
appropriate in research.
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MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
10. A nurse researcher will choose to use a developmental study design to do what?
a. Allow comparison of the results of qualitative studies of a phenomenon to the
results of quantitative studies of the same phenomenon
b. Allow reanalysis of existing data for a secondary purpose not stated in the original
research
c. Allow exploration of the changing nature of relationships between variables over
time
d. Allow development or refinement of a tool or instrument
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Comparison of studies would be a component of the literature review.
Reanalysis of existing data for a secondary purpose is the definition of secondary
analysis.
Developmental design permits exploration of the changing nature of
relationships of variables over time.
Development or refinement of a tool or instrument is the purpose of
methodological research.
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MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
11. Which of the following statements about cross-sectional studies is most accurate?
a. More than one group can be compared.
b. Only descriptive data can be measured.
c. Data are collected retrospectively, rather than prospectively.
d. Data collection and data analysis can occur simultaneously.
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The cross-sectional design allows multiple group comparison.
Cross-sectional analysis is not reserved for only descriptive data.
In a cross-sectional study, data are collected across groups at one point in time.
Data analysis would follow data collection in cross-sectional studies.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
12. Which of the following study titles suggests a cross-sectional design?
a. Effect of Prenatal Parenting Classes on Maternal–Infant Bonding in the Early
Postpartum Period
b. Change in Self-Esteem Over Time Among Women Participating in a Weight Loss
Support Group
c. Relationship Between Self-Esteem and Successful Breastfeeding at 1 Month and 6
Months After Delivery
d. Women’s Appraisal of the Diagnosis Within the First 48 Hours After Initial Breast
Cancer Diagnosis
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Parenting classes during the early postpartum period would not be suitable for a
cross-sectional study.
A cross-sectional design would not be used to analyze change in self-esteem
over time.
Data collection at two separate points is not done in a cross-sectional design.
The study’s title suggests a design involving data collection at one point in time.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
13. A nurse researcher would decide to use a longitudinal or prospective design for which reason?
a. The data obtained are focused and deep.
b. The study overall is more manageable for the researcher.
c. The issue of maturation as a threat to internal validity is avoided in this design.
d. This design does not require the use of tools or instrumentation.
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Longitudinal or prospective designs are associated with more in-depth, focused
data collection.
A longitudinal design can be more difficult for the researcher given the length of
time involved.
Maturation is a threat to internal validity in longitudinal design.
The longitudinal design often requires use of measurement tools or instruments.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
14. Which of the following titles is most suggestive of a longitudinal study?
a. Effect of Prenatal Parenting Classes on Maternal–Infant Bonding in the Early
Postpartum Period
b. Change in Self-Esteem Over Time Among Women Participating in a Weight Loss
Support Group
c. Relationship Between Self-Esteem and Successful Breastfeeding at 1 Month After
Birth
d. Women’s Appraisal of the Diagnosis Within the First 48 Hours After Initial
Diagnosis of Breast Cancer
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
A study of the early postpartum period would have a design of short duration,
not a longitudinal design.
A longitudinal study monitors research participants over a long period, as in
observing “a change in self-esteem over time.”
Studying relationships among variables at one point in time is not characteristic
of a longitudinal design.
A study of the appraisal of breast cancer diagnosis in the first 2 days after
diagnosis does not have a longitudinal design.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
15. What is the major characteristic of a retrospective, or ex post facto, study?
a. Obtaining informed consent is not an important issue in a retrospective study.
b. Maximal opportunity to manipulate the independent variable exists in a
retrospective study.
c. In a retrospective study, the dependent variable is measured multiple times to
examine the effect of maturation.
d. The dependent variable has already been affected by the independent variable in a
retrospective study.
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Informed consent may be necessary in a retrospective study for certain research
topics.
A retrospective study does not involve the manipulation of variables.
Effect on the dependent variable has occurred already, so maturation is not an
issue in a retrospective study.
In an ex post facto study, the dependent variable has already been affected.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
16. How is an ex post facto design more advantageous than a correlational design?
a. This design is easier to carry out.
b. The independent variable can be manipulated in this design.
c. A greater degree of control is possible with this design.
d. This design offers increased flexibility when the relationships among the variables
in the study are complex.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
An ex post facto design is not an inherently easier design than a correlational
design.
No variable is manipulated in an ex post facto design.
A retrospective or ex post facto study offers a higher level of control than does a
correlational study.
Complex interrelationships usually decrease flexibility in a study.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
17. Which of the following types of design would be appropriate to forecast the effects of
psychoeducational interventions on psychological adaptation of women diagnosed with breast
cancer?
a. Correlational
b. Prediction
c. Descriptive
d. Ex post facto
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
A correlational design cannot determine causation or treatment effects.
A prediction design would be the most appropriate design to forecast the effects
of an intervention on a particular dependent variable.
A descriptive design is used to describe characteristics of variables and does not
allow testing of treatment effects.
An ex post facto study does not permit manipulation of variables.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
18. A nurse researcher would decide to use a retrospective or ex post facto study for which
reason?
Obtaining informed consent is not an important issue.
There is maximal opportunity to manipulate the independent variable.
The dependent variable is measured at multiple times to examine maturation.
The dependent variable has already been affected by the independent variable.
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: D
A
B
C
Feedback
Informed consent may be necessary in retrospective studies given some research
topics.
A retrospective study does not involve the manipulation of variables.
Effect on the dependent variable has occurred already, so maturation is not an
issue.
D
In an ex post facto study the dependent variable has already been affected.
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and Maintenance
19. A nurse researcher will choose an ex post facto design over more a correlational design for
which reason?
It is easier to implement.
The independent variable can be manipulated.
There is a greater degree of control in the design.
There is increased flexibility when variables relationships are complex.
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
An ex post facto design is not inherently easier than correlational design.
No variable is manipulated in an ex post facto design.
A retrospective or ex post facto study offers a higher level of control than a
correlational study.
Complex interrelationships usually decrease flexibility in a study.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
20. What study type is indicated by data collection at only one point in time?
a. Cross-sectional
b. Retrospective
c. Longitudinal
d. Prospective
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The cross-sectional design is associated with data collection at one point in time.
The retrospective design involves analysis of data that has already been
collected.
The longitudinal design involves data collection over a period of time.
The prospective design involves data collection over time, well into the future.
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and Maintenance
21. In a study of psychosocial adjustment to breast cancer, data collection instruments were sent
to the same sample of women at six different times during their first year of living with breast
cancer. What type of study design does this exemplify?
a. Cross-sectional
b. Retrospective
c. Longitudinal
d. Correlational
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The cross-sectional design involves data collection at one point in time.
In the retrospective design, relationships about past events are examined in order
to analyze their possible effects on current variables.
The longitudinal design involves data collection from the same group(s) at
different points in time.
The correlational design examines relationships among variables usually at one
point in time.
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22. Which of the following threats to internal validity is more likely to occur with a longitudinal
design?
Instrumentation effects
Mortality effects
History effects
Selection bias
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Instrumentation effects or testing effects can occur in many types of research
design, and are not necessarily more likely in longitudinal design.
A major disadvantage of longitudinal design is loss of research participants.
History effects can occur in any kind of research design.
Selection bias occurs because of problems in sampling processes rather than in
the design.
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and Maintenance
23. In which study design do participants serve as their own controls, allowing early trends in the
data to emerge?
Cross-sectional
Ex post facto
Retrospective
Longitudinal
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: D
A
Feedback
The cross-sectional design does not allow for intraparticipant comparisons
because data are collected at one point in time.
B
C
D
In ex post facto research, events have already occurred; intraparticipant
comparison therefore does not occur in this type of study.
Retrospective studies are similar to ex post facto research, in which events have
already occurred; intraparticipant comparison therefore does not occur in this
type of study.
In longitudinal studies, participants serve as their own controls, which allow for
trends in the data to emerge.
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and Maintenance
24. The longitudinal study and the prospective study are similar for which reason?
a. Each moves forward in time.
b. Each has an experimental focus.
c. Each is able to establish causal relationships.
d. Each selects different samples from the same population at various periods of time.
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Longitudinal and prospective designs both move forward in time for data
collection.
Longitudinal and prospective studies are not necessarily experimental in design.
Longitudinal and prospective designs do not necessarily establish causation; the
design could be preexperimental, like descriptive design.
Longitudinal and prospective studies collect from the same group at different
points in time.
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and Maintenance
25. What type of research focuses on the theory and development of measurement instruments?
a. Meta-analysis
b. Psychometrics
c. Methodology
d. Data management
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Meta-analysis quantitatively summarizes the results of many research studies.
Psychometrics deals with the theory and development of measurement
instruments.
Methodology is the section of a research report that describes the design, sample,
setting, instrumentation, and procedures.
Data management is a generic term for organizing and analyzing collected data.
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26. If no hypothesis is present in a study, does this indicate a weakness in the study? Why, or why
not?
This is not a weakness, as the study can be descriptive.
This is not a weakness, if the study is quasi-experimental.
This is a weakness, as the study is descriptive.
This is not a weakness, as the study can be quasi-experimental.
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Descriptive nonexperimental designs use research questions, not hypotheses.
The study is not quasi-experimental, but if it were, a hypothesis would be
necessary.
Descriptive nonexperimental designs use research questions, not hypotheses.
The study is not quasi-experimental, but if it were, a hypothesis would indeed be
necessary.
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27. How does an experimental research design differ from a nonexperimental research design?
a. Experimental designs allow observation of a phenomenon as it naturally occurs,
and nonexperimental designs permit environmental manipulation.
b. Nonexperimental designs manipulate the dependent variable, and experimental
designs manipulate the independent variable.
c. Nonexperimental designs attempt to test differences among variables, and
experimental designs attempt to establish cause-and-effect relationships.
d. Experimental designs are scientific, and nonexperimental designs have no
scientific basis.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Nonexperimental designs allow observation of phenomena; experimental
designs permit environmental (variable) manipulation.
Nonexperimental designs involve no manipulation of variables.
Experimental designs seek to establish cause-and-effect relationships by active
manipulation of variables (e.g., treatments).
Nonexperimental designs should have a scientific basis or rationale.
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and Maintenance
MULTIPLE RESPONSE
1. Advantages to use of correlational design for a study include what? (Select all that apply.)
a. Efficiency and effectiveness in data collection
b. Flexibility for investigating complex relationships
c. Multivariate manipulation of variables
d. Strong potential for clinical (real-world) application
e. Increased potential for generalizability
ANS: A, B, D
Feedback
Correct
Incorrect
Correlational design is associated with efficient and effective data
collection for a large amount of data.
Correlational design increases flexibility when investigating complex
relationships among variables.
Correlational design is associated with the advantage of increased
potential for real-world (clinical) application.
Variables are not manipulated in nonexperimental research.
Because preexisting groups are used in correlational design,
generalizability is decreased.
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2. What features identify a study as methodological in design? (Select all that apply.)
a. A description of how the tool’s items were formulated
b. A description of the experimental treatment
c. A clear definition of how the construct was measured
d. A reporting on the tool’s tested reliability and validity
e. A statistical table showing the effect of the independent variable
ANS: A, C, D
Feedback
Correct
Incorrect
A methodological study includes formulation of the tool’s items.
A methodological study includes a definition of how the construct/concept
was measured.
A methodological study is designed to test a new instrument’s or tool’s
validity and reliability.
Experimental treatments are not used in methodological design.
Methodological studies do not involve experimental treatments.
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and Maintenance
3. What can a nurse researcher address in a study using a survey design? (Select all that apply.)
a. Interrelationships of variables
b. Description of variables
c. Assessment of differences between variables
d. Determination of causation
e. Prediction of treatment outcomes
ANS: A, B, C
Feedback
Correct
Incorrect
Survey design is excellent for exploring interrelationships of variables.
Description of variables can be well elicited by survey design.
Survey design is helpful in assessing differences between variables.
Survey design is not appropriate to determine causation.
Survey design is not able to predict treatment outcomes because a variable
is not being manipulated.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
4. Which types of research designs are considered to be survey studies? (Select all that apply.)
a. Descriptive
b. Exploratory
c. Correlational
d. Developmental
e. Comparative
f. Cross-sectional
ANS: A, B, E
Feedback
Correct
Incorrect
A descriptive study is considered to be a survey design.
An exploratory study is considered to be a survey design.
A comparative study is considered to be a survey design.
A correlational study is not considered to be a survey design.
A developmental study is not considered to be a survey design.
A cross-sectional study is not considered to be a survey design.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
5. Which types of research designs are considered to be relationship-difference studies? (Select
all that apply.)
Descriptive
Exploratory
Correlational
Developmental
Comparative
Cross-sectional
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
ANS: C, D, F
Feedback
Correct
A correlational study is considered to be a relationship-difference study.
A developmental study is considered to be a relationship-difference study.
Incorrect
A cross-sectional study is considered to be a relationship-difference study.
A descriptive study is not considered to be a relationship-difference study.
An exploratory study is not considered to be a relationship-difference
study.
A comparative study is not considered to be a relationship-difference
study.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
6. Which types of research designs are considered to be developmental studies? (Select all that
apply.)
Cross-sectional
Comparative
Exploratory
Longitudinal
Prospective
Cohort
Descriptive
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
ANS: A, D, E, F
Feedback
Correct
Incorrect
A cross-sectional design is considered to be a developmental study.
A longitudinal design is considered to be a developmental study.
A prospective design is considered to be a developmental study.
A cohort design is considered to be a developmental study.
A comparative design is not considered to be a developmental study.
An exploratory design is not considered to be a developmental study.
A descriptive design is not considered to be a developmental study.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
Chapter 12: Sampling
LoBiondo-Wood: Nursing Research in Canada, 4th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following is the process of selecting representative units of a population for a
research investigation?
Sampling
Snowballing
Delimitation
Random assignment
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Sampling is the process of selecting representative units of a population for a
research study.
Snowballing is a sampling technique that uses social networks.
Delimitation is the specification of sample characteristics.
Random assignment is the process of assigning participants to groups.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
2. How should a nurse researcher expect a sample to differ from a population?
a. A sample can be an object or an event; a population refers to individuals or groups
of people.
b. A population has a broad set of defining characteristics, whereas a sample has a
narrow set of defining characteristics.
c. A population is a representative segment of a defined sample.
d. A sample is a representative segment of a defined population.
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Population refers to a well-defined set of people, animals, objects, or events.
A sample is a group of research participants representing a population.
A sample is a representative segment of a population.
A sample is a set of elements or segments of a specified population.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
3. A nurse researcher has made a generalization on the basis of the experience of a small number
of participants. What will the result of this be?
a. Small samples invalidate hypotheses.
b. The researcher may be unable to eliminate his or her bias.
c. Data obtained from a small number may represent the phenomenon inadequately.
d. Small samples increase historical threats to internal validity.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
A small sample does not necessarily invalidate hypotheses.
Researcher bias is not necessarily controlled by sample size, small or big.
A very small sample may represent the phenomenon inadequately and threaten
valid conclusions.
A small sample size does not necessarily increase historical threats to validity.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
4. Which of the following statements best identifies the sample descriptors that form the basis
for eligibility criteria in sample selection?
a. A sample of 1,000 practising nurses in a selected state was surveyed.
b. The sample consisted of 267 Canadian girls and American girls who lived in urban
areas in their respective countries.
c. The sample consisted of 40 men between the ages of 20 and 55 who were treated
for burn injuries during the past decade at a specialized burn unit.
d. The sample consisted of 57 hospital nurse executives and 178 staff registered
nurses employed in Ontario.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The description includes only practising nurses and a selected state.
The description includes only gender, ethnicity, and urban dweller setting.
Sample descriptors should explicitly describe the population criteria for
inclusion (eligibility); this sample descriptor has four specified criteria.
The description includes nurse executives or nurses from one province.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Evaluation
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
5. Which of the following statements about inclusion and exclusion criteria is true?
a. These criteria are not needed when the sample being studied is composed of
events.
b. These criteria serve to ensure that the characteristics of the sample and the
population are congruent.
c. Inclusion criteria are used to define independent variables, and exclusion criteria
are used to define dependent variables.
d. Inclusion criteria are used to define dependent variables, and exclusion criteria are
used to define independent variables.
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Inclusion and exclusion criteria are always needed in some form.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria are designed to keep both population and
sample characteristics congruent.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria refer to sample participants, rather than to
independent or dependent variables.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria refer to sample participants, rather than to
independent or dependent variables.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
6. What can a nurse researcher use to restrict the study population to homogeneous groups of
participants?
Sampling
Self-selection
Eligibility criteria
Defining study limitations
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Sampling does not mandate restricting the population to a homogeneous group
of participants.
Self-selection would not restrict participants to a homogeneous group.
Eligibility criteria restrict or control the homogeneity of participants in relation
to the population.
Specifying study limitations would not restrict participants to homogeneity.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
7. A nurse researcher should be concerned about establishing clear eligibility criteria for
inclusion in a study sample because such criteria will do what?
Increase the homogeneity of the sample
Decrease the homogeneity of the sample
Increase the size of the sample
Decrease the size of the sample
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Clear eligibility criteria are designed to increase the homogeneity of the sample.
Clear eligibility would not hinder homogeneity but support it.
Eligibility criteria do not directly increase or decrease sample size.
Eligibility criteria do not directly increase or decrease sample size.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
8. A nurse researcher should attempt to clearly specify exclusion criteria for a study sample
because such criteria will do what?
a. Limit the time needed to complete the study
b. Reduce the effect of extraneous variables on the accurate evaluation of the
outcome variable
c. Eliminate the outside influences and inferences regarding the effectiveness of a
behavioural intervention
d. Ensure that an adequate sample size is accrued to meet assumptions for accurate
statistical analysis
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Exclusion criteria do not directly affect how long a study takes.
Exclusion criteria are designed to control sample characteristics and thereby
reduce the potential effect of extraneous variables on the outcome variable.
Exclusion criteria delimit the sample but do not fully act as controls for the
intervention.
Sample size is not determined by exclusion criteria.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
9. The nurse researcher knows that a sample is representative of a population when which
statement is true?
The sample is homogeneous.
All units of a population are included.
The most readily accessible persons are used as participants.
The characteristics of the sample closely approximate those of the population.
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
A homogeneous sample is not the ultimate criterion for evaluating a sample.
Population elements or unit inclusion is important but not the ultimate criterion.
Ready participant accessibility does not constitute the most important
evaluative criteria.
The foremost criterion in evaluating a sample is its representativeness.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Creating (Evaluation)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
10. What is the difference between an “accessible population” and a “target population”?
a. An accessible population meets inclusion criteria, whereas a target population
meets exclusion criteria.
b. A target population meets inclusion criteria, whereas an accessible population
meets exclusion criteria.
c. An accessible population represents the entire set of cases the researcher wishes to
study, whereas a target population represents that part of the accessible population
that could feasibly be included in the study.
d. A target population represents the entire set of cases the researcher wishes to
study, whereas an accessible population represents that part of the target
population that could feasibly be included in the study.
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Inclusion and exclusion criteria refer to participant characteristics, not to
components of a population.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria refer to desirable and undesirable participant
characteristics.
A target population is the entire set of cases to be studied; an accessible
population is a part of the population that can be studied.
A target population is the entire set of cases the researcher wants to study; an
accessible population meets population criteria and is available for study.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
11. Which factor or condition of a sample meets the criterion for representativeness?
a. The sample is drawn randomly from the general population without the use of
specific criteria.
b. The characteristics of the sample closely resemble the characteristics of the larger
target population.
c. The sample includes the same percentage of men and women as well as members
of different ethnic groups as the general population does.
d. The participants selected for the sample have agreed to express the specific
opinions or beliefs representative of their ethnic or cultural group.
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Representativeness is based directly on the use of specific criteria.
A sample is considered representative when its characteristics closely resemble
those of the general population.
These factors are not as critical as is closely matching the characteristics of the
general population.
Participants’ agreement with the attitudes or beliefs of their ethnic or cultural
groups is not considered representativeness.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
12. What is the major benefit of nonprobability sampling, as compared with probability sampling?
a. It does not affect generalizability.
b. Informed consent must be obtained.
c. The necessary sample sizes are easier to obtain.
d. Sample sizes are too small for most methods of statistical analysis.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Nonprobability sampling reduces or limits generalizability.
Informed consent is required for all studies despite the choice of sample.
Convenience nonprobability sampling is more accessible.
Nonprobability sampling does not mandate a small sample size.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
13. Which of the following sampling strategies has the greatest risk for sample bias?
a. Quota
b. Random
c. Purposive
d. Convenience
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Quota sampling, if done appropriately, will not create sample bias.
Random sampling should help avoid sample bias.
Purposive sampling would enable selective inclusion of research participants
and help avoid sampling bias.
Convenience sampling has the greatest risk for sample bias.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
14. At a teaching hospital, of the staff of 1,500 nurses, 60% have a college diploma, and 21%
have a BScN. The recruitment goal for a study was set at 1,000 nurses, with 600 in the college
diploma group, 210 in the BScN group, and 190 from any other type of nursing education.
What type of sampling strategy is represented by this research plan?
a. Quota
b. Random
c. Purposive
d. Convenience
ANS: A
A
Feedback
In quota sampling, the researcher ensures that proportional segments of the
population are included in the sample.
B
C
D
Random sampling would not ensure that specified proportions of the population
were included in the sample.
Purposive sampling ensures inclusion of participants’ characteristics but not
proportional segments of the population.
Convenience sampling includes easily available research participants, not
proportional segments of the population.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
15. A study was conducted to determine whether head flattening in preterm infants was prevented
by placing their heads on a water pillow. The first 50 preterm infants admitted to a newborn
intensive care unit during a specific year were assigned to either a usual care group or a
treatment group. What type of sampling strategy is represented by this research plan?
a. Quota
b. Random
c. Purposive
d. Stratified
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Quota sampling ensures proportional segments in the sample that mirror the
population, but it does not include random sampling.
Random sampling ensures that all participants in a population have an equal
chance of selection.
In purposive sampling, the researcher hand picks cases based on his or her
knowledge of the population (preterm infants).
Stratified sampling is similar to quota sampling and includes random sampling.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
16. What is the primary characteristic of a probability sample?
a. Self-selection of participants
b. Random selection of the sample
c. Hand picking of participants by the researcher
d. Representation of proportional segments of the population
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Self-selection of participants would be antithetical to probability sampling.
The primary characteristic of a probability sample is random selection.
Participants hand picked by a researcher represent purposive sampling, which is
not a form of probability sampling.
Proportional segment representation is found in quota sampling, which is a
form of nonprobability sampling.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
17. What is the major characteristic of a stratified sample?
a. The sample population is divided into subsets that are homogeneous for a
particular trait or feature.
b. The sample population is divided into subsets for random assignment into an
intervention group or a usual care group.
c. The sample population is randomly assigned to a specific subgroup that will differ
from other groups on the basis of treatment type.
d. The sample population is randomly assigned to a specific subgroup that will differ
from other groups on the basis of treatment duration.
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The major characteristic of a stratified sample is that selected participants
represent population subgroups that are homogeneous.
A stratified sample would have representation in both the treatment group and
the control group.
In a stratified sample, both the treatment group and the control group are
representative of population subgroups.
Stratified samples are not devised on the basis of length of treatment but on the
proportions of participants in the population.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
18. What type of sampling strategy is represented when every fourth postsecondary student who
registers for a specific course is selected into the treatment group?
Cluster sampling
Systematic sampling
Simple random sampling
Stratified random sampling
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Cluster sampling involves sampling selected segments or settings of a
population (e.g., all urban hospitals).
Systematic sampling involves selection of every Kth case (in this instance every
fourth).
Simple random sampling involves all members of the population having an
equal chance of selection, not selection by placement.
Stratified random sampling involves selecting proportional segments of the
sample representing the population through random selection.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
19. What is the appropriate sampling interval for drawing a systematic sample of 25 participants
from 200 women who had breast enhancement surgery in the course of a particular year at a
specific medical centre?
a. Every fourth patient
b. Every fifth patient
c. Every eighth patient
d. Every tenth patient
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The sampling interval is determined by dividing the total sample by a standard
distance between elements.
The sampling interval is determined by dividing the total sample by a selected
standard distance between elements.
The sampling interval would be determined by dividing 200 by 25; that is,
every eighth patient.
The sampling interval is determined by dividing the total sample by a selected
standard distance between elements.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
20. A nurse researcher would hesitate to use nonprobability sampling because
a. it will result in reduced or limited generalizability.
b. informed consent must be obtained.
c. it will require large, unmanageable sample sizes.
d. sample sizes are too small for most methods of statistical analysis.
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Nonprobability sampling reduces or limits generalizability.
Informed consent is used for all studies despite choice of sample used.
Nonprobability sampling does not mandate large unmanageable sample sizes.
Nonprobability sampling does not mandate a small sample size.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
21. Which type of sampling is most at risk for sample bias?
a. Quota
b. Random
c. Purposive
d. Convenience
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Quota sampling, if done appropriately, will not create sample bias.
Random sampling should act to counteract sample bias.
Purposive sampling would selectively include research participants and avoid
sampling bias.
Convenience sampling is most at risk for sample bias.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
22. The primary characteristic of a probability sample is considered to be what?
a. Self-selection of participants
b. Random selection of the sample
c. Participants handpicked by the researcher
d. Representation of proportional segments of the population
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Self-selection of participants would be antithetical to probability sampling.
The primary characteristic of a probability sample is random selection.
Participants being handpicked by a researcher represents a purposive sample,
which is not a form of probability sampling.
Proportional segment representation can be found in quota sampling, which is a
form of nonprobability sampling.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
23. A nurse researcher opts to use a stratified sample in a research study for which reason?
a. The sample population is divided into subsets that are homogeneous for a
particular trait or feature.
b. The sample population is divided into subsets for random assignment into an
intervention or a usual-care group.
c. The sample population is randomly assigned to a specific subgroup that will vary
from the others on the basis of type of treatment.
d. The sample population is randomly assigned to a specific subgroup that will vary
from the others on the basis of treatment duration.
ANS: A
A
B
Feedback
The major characteristic of a stratified sample is that selected participants
represent population subgroups that are homogeneous.
A stratified sample would have representation in both the treatment and control
groups.
C
D
In a stratified sample, both treatment and control groups have representative
groups.
Stratified samples are not devised on the basis of length of treatment but on
proportions of participants in the population.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
24. What process is employed when a researcher accrues a sample of participants by using the
word-of-mouth approach?
Referral
Networking
Recruitment
Quasiprobability
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Referral is a generic term that is not associated specifically with the word-ofmouth approach to sampling.
Networking is a sampling strategy that uses the word-of-mouth approach via
social networks.
The term recruitment describes the methods used to obtain research
participants.
The term quasiprobability is not associated with the word-of-mouth approach to
sampling.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
25. What does the technique of matching in a sampling strategy contribute to the research?
a. Improvement of study design
b. Elimination of the need for a control group
c. Increased equivalency of the comparison group
d. Reduction of sample size by making participants serve as their own controls
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Matching, by itself, will not improve study design.
Matching does not eliminate the control group; rather, it helps make the control
group and the treatment group equivalent.
Matching is a special strategy used to construct an equivalent comparison
group.
Matching does not reduce the sample size, and study participants cannot serve
as their own controls.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
26. A nurse researcher can most accurately use the technique of power analysis to do what?
a. To estimate sample size
b. To establish sampling strata
c. To assign participants randomly
d. To analyze sample representativeness
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Power analysis is a statistical procedure used to determine needed sample size.
Sampling strata would be determined by knowledge of population strata.
A table of random numbers (or a computer program) can be used to assign
participants randomly.
Sample representativeness is not determined by power analysis.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
27. A nurse researcher should be particularly concerned about having a small sample size for
which reason?
a. There is increased risk of obtaining a nonrepresentative sample.
b. There is increased risk of a study participant interacting with another study
participant.
c. There is increased potential for loss of confidentiality.
d. There is increased regression toward the mean.
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Small sample sizes tend to increase the risk of a sample being
nonrepresentative.
Study participant interaction can occur, whatever the sample size.
Confidentiality loss can affect large or small samples.
Regression toward the mean is not generated by sample size.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
28. What question should a research consumer ask when evaluating the sample size in a research
report?
How many assistants were involved in data collection?
How representative is the sample relative to the target population?
How great is the outcome difference between or among study groups?
How many previous studies has the researcher conducted before on similar topics?
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The number of data collectors is not of critical importance in research report
evaluation.
A major factor to be evaluated about sample size is how representative the
sample is of the target population.
Outcome differences would have greater impact on later research but not the
current study.
The expertise of the researcher does not affect sample size.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
29. Which of the following terms describes the process of obtaining the required number of
participants by asking those people who are easiest to access?
Selection bias
Convenience
Randomization
Internal reliability
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Selection bias occurs when precautions are not exercised to ensure getting a
representative sample.
The term convenience refers to the type of sample where available participants,
who do not necessarily represent the population, are included.
Randomization is the process of obtaining participants that ensures that every
participant in the population has an equal chance of being selected.
The term internal reliability describes a characteristic of measurement where
processes are standardized or where items in a survey relate to one construct.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
30. Which statement regarding sample size is most accurate?
a. Studies with smaller sample sizes have more accurate results.
b. Studies with smaller sample sizes are more likely to be representative of the target
population.
c. Studies with larger sample sizes have more accurate results.
d. Studies with larger sample sizes are more likely to be representative of the target
population.
ANS: D
A
B
Feedback
Smaller sample sizes may be associated with less accurate results.
Smaller sample sizes are more likely to be unrepresentative of the population.
C
D
Sample size does not guarantee accuracy of the results.
In general, studies with larger sample sizes are more representative of the
population.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
MULTIPLE RESPONSE
1. What are types of nonprobability of sampling? (Select all that apply.)
a. Purposive
b. Quota
c. Stratified random
d. Multistage (cluster)
e. Convenience
ANS: A, B, E
Feedback
Correct
Incorrect
Purposive sampling is a nonprobability type.
Quota sampling is a nonprobability type.
Convenience sampling is a nonprobability type.
Stratified random is probability sampling.
Cluster sampling is probability sampling.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
2. The nurse researcher is deciding on a sampling strategy for the research study. Which type(s)
of strategies would be considered to be probability sampling strategies? (Select all that apply.)
Convenience
Quota
Simple random
Cluster
Purposive
Stratified random
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
ANS: C, D, F
Feedback
Correct
Incorrect
Simple random, cluster, and stratified random are probability sampling
strategies.
Convenience, quota, and purposive are nonprobability sampling
strategies.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
3. The nurse researcher is attempting to develop a purposive sampling strategy as part of a
research study. What criteria will be used to determine whether the strategy is purposive?
(Select all that apply.)
a. Validation of scale with a known-group technique
b. Focus of study population relates to specific diagnosis
c. Focus of study population relates to broad, general topic
d. Effective posttesting of instruments
e. Collection of exploratory data
f. Collection of descriptive data
ANS: A, B, E, F
Feedback
Correct
Incorrect
Validation of scale with a known-group technique; Focus of study
population relates to specific diagnosis; Collection of exploratory data;
and Collection of descriptive data are criteria used to determine whether
the sampling strategy is purposive.
The study population should relate to a specific diagnosis, not to a broad
topic.
The instrument should be pretested, not posttested.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
Chapter 13: Data Collection Methods
LoBiondo-Wood: Nursing Research in Canada, 4th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following terms describes the process of translating the researcher’s concepts of
interest into observable and measurable phenomena?
Analysis
Objectivity
Consistency
Operationalization
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Analysis is the process of examining data; it does not specifically address
measurable phenomena.
The term objectivity refers to data not being influenced by the data collector.
Consistency is about data being collected from each research participant in a
way that is as close to exactly the same as possible.
Operationalization is the process of translating the variables of research interest
into observable and measurable phenomena.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
2. Which of the following factors or issues are most important in deciding on a method of data
collection for a specific research study?
a. The number of hypotheses or research questions and the experience of the
investigator
b. The nature of the research question and the specific population to be studied
c. The cost of the instrument and the amount of research effort involved
d. The number of co-investigators on the study and the educational preparation of the
primary investigator
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Researcher experience should not influence choice of data-collection method.
The nature of the research question and the specific population to be studied are
the most important factors in determining a method of data collection.
Cost of instrumentation and research effort are related to obtaining funding and
are not deciding factors in the choice of data-collection method.
The number of co-investigators and the researcher’s educational preparation are
not prime considerations in the choice of data-collection method.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
3. What should the nurse researcher expect to be the difference between data collection for
patient care and data collection for the purposes of research?
a. For patient care, data are obtained from the patient and medical record; for
research, data are obtained only from the patient.
b. Data collection for research may include direct patient quotations; in patient care,
recording of direct quotations is avoided.
c. During research data collection, there is no direct interaction between the nurse
and the patient.
d. Data collection for research purposes must be objective and systematic.
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
In research, data may be collected from patients, medical records, and many
other sources.
Quotations may be used in either research or patient care.
Research data collection may involve direct nurse contact, depending on design.
The major difference between data collection for patient care and research
purposes is that data collection for research purposes must be free from the
researchers’ personal biases, beliefs, values, or attitudes and collected in a
uniform, consistent, or standard way from each participant by everyone who is
involved in the data-collection process.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
4. What is the most appropriate method of data collection the researcher can use to gather
information from 1,000 people?
Field notes
Structured interview
Unstructured interview
Survey
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Field notes are comments made by researchers and may not provide answers for
critical areas of focus.
A structured interview would allow the researcher to ask specific questions
about families’ perceptions and attitudes.
Unstructured interviews may not permit coverage of critical topics that need to
be addressed.
A survey can be mailed or posted online and is easy to analyze.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
5. Which data-collection method would be most appropriate in studying “death anxiety” in
preschool children with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)?
An unstructured interview
Asking parents about their children’s fear of death
Children’s responses on a paper-and-pencil death anxiety scale
Children’s verbal responses to pictures depicting various issues related to death
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Preschool children might be unable to answer unstructured questions and to stay
focused on the topic of interest.
Parents’ opinions would not provide the best data on children’s feelings about
their fear of death due to AIDS.
Preschool children would not likely be able to answer on a paper-and-pencil
death anxiety scale.
Preschool children who cannot read may be able to respond to pictures.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
6. What is the most important issue in the data-collection phase of research?
a. Flexibility in data collection
b. Consistency in data collection
c. Accurate interpretation of the data collected
d. Averaging of numerical scores to reduce the effect of outliers
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Flexibility does not necessarily support integrity in data collection.
Consistency is the most critical issue in the data collection phase.
Interpretation of data occurs in the data analysis phase.
Arithmetic activities and statistical approaches are part of the data analysis
phase.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
7. What is accurate about physiological, or biological, measures of data?
a. They involve the use of specialized equipment.
b. Data-collection error is reduced with their use.
c. They can be used for both qualitative and quantitative studies.
d. Instruments that measure physiological phenomena represent the “gold standard”
and eliminate the need to verify instrument reliability and validity.
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Physiological or biological measurement involves the use of specialized
equipment.
Data-collection error is reduced in physiological and biological measures only
if they are used appropriately.
Physiological measures are not routinely used in qualitative research.
Physiological measures mandate that the validity and reliability of these
instruments be checked frequently.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
8. Which data-collection method would be most appropriate in studying bullying behaviour in
elementary school–aged girls?
An unstructured interview
Asking parents about their children’s experience with bullying
Responses of the children on a paper-and-pencil bullying scale
Concealment of the researcher without intervention in children’s behaviour
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Children may be unable to answer unstructured questions and stay focused on
the topic of interest.
Parents’ opinions would not give the best data for children’s views on bullying.
Children may not give accurate responses to such a scale.
This method is often used in developmental research and allows for
observational studies.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
9. What is the nurse researcher’s primary concern in data collection for research?
a. Flexibility in data collection
b. Consistency in data collection
c. Accurate interpretation of data collected
d. Averaging of numerical scores to reduce the effect of outliers
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Flexibility does not necessarily support integrity in data collection.
Consistency is the most critical issue in the data-collection phase.
Interpretation of data occurs in the data analysis phase.
Arithmetic activities and statistical approaches are part of the data analysis
phase.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
10. The training of data collectors to adhere strictly to a standard protocol for a research project
will affect the ultimate outcome of the study by doing what?
Reducing risks to human participants
Reducing cost of data collection
Increasing consistency in data collection
Increasing risk of introducing researcher bias into the study
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Reducing risks to human participants is best controlled by institutional review
board clearance and informed consent.
Data collector training may actually increase costs in a research study.
Training of data collectors increases consistency in data collection.
Data collector training does not increase risk of researcher bias.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
11. In a study conducted at a large long-term care facility, two nurse researchers collected data
about 56 pressure ulcers on 40 different participants. The examinations were independently
performed but on the same day. A comparison of the results indicated that the data collectors,
who used the Braden Scale for pressure ulcer assessment, had identical scores for 54 of the 56
ulcers. What can be determined from this finding?
a. Interrater reliability between the two data collectors was high.
b. Interrater reliability between the two data collectors was low.
c. The data-collection method was inappropriate for the phenomenon under
investigation.
d. In order to establish interrater reliability, both data collectors should have
examined each pressure ulcer at the same time.
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Interrater reliability is the consistency of observations between two or more
observers.
Agreement of 54 out of 56 scores would indicate high level of interrater
reliability.
The data-collection method was appropriate for pressure ulcer risk assessment.
The risk assessments did not have to be done by both evaluators at the same
time.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
12. A nurse researcher would choose physiological data-collection methods for which reason?
a. Cost and participant acceptance
b. Reduced duration of data collection
c. Objectivity and sensitivity
d. No need for interrater reliability determination
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Physiological data-collection instruments can be very costly.
Physiological measurement methods do not necessarily reduce the duration of
date collection.
The advantages of physiological data-collection methods include objectivity
and sensitivity.
Physiological measurement methods often require interrater reliability
determination.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
13. What is an example of a physiological measurement?
a. Definition of a type “A” behaviour pattern
b. Description of self-care abilities in patients with dementia
c. Ranges of values on two consecutive arterial blood gas analyses
d. Adjusted scores on the State-Trait Anxiety Scale
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Definition of a human behaviour pattern is a theoretical abstraction.
Description of behaviours involves observation of activities and is not a
physiological measurement.
Consecutive arterial blood gas assessment is an example of a physiological
measure.
The State-Trait Anxiety Scale is a paper-and-pencil survey and is therefore not a
physiological measure.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
14. What is the most appropriate data-collection method for measuring postoperative pain during
the first 24 hours after coronary artery bypass graft surgery?
Assessment of arterial blood gas values
Unstructured interview
Visual analogue pain scale
Pain questionnaire
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Arterial blood gas reveals blood pH and oxygen levels, not pain levels.
An unstructured interview would not focus on pain, and the postoperative
patient might be asleep.
A visual analogue pain scale would allow even an intubated patient to indicate
pain level.
A pain questionnaire cannot be completed by a sedated or sleeping
postoperative patient.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
15. During a research project, the researcher notes that the participant completes each assigned
task with a much higher level of performance than he normally exhibits. How should a nurse
researcher most accurately describe this change in the participant’s behaviour?
a. Reactivity
b. Instability
c. Therapeutic
d. Interventionist
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Reactivity refers to behaviour change that occurs as a result of being observed.
The term instability does not provide an adequate description.
The term therapeutic refers to an intervention and may not be related to
reactivity.
The term interventionist is not used to describe change in behaviour due to
awareness of being observed.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
16. The nurse researcher’s use of a focus group interview with audio-recording of group
interactions would be considered to be an observational role of what?
a. Concealment with intervention
b. Concealment without intervention
c. No concealment with intervention
d. No concealment without intervention
ANS: D
A
B
C
Feedback
Concealment with intervention involves a hidden treatment without the
participant’s awareness.
Concealment without intervention involves participants being unaware of the
observation and no action or treatment being carried out.
No concealment with intervention would involve participants being aware of
D
the observation and the researcher provoking a response from the participant.
A focus group approach uses no concealment, and no intervention is inherent in
the method.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
17. The nurse researcher informs participants that he or she would like to include them in a
research study and that they can refuse to participate through what?
Informed consent
Concealment with intervention
Unauthorized research
Concealment without intervention
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Informed consent is the process of asking participants to participate in a
research study.
Concealment means that research participants are unaware that they are being
observed by a researcher.
Unauthorized research would not have been approved by an IRB.
Scientific misconduct is unethical or illegal activities committed by the
researcher(s) in a research study.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
18. Which observational role would be most appropriate if the nurse researcher wants to identify
maternal response behaviours to cries of infants with colic?
Concealment with intervention
Concealment without intervention
No concealment with intervention
No concealment without intervention
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Concealment with intervention would not allow natural observations; the
mother would be prompted to a response.
Concealment without intervention would promote valid observations of
maternal response behaviours to infants’ cries.
The mother would be aware of the observation and prompted to act, affecting
validity of the observations.
No concealment without intervention could affect the validity of observations
owing to maternal awareness of being watched.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
19. Which of the following data-collection methods is most at risk of researcher bias?
a. Questionnaires
b. Available data
c. Observation methods
d. Physiological measurement
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Questionnaires, because they are prestructured, are less at risk of researcher
bias.
The term “available data” is not descriptive of a data-collection method.
Researcher bias can affect observational methods the most because the
researcher himself or herself is the observer.
Physiological measurement is an objective data-collection method and less at
risk of researcher bias.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
20. What advantage is shared by both interview and questionnaire data-collection methods?
a. Both seek to understand the attitudes, beliefs, and feelings of participants.
b. Both are analyzed by statistical methods.
c. Both require extensive researcher training.
d. Both are paper-and-pencil tests.
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Interviews and questionnaires are both good for understanding the attitudes,
beliefs, and feelings of participants.
Interviews are not usually analyzed using statistics.
Interviews and questionnaires do not necessarily require extensive researcher
training.
Interviews are usually not paper-and-pencil tests.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
21. A nurse researcher would select the interview method of data collection for which reason?
a. It is of value only in qualitative studies.
b. It allows participants to report data directly.
c. Consistency is sacrificed for objectivity.
d. Objectivity is sacrificed for consistency.
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Interviews can be, and often are, used in quantitative studies.
The interview method allows participants to report data directly.
Interviews do not sacrifice consistency for objectivity; they are by nature
subjective.
Interviews are by nature subjective because participants report data directly.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
22. Use of structured, forced-response questionnaires would be the most appropriate in which
case?
When the participant is confused
When the questions asked have a finite number of possible responses
When data collection must take place in a public environment
When the responses will reflect an opinion that cannot be interpreted as “right” or
“wrong”
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Participant confusion will not necessarily be decreased by use of structured,
forced-response questionnaires.
Structured, forced-response questionnaires are most appropriate when questions
have a finite number of responses.
Structured forced-response questionnaires are not the most appropriate in public
places.
Forced-response questionnaires are not appropriate for opinion type questions
only.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
23. Use of records or data-available methods of data collection would be most appropriate in
which case?
When the research participants are illiterate
When the participants are not reliable historians
When the goal of research is to analyze trends and change over time
When the researcher suspects that the participant may be attempting to alter
responses in an attempt to please the researcher
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: C
A
B
Feedback
Participant literacy level does not mandate use of records.
Unreliable historians do not mandate use of records, as their previous records
may also be problematic.
C
D
Records and other data-available methods of data collection are good for
analyzing trends and change over time.
Participant acquiescence or social desirability can be controlled by questioning
techniques rather than use of records.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
24. Which of the following methods of data collection has the lowest refusal rate?
a. Closed-ended questionnaire
b. Open-ended questionnaire
c. Physiological measurement
d. Interview
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Closed-ended questionnaires may be more easily refused, since the participant
may not feel involved.
Open-ended questionnaires may be perceived as time-consuming and
unattractive by potential participants.
Physiological measurements can be refused by research participants.
Interviews are associated with the highest participation rate.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
25. A nurse researcher is developing a new instrument based on the caring behaviours of nurses.
Put the process of this instrument’s development in the appropriate order.
1. Generating the caring instrument items
2. Identifying the nurse population
3. Assessing caring items for content validity
4. Developing user instructions
5. Defining caring behaviours of nurses
a. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
b. 5, 4, 3, 2, 1
c. 5, 2, 1, 3, 4
d. 3, 4, 1, 2, 5
ANS: C
A
B
Feedback
The correct order for instrument development is: defining caring behaviours of
nurses; identifying the nurse population; generating the caring instrument items;
assessing caring items for content validity; developing user instructions.
The correct order for instrument development is: defining caring behaviours of
nurses; identifying the nurse population; generating the caring instrument items;
assessing caring items for content validity; developing user instructions.
C
D
The correct order for instrument development is: defining caring behaviours of
nurses; identifying the nurse population; generating the caring instrument items;
assessing caring items for content validity; developing user instructions.
The correct order for instrument development is: defining caring behaviours of
nurses; identifying the nurse population; generating the caring instrument items;
assessing caring items for content validity; developing user instructions.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
26. Which data-collection method can be assessed by asking, “Is there clear indication that the
participants understood the task and the questions?”
Questionnaires
Interviews
Physiological measurement
Records and databases
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
This question does not assess questionnaires as a data-collection method.
This question assesses interviews as a data-collection method.
This question does not assess physiological measurement as a data-collection
method.
This question does not assess records and databases as a data-collection
method.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
27. Which data-collection method can be assessed by asking, “Are the data examined in such a
way as to provide new information?”
Questionnaires
Interviews
Physiological measurement
Records and databases
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
This question does not assess questionnaires as a data-collection method.
This question does not assess interviews as a data-collection method.
This question does not assess physiological measurement as a data-collection
method.
This question assesses records and databases as a data-collection method.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
28. Which data-collection method can be assessed by asking, “Is there evidence that participants
were able to answer the questions?”
Questionnaires
Interviews
Physiological measurement
Records and databases
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
This question assesses questionnaires as a data-collection method.
This question does not assess interviews as a data-collection method.
This question does not assess physiological measurement as a data-collection
method.
This question does not assess records and databases as a data-collection
method.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
29. Which data-collection method can be assessed by asking, “Are the majority of the items
appropriately close-ended or open-ended?”
a. Questionnaires
b. Interviews
c. Physiological measurement
d. Records and databases
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
This question assesses questionnaires as a data-collection method.
This question does not assess interviews as a data-collection method.
This question does not assess physiological measurement as a data-collection
method.
This question does not assess records and databases as a data-collection
method.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
30. Which data-collection method can be assessed by asking, “Is there a provision for evaluating
the accuracy of the instrument?”
Questionnaires
Interviews
Physiological measurement
Records and databases
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
This question does not assess questionnaires as a data-collection method.
This question does not assess interviews as a data-collection method.
This question assesses physiological measurement as a data-collection method.
This question does not assess records and databases as a data-collection
method.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
MULTIPLE RESPONSE
1. A nurse researcher is designing a study on objective analysis of vital sign monitoring before,
during, and after trauma care in the emergency department. To analyze trends in this process,
which types of measurements could the nurse consider incorporating? (Select all that apply.)
a. Available data (records of vital signs)
b. Paper-and-pencil scales
c. Questionnaires
d. Physiological instruments readouts
e. Interviews
ANS: A, D
Feedback
Correct
Incorrect
Vital sign records would be evidence of physiological measurements.
Physiological instrumentation would provide objective readings.
Paper-and-pencil scales are not objective data.
Questionnaires are not objective data.
Interviews are not objective data.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
2. A nurse researcher is working with students experiencing test anxiety. The nurse has the
students take a test while she watches through a two-way mirror. What does this approach
incorporate? (Select all that apply.)
a. Observation
b. Interviewing
c. Reactivity
d. Structured interviewing
e. Concealment
ANS: A, E
Feedback
Correct
The nurse is incorporating the process of observation for data collection.
Incorrect
A two-way mirror involves the use of concealment.
This process does not involve interviewing.
Reactivity is a change in participants’ behaviour because of being
observed, which is not the case in this study.
Structured interviewing was not used in this scenario.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
3. What are some advantages of using physiological data-collection methods? (Select all that
apply.)
Objectivity
Precision
Flexibility
Inexpensive
Sensitivity
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
ANS: A, B, E
Feedback
Correct
Incorrect
Objectivity, precision, and sensitivity are considered advantages of the
physiological data-collection method.
Physiological data-collection methods are not known to be flexible.
Physiological data-collection methods may actually be quite expensive.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
4. What are the steps involved in instrument development? (Select all that apply.)
a. Clarify the target population
b. Define concept to be measured
c. Develop items
d. Estimate reliability and validity
e. Statistically analyze individual items
f. Develop implications from the item analysis
ANS: A, B, C, D
Feedback
Correct
Incorrect
Clarifying the target population is the second step in instrument
development.
Defining concept to be measured is the first step in instrument
development.
Developing items is the third step in instrument development.
Estimating reliability and validity is the final step in instrument
development.
Statistically analyzing individual items is not considered a step in
instrument development.
Developing implications from the item analysis is not considered a step in
instrument development.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
5. A nurse researcher is designing a study examining the construct of anxiety. The researcher
could operationalize anxiety through what? (Select all that apply.)
Vital signs readouts
Observation
Sweat-level measurements
Interview
Paper-and-pencil scale
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
ANS: A, B, C, D, E
Feedback
Correct
Incorrect
Changes in vital signs can indicate increased anxiety.
Observation could be used to identify specific behaviours often
associated with anxiety.
Anxiety is associated with changes in sweat production.
Interviews of participants could elicit subjective descriptions of anxiety.
Paper-and-pencil scales or instruments are available to address anxiety.
Changes in vital signs can indicate increased anxiety.
Observation could be used to identify specific behaviours often
associated with anxiety.
Anxiety is associated with changes in sweat production.
Interviews of participants could elicit subjective descriptions of anxiety.
Paper-and-pencil scales or instruments are available to address anxiety.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
Chapter 14: Rigour in Research
LoBiondo-Wood: Nursing Research in Canada, 4th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Nurse researchers critiquing research reports should be concerned with the assessment of the
validity and reliability of study instruments to do what?
To determine the utility of the instruments for triangulation
To assess the relationships between hypotheses and research questions
To determine whether concepts and variables were measured adequately
To assess whether the concept under study is being treated as a dependent variable
or an independent variable
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
There are several types of triangulation; the chosen instrument might assist a
study to become triangulated, but the reliability and validity of it must be
determined before triangulation.
This response fits the connection between hypotheses and research questions
but not instrument reliability and validity.
An indicator of a study’s excellence is the establishment of the reliability and
validity of the instruments used to measure variables.
Instrument reliability and validity issues are not related to variables being
independent or dependent.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
2. An ear temperature probe that consistently reports body temperature at a degree lower than the
patient’s actual temperature has what type of reliability or validity problem?
a. Reduced reliability, systematic error
b. Reduced validity, random error
c. Increased validity, systematic error
d. Increased validity, random error
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The instrument is systematically measuring temperature inaccurately.
This response does not refer to random error.
The validity of the instrument is not increased.
The validity of the instrument is not increased.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
3. Which of the following terms is applied to variability in test scores being attributed to error
rather than to actual differences in behaviour?
Random error
Variance error
Persistent error
Systematic error
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Random error is connected with validity.
Variance and error are connected as one research term—error variance—not as
the reverse—variance error—which is defined as variability in test scores.
Persistent error is not a research term.
Systematic error is connected with reliability.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
4. The validity of a new instrument developed to measure peripheral neuropathy has been
determined to be very high. What does this attribute mean?
It is sensitive but not specific.
Its use results in minimal random errors.
It accurately measures peripheral neuropathy.
Determination of inte-rrater reliability is unnecessary.
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
This answer does not describe validity, but the characteristics of screening tests.
Validity does not guarantee minimal random errors.
The validity of an instrument is associated with its accuracy.
Inter-rater reliability is not an example of validity.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
5. Which type of validity is most difficult to establish?
a. Content validity
b. Construct validity
c. Predictive validity
d. Concurrent validity
ANS: B
A
B
Feedback
Face and expert validity are relatively easy to establish.
Construct validity includes many types of validity; it is complex and tends to
take much more time to establish than other types of validity.
C
D
Predictive validity is relatively easy to establish.
Concurrent validity is relatively easy to establish.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
6. What is being established when a researcher submits a few items to each of several concepts
on an instrument? For example, a questionnaire on measuring depression has items on
emotional and physical abuse.
a. Content validity
b. Construct validity
c. Concurrent validity
d. Criterion-related validity
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
A panel of experts judges instrument validity through the content type of
validity.
Construct validity validates the theory underlying the measurement and testing
of hypothesized relationships.
Concurrent validity refers to the degree of correlation of two measures of the
same concept administered at the same time.
Criterion-related validity incorporates two forms: concurrent and predictive.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
7. A researcher who is developing a new instrument to measure pain has been told by experts
and patients that the instrument has face validity. What should be the researcher’s next step?
Use the instrument in a parent study
Use the instrument in a pilot study
Assess the reliability of the instrument
Assess the content validity of the instrument
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The findings would be of questionable validity if this were the next step.
Another step should be taken before testing is done.
Reliability testing is not the next step; establishing greater validity should occur
before that.
The next step is content validity established by literature and expert judges.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
8. What type of validity is demonstrated in measuring the cognitive knowledge of wound care by
(1) administering a test in which all the items relate to wound care and (2) evaluating students’
performance in caring for patients with wounds in the clinical setting?
a. Face validity
b. Content validity
c. Construct validity
d. Criterion-related validity
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
This does not illustrate face validity, or the instrument appears to be measuring
the construct.
This does not illustrate content validity, representing the universe of content or
domain of a given construct.
Construct validity is characterized by a test that measures theoretical construct
or trait.
This validity type connects the participant’s performance with his or her actual
behaviour.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
9. What is the significance of concurrent validity to a nurse researcher?
a. The degree of correlation between the measure of the concept and some future
measure of the same concept
b. The degree of correlation between two measures of the same concept administered
at the same time
c. The extent to which a test measures a theoretical construct or trait
d. The representativeness of items to measure a specific concept
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Concurrent validity is the correlation between two measures of the same
construct administered at the same time, not that between a current measure and
a future measure.
This response fits the definition of concurrent validity.
This response fits the description of construct validity.
This response fits the description of content validity.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
10. Which of the following types of validity is the most difficult to establish?
a. Content validity
b. Construct validity
c. Predictive validity
d. Concurrent validity
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Content validity refers to the representativeness of items to measure a specific
concept.
Construct validity refers to the extent to which a test measures a theoretical
construct of trait.
This criterion-related validity type, which is the most difficult to establish, is
predictive in nature and connects past performance with future performance.
Concurrent validity refers to the degree of correlation between two measures of
the same construct administered at the same time.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
11. A researcher developed a fatigue scale in an attempt to distinguish depression from fatigue in
patients receiving radiation therapy for cancer. The researcher administered the new fatigue
scale along with established instruments that measure depression. The fatigue scores were
found to be negatively related to the indicators of depression. How should this information be
interpreted?
a. Divergent validity present; construct validity supported
b. Divergent validity present; construct validity unsupported
c. Convergent validity present; construct validity supported
d. Convergent validity present; construct validity unsupported
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Similar constructs have been differentiated; the divergent measure is negatively
related to the other measure, so divergent validity has been established.
If the correlations were positive, divergent validity would be unsupported.
Convergent validity refers to different instruments that measure the same
construct; if the measures are positively correlated, convergent validity is
supported.
The example illustrates divergent, not convergent, validity.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
12. A researcher developed an instrument to measure self-esteem and administered it to a group of
individuals who were intravenous substance abusers and to a group of people who were not,
expecting to see significant differences in scores between the two groups. How should this
method of establishing construct validity be categorized?
a. Factor analysis
b. Convergent validity
c. Discriminant validity
d. Contrasted-groups approach
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The example in the question does not illustrate establishment construct validity
using factor analysis.
The example does not illustrate convergent validity.
The example does not illustrate discriminant validity.
Two groups of participants who are expected to score extremely high or low in
the characteristic being measured complete the instrument, and differences in
scores are examined; if the groups differ in their scores, construct validity is
considered to be supported.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
13. The dimensions or components of a particular construct are determined by using a statistical
technique to assess the degree to which the individual items on a scale truly cluster around one
or more dimensions. Which of the following is the term used for this description?
a. Factor analysis
b. Split-half reliability
c. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient
d. Kuder-Richardson coefficient
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The extent to which a set of items measures the same underlying construct or
dimension of a construct, and clusters together around one or more dimensions,
describes factor analytic construct validity.
Split-half reliability is not associated with factor analysis and construct validity.
Cronbach’s alpha coefficient is not associated with factor analysis and construct
validity.
Kuder-Richardson coefficient is not associated with factor analysis and
construct validity.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
14. A nurse researcher describes an instrument that is administered repeatedly and obtains the
same results as having what?
Validity
Reliability
Consistency
Predictability
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The question indicates reliability, not validity.
This answer indicates consistency and stability of an instrument.
Consistency is a characteristic of reliability.
Predictability is a characteristic of reliability.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
15. The reliability coefficient of a new instrument designed to measure anxiety is established at
0.86. What is the correct interpretation of this finding?
High error variance; high reliability
High error variance; low reliability
Low error variance; high reliability
Low error variance; low reliability
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
When the error variance is low, the reliability coefficient will be closer to 1; a
reliability level of 0.70 or higher is considered acceptable.
When the error variance is low, the reliability coefficient will be closer to 1; a
reliability level of 0.70 or higher is considered acceptable.
When the error variance is low, the reliability coefficient will be closer to 1; a
reliability level of 0.70 or higher is considered acceptable.
When the error variance is low, the reliability coefficient will be closer to 1; a
reliability level of 0.70 or higher is considered acceptable.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
16. A new instrument has been determined to be highly valid. The nurse researcher should
interpret this finding to mean what?
a. It is sensitive but not specific.
b. Its use results in minimal random errors.
c. It accurately measures level of mentation.
d. Determination of inter-rater reliability is unnecessary.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
This answer does not reflect validity, but rather it reflects characteristics of
screening tests.
Validity does not guarantee minimal random errors.
Validity of an instrument is associated with its accuracy.
Inter-rater reliability is not an example of validity.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
17. A nurse researcher should be concerned about an instrument’s degree of internal consistency
because it means what?
The instrument is appropriate to measure a single concept.
The instrument has low measurement error and high error variance.
More refinement of the instrument is needed before it can be applied.
The instrument is valid, but the reliability has yet to be determined.
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Internal consistency or homogeneity reliability indicates that the items within
the scale measure the same concept.
This is an inaccurate statement about the instrument.
A high degree of internal consistency indicates that the instrument is refined;
however, additional testing is always warranted.
There is no indication that the instrument is valid; the reliability coefficient is
highly acceptable.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
18. Which type of validity is demonstrated when a nurse researcher submits items of an
instrument to a panel of experts to evaluate item clarity?
Content validity
Construct validity
Concurrent validity
Criterion-related validity
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
A panel of experts judges instrument validity through the content type of
validity.
Construct validity validates the theory underlying the measurement and testing
of hypothesized relationships.
Concurrent validity refers to the degree of correlation of two measures of the
same concept administered at the same time.
Criterion-related validity incorporates two forms: concurrent and predictive.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
19. Which type of validity is demonstrated by administering a test in which all items relate to
wound care, and then evaluating student performance in caring for patients with wounds in the
clinical setting?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Face validity
Content validity
Construct validity
Criterion-related validity
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
This does not illustrate face validity, or the instrument appears to be measuring
the construct.
This does not illustrate content validity, representing the universe of content or
domain of a given construct.
Construct validity is characterized by the test measuring theoretical construct or
trait.
This validity type connects the participant’s performance with his or her actual
behaviour.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
20. What type of validity is demonstrated by examining the extent to which a passing grade in a
nursing course is correlated with passing the registered nurse licensure examination?
Content validity
Construct validity
Predictive validity
Concurrent validity
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Content validity refers to the representativeness of items to measure a specific
concept.
Construct validity refers to the extent to which a test measures a theoretical
construct or trait.
This criterion-related validity example is predictive and connects past with
future performance.
The example in the stem does not fit concurrent validity.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
21. When using the item-to-total correlation in testing an instrument that consisted of 25 items for
homogeneity, 8 items were found to have a low correlation to the total. How should the
researcher use this information?
a. Use the instrument without changes.
b. Only use the instrument with a multitrait-multimethod approach.
c. Retain the 8 items with low correlation and delete the other 17 items.
d. Delete the 8 items with low correlation and retain the other 17 items.
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The instrument should be modified. Items should be deleted.
The multitrait-multimethod method is appropriate for ongoing instrument
development and validity.
The reverse of this answer should be performed: 17 items should be retained
and 8 items should be eliminated.
Eight items should be deleted and 17 items should be retained.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
22. What is the method or format of Cronbach’s alpha coefficient as a test for reliability?
a. Comparison of each item in the scale simultaneously with each other item
b. Determination of the correlation between the odd-numbered and even-numbered
items of an instrument
c. Determination of a correlation based on the consistency of responses to all items
of a single-test form
d. Demonstration of a high degree of agreement when the behaviour or change is
observed by two or more observers
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Cronbach’s alpha coefficient simultaneously compares each item in the scale
with the others. This answer is not specific enough.
Determination of the correlation between the odd-numbered and evennumbered items of an instrument illustrates split-half reliability.
Cronbach’s alpha coefficient simultaneously correlates the consistency of
responses to all the items of a test administered at one time.
Demonstration of a high degree of agreement when the behaviour or change is
observed by two or more observers illustrates interrater reliability.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
23. The inter-rater reliability of a new instrument is established as 48%. What is the correct
interpretation of this finding?
The instrument is not equivalent.
The instrument demonstrates homogeneity.
The scoring criteria require clarification.
The scoring criteria are clear and unambiguous.
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: C
A
Feedback
Inter-rater reliability does not establish equivalence.
B
C
D
Inter-rater reliability does not establish homogeneity.
The scoring criteria may require clarification due to the moderate percentage of
agreement.
The scoring criteria may not be clear and unambiguous.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
24. A nurse investigator administers an Alcoholic Health Risk Appraisal instrument to participants
attending an Alcoholics Anonymous meeting and to participants who belong to a religious sect
known for its members’ abstinence from alcohol. Which type of validity is this investigator
attempting to establish?
a. Expert
b. Predictive
c. Convergent
d. Contrasted-groups
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The example does not illustrate expert-type content validity.
The example does not illustrate predictive-type construct validity.
The example does not illustrate convergent-type construct validity.
The example matches contrasted-groups (known-groups) construct validity, as
the instrument is being administered to both high-scoring and low-scoring
groups.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
25. A nurse researcher describes an instrument that produces the same result when it is
administered to the same participants under similar conditions on two or more occasions as
possessing what?
a. Homogeneity
b. Equivalence
c. Stability
d. Validity
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The instrument is administered to the same participants under similar conditions
on two or more occasions. Correlations are strong. Test-retest reliability
establishes stability of the instrument.
Parallel forms is a reliability example.
The same results are obtained on repeated administration of the instrument.
This stem is a reliability example, not a validity example.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
26. What property is established when the results of two separately administered tests that
measure the same domain or concept are highly correlated?
a. Validity
b. Stability
c. Equivalence
d. Homogeneity
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Convergent validity example: two or more instruments that theoretically
measure the same construct and are administered to the same participants.
The example in the stem matches validity, not reliability.
The example in the stem matches validity, not reliability.
The example in the stem matches validity, not reliability.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
27. A nurse researcher administered a test anxiety questionnaire to a group of nursing students
before they attended a test anxiety workshop and then administered a different questionnaire
to the same nurses immediately following the workshop. This is indicative of which type of
reliability?
a. Split-half
b. Test-retest
c. Parallel form
d. Alternate form
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Split-half refers to internal consistency and involves dividing a scale into two
halves and making a comparison.
This response fits a quantitative study only partially and is incomplete for a
quantitative, quasi-experimental study.
Parallel form means that the same individuals are tested within a specific
interval, but the participants are given a different form of the test on the second
testing.
This response fits with quantitative tests.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
28. A nurse researcher determines an instrument’s homogeneity using which type of reliability?
a. Split-half reliability
b. Test-retest reliability
c. Inter-rater reliability
d. Alternate-form reliability
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Instrument homogeneity is established with split-half reliability.
Test-retest reliability establishes instrument stability.
Inter-rater reliability is not a homogeneity measure.
Alternate-form or parallel-form reliability is not a test of homogeneity.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
29. A nurse researcher would want to use a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient to establish the internal
consistency of an instrument in which case?
When questions are open-ended
When questions/statements demand a yes or no response
When the instrument uses a Likert-type response scale
When the instrument is designed to measure more than one concept
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Open-ended questions elicit textual data that are content analyzed (qualitative
analysis).
KR-20 provides estimates of homogeneity used for instruments that have a
dichotomous response format.
Cronbach’s alpha coefficient provides estimates of homogeneity when
instruments are scaled with ordinal responses.
Cronbach’s alpha coefficient does not apply to this answer.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
30. Which type of reliability exists when consistency of observation, measured by a correlation
coefficient, is noted between two or more research assistants who record their observations of
an event at the same time?
a. Internal consistency
b. Parallel forms
c. Test-retest
d. Inter-rater
ANS: D
A
B
Feedback
The example illustrates a test of homogeneity.
The example does not include two instruments measuring the same construct.
C
D
The example does not include a time interval between administration of the
instrument.
The consistency of observations between two raters making an observation
illustrates inter-rater reliability.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
31. A group of researchers developing an instrument performed a test-retest on the instrument
with an interval of 5 days. This testing resulted in a correlation coefficient of 0.38. The nurse
researcher interprets this as being indicative of what?
a. Instrument is stable; high reliability
b. Instrument is stable; low reliability
c. Instrument is unstable; high reliability
d. Instrument is unstable; low reliability
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The low correlation coefficient reveals an unstable instrument and low
reliability.
The low correlation coefficient reveals an unstable instrument and low
reliability.
The low correlation coefficient reveals an unstable instrument and low
reliability.
The low correlation coefficient reveals an unstable instrument and low
reliability.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
32. Testing of a new instrument demonstrates that it has a high degree of internal consistency.
What does this indicate to the nurse researcher?
The instrument is appropriate to use to measure a single concept.
The instrument has low measurement error and high error variance.
More refinement of the instrument is necessary before it can be applied.
The instrument is valid, but the reliability has yet to be determined.
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Internal consistency or homogeneity reliability indicates that the items within
the scale measure the same concept.
The instrument does not have low measurement error and high error variance.
A high degree of internal consistency indicates that the instrument is refined;
however, additional testing is always warranted.
There is no indication that the instrument is valid; the reliability coefficient is
very acceptable.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
33. In testing an instrument consisting of 25 items for homogeneity using the “item-to-total”
correlation, 8 items were found to have a low correlation to the total. The nurse researcher
interprets this information to mean that the researcher should do what?
a. Use the instrument without changes.
b. Use the instrument only with a multitrait-multimethod approach.
c. Retain the 8 items with low correlation and delete the other 17 items.
d. Delete the 8 items with low correlation and retain the other 17 items.
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The instrument should be modified. Items should be deleted.
The multitrait-multimethod approach is appropriate for ongoing instrument
development and validity.
The reverse of this answer should be performed: 17 items should be retained
and 8 items should be eliminated.
Eight items should be deleted and 17 items should be retained.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
34. The nurse researcher notes that the initial test for reliability of an instrument has been
conducted on a sample that has different characteristics from those of the current study
sample. The researcher should do what?
a. Conduct a pilot study on the current sample to determine whether reliability is
maintained.
b. Use the instrument with the current sample because reliability holds across
samples.
c. Use the Kuder-Richardson formula to recalculate the reliability coefficient.
d. Discard or reject the instrument.
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The pilot sample was most likely done before this time.
A reliable instrument can be used on more than one occasion to measure a set of
behaviours that ordinarily remains relatively constant.
Kuder-Richardson could be calculated on the current sample, but this answer is
incorrect.
The instrument should not be discarded.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
35. A newly developed instrument is found to have a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.82. The nurse
researcher interprets this to mean what?
The instrument has no internal consistency.
The instrument has a low degree of internal consistency.
The instrument has a moderate degree of internal consistency.
The instrument has a relatively high degree of internal consistency.
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
This is not an accurate interpretation of the example.
The example evidences a high degree of internal consistency.
The example evidences a high degree of internal consistency.
Alphas above 0.70 provide very good or relatively high evidence for supporting
the internal consistency of the instrument.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
36. The nurse researcher notes that test-retest correlations were r = 0.79 when given over 4-week
intervals. This is interpreted to indicate what?
Equivalence
Discriminability
Reliability
Homogeneity
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
This response is one type of reliability.
This response refers to a type of validity.
The example of test-retest correlations fits reliability.
Test-retest procedures establish stability of instruments, not homogeneity.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
37. What criterion of scientific rigor for qualitative research is met when the research report leads
the reader from the research question and raw data through the steps of analysis and
interpretation of the data?
a. Confirmability
b. Auditability
c. Fittingness
d. Credibility
ANS: B
A
Feedback
“Confirmability” refers to the degree the research findings can be confirmed or
B
C
D
corroborated by other studies.
“Auditability” refers to the adequacy of information that leads a reader through
the steps of data analysis to interpretation of the findings.
“Fittingness” refers to the study’s faithfulness to everyday reality (e.g., if the
findings “ring true” to the reader).
“Credibility” refers to measures taken to ensure the accuracy of the findings,
usually by cross-checking information with the participants.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
MULTIPLE RESPONSE
1. When validity of an instrument is determined, the nurse researcher assesses what? (Select all
that apply.)
Stability
Variance
Accuracy
Precision
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: C, D
Feedback
Correct
Incorrect
Accuracy refers to instrument validity.
Precision refers to instrument reliability.
Stability refers to instrument reliability.
Variance refers to error.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
2. How should the nurse researcher describe variability in test scores attributed to error rather
than to actual differences in behaviour? (Select all that apply.)
Random error
Variance error
Persistent error
Systematic error
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: A, D
Feedback
Correct
Incorrect
Random error is attributable to transient participant states, study context,
or administration of the instrument.
Bias in participant behaviour and incorrect instrument calibrations are
causes of systematic error.
Variance and error are connected as a research term, error variance, which
is defined as variability in test scores.
Persistent error is not a research term.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
3. Which measures used to test reliability are specific for homogeneity? (Select all that apply.)
a. Test-retest reliability
b. Item-to-total correlation
c. Parallel or alternate form
d. Split-half reliability
e. Kuder-Richardson coefficient
f. Cronbach’s alpha
g. Inter-rater reliability
ANS: B, D, E, F
Feedback
Correct
Incorrect
Item-to-total correlation, split-half reliability, Kuder-Richardson
coefficient, and Cronbach’s alpha are measures specific for homogeneity.
Test-retest reliability and parallel or alternate form are measures specific
for stability.
Inter-rater reliability is specific for equivalence.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
4. Which measures used to test reliability are specific for equivalence? (Select all that apply.)
a. Test-retest reliability
b. Item-to-total correlation
c. Parallel or alternate form
d. Split-half reliability
e. Kuder-Richardson coefficient
f. Cronbach’s alpha
g. Inter-rater reliability
ANS: C, G
Feedback
Correct
Incorrect
Parallel or alternate form can be used for both equivalence and stability.
Inter-rater reliability is specific for equivalence.
Test-retest reliability is specific for stability.
Item-to-total correlation, split-half reliability, Kuder-Richardson
coefficient, and Cronbach’s alpha are measures specific for homogeneity.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
5. Which criteria are used to judge a qualitative study’s scientific rigor? (Select all that apply.)
a. Reality based
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Credibility
Confidentiality of participants
Auditability
Record keeping
Fittingness
ANS: B, D, F
Feedback
Correct
Incorrect
This is the truth of the findings as judged by the participants and others
within the discipline.
This is accountability as judged by the adequacy of the information
leading the reader from the research question and raw data through
various steps of analysis to the interpretation of findings.
This is faithfulness to everyday reality of the participants, described so
that others in the discipline can evaluate importance for their own
practice, research, and theory development.
“Reality based” is not a criterion used to judge a study’s scientific rigor.
“Confidentiality of participants” is not a criterion used to judge a study’s
scientific rigor.
“Record keeping” is not a criterion used to judge a study’s scientific rigor.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
6. A nurse researcher critiques a phenomenological study for fittingness. The researcher will
examine the study to see whether the study included which of these elements? (Select all that
apply.)
a. Queried participants to confirm identified themes
b. Documented the bracketing process used to maintain proper perspective
c. Described the experiences of participants in a way that “rings true” for the reader
d. Presented narrative in a way that captures everyday reality of participants
e. Discussed in detail the process through which identified themes emerged
ANS: C, D
Feedback
Correct
Incorrect
Describing the experiences in a way that “rings true” is an example of
fittingness.
Using narrative helps to keep the research faithful to the experience of
participants and provides support for fittingness.
Cross-checking with participants helps to support credibility of the study.
Bracketing also helps to support credibility of the study.
Detailing the process by which themes emerge is part of the study’s
auditability.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
Chapter 15: Qualitative Data Analysis
LoBiondo-Wood: Nursing Research in Canada, 4th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following is the term for the huge volume of data collected during qualitative
research?
Essential data
Fat data
Interview data
Observational data
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Essential data are embedded in the volumes of data; this is not the correct term
for the huge volume of data collected during qualitative research.
The term fat data is used to describe all the raw data collected during
qualitative research.
Interview data is a term for a distinct type of qualitative data, which may or
may not be part of the raw data for a particular qualitative study.
Observational data is a term for a distinct type of qualitative data, which may
or may not be part of the raw data for a particular qualitative study.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
2. The most common source of data collected in qualitative research studies is
a. interviews.
b. narrative.
c. focus groups.
d. observations.
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
An interview is the most common source and is a usually a primary source of
data.
Narratives are often used to supplement interviews.
Focus groups are used occasionally but not most common.
Observations are also used in addition to interviews.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
3. When collecting data many researchers record the interview. This is a common practice
because
a.
b.
c.
d.
participants wish to ensure their stories are documented correctly.
participants are made to feel that their story is important if it is recorded.
the researcher wished to accurately summarize or paraphrase the interview.
researchers prefer to have the interview transcribed verbatim into written text.
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
It may be true that participants wish to ensure their stories are documented
correctly, but it is not the primary reason.
It may be true that narratives are often used to supplement interviews although
it is not the primary reason.
It is not a common practice for the researcher to summarize or paraphrase the
interview.
Verbatim text can help ensure authenticity of the data.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
4. Which of the following criteria of scientific rigour for qualitative research is met when the
research report leads the reader from the research question and raw data through the steps of
analysis and interpretation of the data?
a. Trustworthiness
b. Auditability
c. Fittingness
d. Credibility
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Confirmability does not refer to the sequence of the audit trail.
Auditability refers to the adequacy of information that leads a reader through
the steps of data analysis to interpretation.
Fittingness does not refer to the sequence of the audit trail.
Credibility does not refer to the sequence of the audit trail.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
5. What is the contribution of qualitative computer software to the research process?
a. Interpretation of data
b. Management of data
c. Credibility of data
d. Analysis of data
ANS: B
A
Feedback
Interpretation of data must be done by researchers.
B
C
D
Computer management of qualitative data allows for easier coding of data and
assists with the grouping or organizing of data.
Credibility of data is established by researchers.
Analysis of the meaning of data is done by researchers.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
6. A student is critiquing a research report of a phenomenological research study that examines
the lived experience of domestic violence. Which of the following answers is consistent with
elements of a qualitative research report for a phenomenological research study?
a. Data from participants are presented in the form of narrative text.
b. The researcher details the natural setting in which field work was conducted.
c. The data analysis section discusses use of a statistical software package.
d. The sampling section indicates that all participants must currently be in an
unstable domestic relationship.
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Phenomenological studies present data in the form of narrative text.
Field work is more commonly associated with ethnographic research.
Statistical analysis is conducted in quantitative research.
Participants are not required to be in a violent domestic relationship at the time
of the research. Phenomenologists believe that past experiences can be shared
in the present moment.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
7. Which of the following is a possible ethical issue that must be considered when evaluating
qualitative research?
Researchers focus on the emic view of participant experiences.
Researchers may want to speak to participants on more than one occasion.
Researchers serve as instruments for data interpretation.
Researchers may assign codes with personal meaning to sort data for
interpretation.
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Researchers prefer to describe participant experiences from the emic
perspective.
It is not unusual for participants to be interviewed more than once in qualitative
studies.
When researchers serve as instruments for data interpretation, personal
viewpoints can blur proper interpretation of participant accounts.
Researchers use codes (often those that have a personal meaning to them) to
sort data for interpretation.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
8. When a reader critiques a phenomenological study for appropriateness, the reader will
examine the study to see if the researcher
questioned the participants of the study to confirm identified themes.
documented the bracketing process used to maintain the proper perspective.
presented the narrative in a way that captured the everyday reality of participants.
discussed in detail the process by which identified themes emerged.
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Checking with participants of the study helps maintain the credibility of the
study, not its appropriateness.
Bracketing helps maintain the credibility of the study, not its appropriateness.
The narrative method helps keep the research faithful to the experiences of the
participants.
Detailing the process through which themes emerge is referred to as
auditability.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
9. Which of the following sets of stages was included in the model for data analysis introduced
by Miles and Huberman?
a. Data reduction, data display, conclusion drawing, and verification
b. Writing memos, keeping reflective journals, creating analytical files, quoting
participants
c. Skimming data, analyzing themes, creating demographic charts
d. Coding data by marking, sorting, and redefining
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The three stages of data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing and
verification were introduced by Miles and Huberman in 1994.
These stages were suggested by Glesne in 2006.
These are not the stages presented by Miles and Huberman although they could
be used in qualitative data analysis.
Coding of data was introduced by other theorists, such as Glesne and Denzin
and Lincoln, and is a viable part of qualitative data analysis.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
10. When does abstraction occur in ethnography?
a. During data collection
b. During member checking
c. Prior knowledge of site and situation, during the field research
d. When codes are assigned
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Abstraction occurs during data collection for grounded theory and
phenomenology.
Member checking is part of rigour.
Prior knowledge of site and situation; understanding develops during field
research.
Codes are assigned during analysis.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
11. Which of the following computer programs can be used to help researchers in qualitative data
management?
SPSS
QSR NVivo
Minitab
EPI DATA
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
SPSS helps researchers to statistically analyze quantitative data.
QSR NVivo helps researchers manage qualitative audio and video data.
Minitab helps researchers statistically analyze quantitative data.
EPI DATA helps statistically analyze quantitative epidemiology-related data.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
12. What is the purpose of data display in qualitative analysis?
a. To describe relationships among emerging themes in qualitative data
b. To organize qualitative data into meaningful clusters
c. To record observational data for analysis
d. To organize data to facilitate conclusion drawing
ANS: D
A
Feedback
The purpose of conclusion drawing is to describe the relationships among
themes.
B
C
D
Data are clustered meaningfully during the data reduction stage of analysis.
Observational data are recorded before analysis begins.
Data display is the stage of analysis where visual and textual matrices, graphs,
and charts are created to organize and make sense of the qualitative data.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
13. Which of the following is a common feature of different approaches to qualitative data
analysis?
a. Researchers sort through the data to identify similar phrases, patterns, themes,
sequences.
b. Researchers avoid making generalizations from the data.
c. Researchers apply constant comparison analysis to develop concepts and theories.
d. Researchers analyze field note data to describe the phenomenon of focus.
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Miles and Huberman (1994) listed sifting through and sorting the data as a
common feature of most qualitative data analysis, regardless of the applied
design.
Miles and Huberman (1994) included a gradual elaboration of a small set of
generalizations that present consistencies in the data on their list of features of
qualitative analysis.
Constant comparison is used to analyze data in grounded theory studies.
Field notes are not common across the qualitative design; for instance, they are
not used in phenomenological data collection or analysis.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
14. What is the main purpose of using vignettes in qualitative data analysis?
a. Vignettes are pertinent quotes from the literature that researchers add to data
analysis.
b. Vignettes are narratives that help researchers present textual data as a story.
c. Vignettes are video clips that illustrate the context and themes of qualitative data.
d. Vignettes are anecdotal and reflective notes written by researchers during data
collection.
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Vignettes arise from data, not from the literature.
Vignettes are narrative forms of data display that present qualitative data in
story form to facilitate understanding of the data.
Vignettes are textual “stories” derived from qualitative data.
Vignettes are written from the actual data collected, not the researcher’s memos
or bracketed notes.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
15. What processes do researchers use to study their own personal beliefs and knowledge in their
attempt to ensure that their analysis reflects the participants’ beliefs, not their own?
Clustering and making metaphors
Auditability and fittingness
Constant comparison analysis and matrices
Reflexivity and bracketing
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Clustering and making metaphors are methods used to derive the meaning of
data.
Auditability and fittingness are characteristics of rigour, which is exhibited
when a researcher provides a clear picture of how and in what context data
collection and analysis were done.
Constant comparison analysis is used to analyze data in grounded theory
studies; matrices are examples of visual data display configurations.
Researchers use both reflexivity and bracketing to record and reflect on their
own thoughts, values, beliefs, and understanding of the phenomenon being
studied, to avoid biased interpretations of the data gathered from the
participants.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
16. Which of the following is the kind of data analysis that leads to the development of a cultural
inventory?
a. Phenomenological
b. Grounded theory
c. Ethnographic
d. Historical
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Phenomenological analysis results in a thematic narrative focused on some
aspect of the participants’ lived experience.
Grounded theory results in the development of a conceptual framework and the
beginning of theory development.
Ethnographic analysis results in the development of a cultural inventory.
Historical analysis results in a literary narrative focused on a selected historical
period and context.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
17. What is the term used to describe the central meaning of the thematic conclusions drawn in
phenomenological analysis?
a. Vignettes
b. Narrative
c. Essence
d. Phenomenon
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Vignettes may be used in phenomenological conclusions, but they do not
describe the central meaning of the analysis.
The narrative technique is used in phenomenological thematic analysis to
provide a discussion of the conclusions.
The essence of the phenomenon being studied is the central meaning that arises
from analyzed data.
The term phenomenon refers to the focus of the study but is not used for the
actual central meaning that emerges from data.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
18. Which of the following is an important feature of most qualitative analysis methods?
a. Primary and secondary documents serving as main data sources
b. Data collection and analysis occurring in a cyclic, interrelated manner
c. Observation being the key method of data collection
d. The researcher’s avoidance of personal beliefs and feelings about the topic of
focus
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Primary and secondary documents serve as main data sources in historical
studies only.
Simultaneous data collection and analysis occur commonly in all qualitative
research studies, from case studies to grounded theory.
Observation is an important method of data collection but is not usually used in
phenomenological or historical data collection.
The personal beliefs and feelings of the researcher are recorded and reflected
upon; however, the personal beliefs and feelings of the participants often form
the key area of focus during qualitative data analysis.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
19. Why do all qualitative researchers “immerse” themselves in the data?
a. To fully understand the meaning of the data
b. To discover the essence of the data
c. To gain a statistical sense of the data
d. To substantiate existing knowledge about the topic of focus
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Researchers read data repeatedly over an extended period of time to fully grasp
the meaning of the data.
Researcher only attempt to discover the essence of the data when researchers
are engaged in phenomenological data analysis.
Qualitative researchers are not interested in the statistical meaning of data.
Researchers bracket and reflect on their own knowledge to clearly distinguish
between what is revealed in the data and their preconceived notions about the
topic of focus.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
20. Why do qualitative researchers include “member checking” in data analysis?
a. To ensure that all participants intend to remain in the study over time
b. To ensure that all participants have experience with the topic of focus
c. To have the participants validate interpretations of the data
d. To ensure that all participants feel comfortable about their participation in the
study
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Member checking ensures validation of data, not continued participation.
Ensuring participant experience with the topic of focus is an initial step of the
sampling stage of the study, not the analysis stage.
Member checking involves having the participants validate the researcher’s
interpretations of data and may lead to subsequent revisions, as necessary.
Making sure that all participants feel comfortable about their participation is
common courtesy but is not related to member checking.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
Chapter 16: Quantitative Data Analysis
LoBiondo-Wood: Nursing Research in Canada, 4th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The nurse researcher is interested in estimating how reliably data can be used to generalize the
findings of a study. In order for this to occur, the researcher should use what?
Inferential statistics
Descriptive statistics
Nonparametric statistics
Mathematical statistics
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Inferential statistics are used by researchers to make predictions and generalize
findings based on data.
Descriptive statistics are used to describe and summarize data by reducing data
to manageable proportions.
Nonparametric statistics are a type of inferential statistics.
The term mathematical statistics is a circular answer.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
2. The nurse researcher is interested in describing and summarizing the characteristics of the
sample used in the research study. In order for this to occur, the researcher should use what?
Inferential statistics
Descriptive statistics
Nonparametric statistics
Mathematical statistics
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Inferential statistics are used by researchers to make predictions and generalize
finding based on data.
Descriptive statistics are used to describe and summarize data by reducing data
to manageable proportions.
Nonparametric statistics are a type of inferential statistics.
The term mathematical statistics is a circular answer.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
3.
A nurse researcher would opt to use measures of central tendency in which case?
a. When there is a need to describe how reliably the findings can be generalized
b. When there is a need to describe how much dispersion is in the sample
c. When there is a need to describe the accuracy of predictions made
d. When there is a need to describe the average member of the sample
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
This answer describes a function of inferential statistics.
This answer describes measures of variability.
This answer is incorrect.
Measures of central tendency yield a single number that describes the middle of
the group and summarizes the members of a sample.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
4. The nurse researcher is interested in describing the assignment of numbers to objects or
events. This is best achieved in which way?
a. Through use of prediction
b. Through use of dispersion
c. Through use of variability
d. Through use of measurement
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
This answer does not fit the definition provided.
This answer represents a measure of variability description.
This answer represents a measure of dispersion (variability) description.
This answer fits the definition provided.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
5. A nurse researcher determines the assignment of a number to an object for measurement by
verifying what?
a. The object must vary within a narrow range to meet category requirements.
b. All objects assigned a specific measurement number must be similar to all other
objects assigned the same number.
c. The objects assigned to one specific number must be positively related to the
dependent variable of the study.
d. The objects assigned to one specific number must be positively related to the
independent variable of the study.
ANS: B
A
Feedback
A narrow range is not necessary to meet category requirements; the range may
be large.
B
C
D
The assignment of a number or a value to a category that represents the
category must be consistently applied to similar objects assigned the same
number.
The numbers assigned to objects are consistently applied; this relates to
independent and dependent variables.
The numbers assigned to objects are consistently applied; this relates to
independent and dependent variables.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
6. The nurse researcher is interested in having the greatest flexibility possible in choosing
statistical procedures. The level of measurement used to achieve this is what?
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Nominal-level data allow the least amount of mathematical manipulation.
Ordinal-level data allow only a limited amount of mathematical manipulation.
Interval-level data allow for a great amount of data manipulation.
Ratio measurement is the highest level of measurement; all mathematical
procedures can be performed on data from ratio scales.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
7. The nurse researcher is interested in having the greatest flexibility possible in choosing
statistical procedures. The level of measurement used to achieve this is what?
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Nominal-level data allow the least amount of mathematical manipulation.
Ordinal-level data are limited in the amount of mathematical manipulation
possible.
Interval-level data allow for a great amount of data manipulation.
Ratio measurement is the highest level of measurement; all mathematical
procedures can be performed on data from ratio scales.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
8. The nurse researcher is interested in using nominal level data. The object or event that could
be used if nominal-level data are of primary interest is what?
Test scores
Education level
Marital status
Weight
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Test scores are best represented by interval-level data.
Education level is best represented by ordinal data: increasing rankings of
education level.
Marital status is most often represented by nominal-level data.
Weight is represented by interval- or ratio-level data.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
9. The nurse researcher is using a research study that involved categories of patient weights. The
level of measurement that would be most appropriate in this study is what?
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The data are represented by nominal-level data, categories, or classifications.
The data are represented by nominal-level data, categories, or classifications.
The data are represented by nominal-level data, categories, or classifications.
The data are represented by nominal-level data, categories, or classifications.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
10. The nurse researcher opts to use interval-level data. The researcher’s primary concern will be
what?
Categories must be mutually exclusive.
Intervals between data categories must be equal.
The rank of zero (0) represents the absence of the measured variable.
Variance between assigned categories is qualitative rather than quantitative.
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Categories must be mutually exclusive for all levels of data: nominal, ordinal,
interval, ratio.
Intervals between data categories must be equal is the defining characteristic of
interval measurement.
The zero does not represent the total absence of a variable in interval-level data.
A variance between assigned categories is qualitative rather than quantitative
and does not describe interval-level data.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
11. The nurse researcher opts to use ratio-level data. The researcher’s primary concern will be
what?
Categories must be mutually exclusive.
Intervals between data categories must be equal.
The rank of zero (0) represents the absence of the measured variable.
Variance between assigned categories is qualitative rather than quantitative.
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Categories must be mutually exclusive for all levels of data: nominal, ordinal,
interval, ratio.
Intervals between data categories must be equal is true for intervals between
numbers for interval- and ratio-level data.
The rank of zero (0) represents the absence of the measured variable and is a
characteristic of ratio measurement.
A variance between assigned categories is qualitative rather than quantitative
and does not describe ratio-level data.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
12. The nurse researcher is using a nursing degree as a variable in a research study. The level of
measurement most appropriate in this case is what?
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: A
A
B
Feedback
This variable (type of nursing degree) is scaled using categorical data, nominal
level. The type fits only one characteristic.
This variable (type of nursing degree) is scaled using categorical data, nominal
level. The type fits only one characteristic.
C
D
This variable (type of nursing degree) is scaled using categorical data, nominal
level. The type fits only one characteristic.
This variable (type of nursing degree) is scaled using categorical data, nominal
level. The type fits only one characteristic.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
13. The nurse researcher is using respiratory rate as a variable in a research study. The level of
measurement most appropriate in this case is what?
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Rate is represented by a number representing frequency per minute.
Rate is represented by a number representing frequency per minute.
Rate is represented by a number representing frequency per minute.
Respiratory rate can have an absolute zero—absence of respirations.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
14. The nurse researcher is using the percentage of nurses holding various nursing degrees as a
variable in a research study. Which type of statistics is most appropriate in this case?
Inferential statistics
Descriptive statistics
Nonparametric statistics
Mathematical statistics
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Percentage represents descriptive statistics.
Percentage represents descriptive statistics.
Nonparametric statistics are used when testing hypotheses on data generated at
nominal and ordinal units.
This is a circular answer and is therefore not relevant.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
15. Which term represents the middle score in a frequency distribution?
a. Mean
b. Mode
c. Median
d. Percentile
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The mean, as an average, represents interval- and ratio-level data.
The category with the highest frequency is the mode and is used often with
nominal-level data.
The median is the middle score; 50% of the scores are above it and 50% of the
scores are below it.
Percentile represents the percentage of cases that is exceeded by a given score.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
16. The nurse researcher opts to group frequency data using large interval widths in a research
study. Which problem may be encountered by using this type of interval widths?
Overlap can occur.
Patterns can be obscured.
Means cannot be determined.
Some data may not fit into any category.
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Overlap is eliminated by defining the size of the group or interval width so that
no score falls into two groups.
Very large interval widths lead to loss of data information and may obscure
patterns in the data.
Frequency intervals do not generate means.
Data or a score generated on a variable will fit into one frequency interval
defined by the investigator.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
17. The nurse researcher’s data contain extremes of high and low scores. The measure of central
tendency that should be used in order to be least affected by extremes of high and low scores
is what?
a. Mean
b. Mode
c. Median
d. Percentile
ANS: A
Feedback
A
B
C
D
The mean is affected by every score and the least affected by chance. The larger
the sample size, the less affected the mean will be by a single score. The mean
is the most stable, least affected by extremes, and most useful for other
calculations.
The mode is unstable and can fluctuate widely from sample to sample from the
same population.
The median is not sensitive to extremes in high and low scores; it is less stable
than the mean.
Percentile is not a measure of central tendency; the median is the 50th
percentile.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
18. The nurse researcher should report the mean, mode, and median of a variable in a research
study in which case?
When the distribution is uneven.
When the distribution is wide.
When the distribution is narrow.
When the distribution is symmetrical.
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
This is an inaccurate statement.
This is an inaccurate statement.
This is an inaccurate statement.
If the distribution of a variable of a sample is symmetrical and unimodal, the
mean, mode, and median should be reported.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
19. The nurse researcher opts to use a measure of variability. Which measure of variability does
the researcher recognize as being most unstable?
Mean
Median
Range
Semiquartile range
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Mean is a measure of central tendency.
Median is a measure of central tendency.
The range is very likely to be changed by a single extreme score.
The semiquartile range is more stable than the range; it is less likely to be
changed by a single extreme score.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
20. What conclusion can be drawn from statistics that indicate that the average cost of a house in
a specific neighbourhood is $150,000, the range is $48,000 to $2,000,000, the median house
cost is $98,000, and the mode is $90,000?
a. The standard deviation is small.
b. The mode can be calculated from the median.
c. The cost of a “typical” house in this neighbourhood is $150,000.
d. The mean does not reflect the true housing cost in this neighbourhood.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The standard deviation is most likely large.
The mode is the category or grouping with the highest frequency.
This is the average or mean of housing cost in that neighbourhood.
The mean is an average; it is more stable than the mode or median and is most
likely closest to the true housing cost in the neighbourhood.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
21. A measure of death anxiety resulted in a mean score of 5.4 with a standard deviation of 1.6.
Where would 34% of the scores fall?
Between 2.2 and 8.6
Between 3.8 and 7.0
Between 3.8 and 5.4
Between 5.4 and 8.6
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
95% of the scores would fall here.
68% of the scores would fall here.
This range is –1 (3.8) to the mean (5.4) on the curve.
This range is from the mean (5.4) to +2 (8.6) on the curve.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
22. In a study about how women adjust to living with breast cancer, the youngest participant was
23 years old and the oldest participant was 89 years old. What do these facts represent?
a. Mean age
b. Modal age
c. Median age
d. Range in age
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The description in the question does not illustrate an average.
The description in the question does not reflect the average represented by the
category with the highest frequency.
The description in the question does not reflect the average represented by the
point at which about 50% of the scores fall above and about 50% fall below.
The description in the question illustrates a measure of dispersion or variability,
which is the difference between the highest and lowest scores.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
23. What is indicated by a score reported to be in the 75th percentile?
a. The score is at the median.
b. The score has exceeded the mode.
c. The score is exceeded by only 25% of the cases.
d. The score represents the average of all scores measured at this time.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
You cannot come to this conclusion based on the data provided.
You cannot come to this conclusion based on the data provided.
The score of 75% is exceeded by only 25% of the cases.
This is not a logical answer.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
24. What is indicated by a correlation?
a. The most frequently occurring score
b. Variability of scores from the mean
c. Range of the middle 50% of the scores
d. Magnitude and direction of the relationship between variables
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
This answer defines mode.
This answer describes a measure of dispersion or variability.
This answer describes the semiquartile range.
This answer defines correlation.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
25. In a study of nurses’ willingness to care for patients with a contagious disease, it was found
that the greater the nurses’ spirituality, the greater the willingness to provide care. This finding
represents what?
a. No correlation
b. Perfect correlation
c. Positive correlation
d. Negative correlation
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The example suggests a correlation, not the absence of a correlation.
There is no indication in the example of a 1.0 correlation coefficient.
Both variables are correlated in the same (+, +) direction.
The variables are not correlated in opposite (+, –) directions.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
26. The change in heart rate in patients with diabetes mellitus was reported as 10.95 ± 9.21 for
the Adult type 1 group. How many standard deviations from the mean is a change of 23?
1 SD
2 SD
3 SD
4 SD
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
1 SD is correct; 10.95 + 1 SD (9.21) = 20.16; 23 is closest to 1 SD.
1 SD is correct; 10.95 + 1 SD (9.21) = 20.16; 23 is closest to 1 SD.
1 SD is correct; 10.95 + 1 SD (9.21) = 20.16; 23 is closest to 1 SD.
1 SD is correct; 10.95 + 1 SD (9.21) = 20.16; 23 is closest to 1 SD.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
27. The alpha level that is interpreted by the nurse researcher as a highly statistically significant
result is what?
a. p = .20
b. p = .02
c. p = .002
d. p = .0002
ANS: D
A
Feedback
This result is above the conventional 0.05 and is not statistically significant.
B
C
D
While this result is statistically significant, it is not highly statistically
significant.
This is a highly statistically significant result but not the most highly
significant.
This is the most highly statistically significant result.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
28. A nurse researcher would opt to use factor analysis in which case?
a. To control statistically for a variable and measure differences among group means
b. To take a large number of variables and group them into a smaller number of
factors
c. To test the relationship between two variables measured at interval- or ratio-level
data
d. To measure the relationship between one outcome or dependent variable and
several dependent variables
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
This answer defines analysis of covariance.
This is a definition of factor analysis.
This defines a correlation coefficient.
This answer defines multiple regression.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
29. Which parametric statistical tests compares the difference between mental status scores for
patients with dementia (Group 1) and those for patients with confusion from dehydration
(Group 2)?
a. The t test
b. Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient
c. Chi-square
d. Meta-analysis
ANS: A
A
B
C
Feedback
The t test is applied where two group means are different; the dependent
variable is the mental status score. There are two groups: patients with dementia
(Group 1) and patients with dehydration (Group 2). Group is the independent
variable.
This test measures the association of two variables measured at ratio or interval
levels; the example has an independent variable measured at the nominal level
and a dependent variable measured at the interval or ratio level.
The Chi-square test compares nominal level variables. Group is scaled at the
D
nominal level, but mental status is unlikely to be scaled at interval level.
Meta-analysis is a research method that statistically combines the results of
multiple studies to answer focused clinical questions through an objective
appraisal of carefully synthesized research evidence.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
MULTIPLE RESPONSE
1. Which characteristic is an essential criterion for categorizing an object, event, or fact as
nominal-level data? (Select all that apply.)
a. The degree of the characteristic must be positively related to the number assigned.
b. Rank orders must be calculated for meaningful interpretation.
c. Categories must be mutually exclusive.
d. Category ranges cannot overlap.
ANS: C, D
Feedback
Correct
Incorrect
This is the definition of nominal-level data; categories are mutually
exclusive.
Category ranges must not overlap; each score fits into only one category.
“The degree of the characteristic must be positively related to the number
assigned” does not fit categorizing an object, event, or fact as nominal
level.
Rank orders apply to ordinal-level data, not to nominal-level data.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
2. Which statements regarding measures of central tendency are accurate? (Select all that apply.)
a. This classification of levels of measurement is scientifically inaccurate.
b. Having the mean, mode, and median exactly the same indicates the measures have
been correctly applied.
c. They have great flexibility with regard to the amount of mathematical
manipulation possible.
d. They vary from sample to sample, even when the same trait or characteristic is
measured.
ANS: C, D
Feedback
Correct
Incorrect
Various inferential statistical tests employ mean, median, or mode in their
calculations.
Measures of central tendency vary from sample to sample, even when the
same trait is measured.
The classification of levels of measurement is well accepted by the
scientific community.
“Having the mean, mode, and median exactly the same indicates the
measures have been correctly applied” is an inaccurate statement.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
3. Which data measurement scales typically use nonparametric tests of significance? (Select all
that apply.)
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: A, B
Feedback
Correct
Incorrect
Nonparametric tests of significance are used when data are measured on a
nominal or ordinal scale.
Nonparametric tests of significance are used when data are measured on a
nominal or ordinal scale.
Parametric statistics are used when data are scaled at the interval or ratio
level scale.
Parametric statistics are used when data are scaled at the interval or ratio
level scale.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
4. Which measures of central tendency allow for rank ordering with equal intervals? (Select all
that apply.)
Mode
Range
Median
Mean
Semiquartile range
Percentile
SD
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
ANS: A, C, D
Feedback
Correct
Incorrect
The mode will allow for rank ordering with equal intervals.
The median will allow for rank ordering with equal intervals.
The mean will allow for rank ordering with equal intervals.
Range is an ordinal measure of variability.
Semiquartile range is an ordinal measure of variability.
Percentile is an ordinal measure of variability.
SD is an ordinal measure of variability.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
5. Which measures of central tendency allow for relative rankings? (Select all that apply.)
a. Mode
b. Range
c. Median
d. Mean
e. Semiquartile range
f. Percentile
g. SD
ANS: A, C
Feedback
Correct
Incorrect
The mode will allow for relative rankings.
The median will allow for relative rankings.
Range is an ordinal measure of variability.
Semiquartile range is an ordinal measure of variability.
Percentile is an ordinal measure of variability.
SD is an ordinal measure of variability.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
Chapter 17: Presenting the Findings
LoBiondo-Wood: Nursing Research in Canada, 4th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. A nurse researcher should be included in the results section of a research report?
a. A list of the cited literature
b. Interpretation of the data
c. Objective presentation of the research design
d. Recommendations for future research
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Instruments are referred to in the “Methods” section.
The “Results” section of a research report is considered to be the data-bound
section of the report.
Research design belongs in the “Methods” section.
Theory is frequently referred to in the “Literature Review” section.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
2. What conclusion should be drawn when the research hypothesis is not supported by the
findings of a study?
The theoretical framework is invalid.
The study findings have no relevance.
The researcher should have used a different statistical test.
The study has one or more problems that restrict adequate investigation of the
phenomenon.
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The theoretical framework may be valid, but the study design, sampling, or data
may have contributed to the findings.
The study is still important; information even from unsupported studies can
often be useful.
Statistical study results do not prove hypotheses; hypotheses that are not
supported by statistical tests can still provide useful information.
There may be some problems with the study, but the findings may still be
important, especially for identifying limitations in the design and process.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
3. How should these statements be interpreted?
(1) “There is a positive relationship between the degree of social support available to new
mothers and maternal attachment scores.” (2) “The Pearson correlation coefficient was r =
0.79, p < 0.05.”
a. The hypothesis was proven.
b. The hypothesis was supported.
c. The result was clinically significant but not statistically significant.
d. The statistical analysis indicates that the positive correlation was a chance event.
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The findings suggest a strong relationship, but they do not prove the hypothesis.
The findings do provide solid support for the hypothesis.
No, the correlation is statistically significant.
The alpha level of p < 0.05 supports a true positive correlation.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
4. What is the primary role of figures and tables in a research report?
a. To substantiate the researcher’s conclusions
b. To develop a framework for future research in the area
c. To clarify which variable was treated as an independent variable
d. To facilitate the presentation of large amounts of data
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Tables and figures supplement the findings by presenting them in a clear
manner, but they do not substantiate the conclusions.
Tables and figures present study data but do not provide future-oriented
frameworks.
Tables and figures may well clarify the variables within a study, but this is not
their primary role.
Tables and figures supplement data by clearly presenting the findings in tabular
and illustrative forms.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
5. What critical behaviour should investigators demonstrate when presenting their results?
a. Researcher bias
b. Appropriateness
c. Objectivity
d. Inference
ANS: C
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Researchers must present results with no bias.
This is a nonspecific answer.
Researchers must present results with objectivity.
Inference is used when interpreting inferential statistical results.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
6. Researchers and reviewers should accept statistical significance with
a. the belief that statistically significant results are the final word.
b. cautious regard for how results might apply to practice.
c. the view that careful appraisal is needed to apply results to theory.
d. the idea that additional testing is not necessary.
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Even if results are statistically significant, reviewers should not believe they are
the final word.
Caution or prudence is always warranted when reviewing the results of studies.
The results of one study cannot automatically be added to existing theory.
Many quantitative studies require additional statistical testing.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
7. Which research result is reported in an objective manner?
a. Surprisingly, the results showed a positive relationship between marital conflict
and psychological adjustment in women with a childhood history of abuse.
b. A distressing result was found indicating a positive relationship between maternal
smoking and respiratory distress in neonates.
c. The results indicated a positive relationship between death anxiety and adherence
to medication regimens in gay men with HIV infection or AIDS.
d. Interestingly, a positive relationship was found between relapse into unsafe sexual
behaviours and the healthy appearance of sexual partners in HIV-positive
heterosexual men.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
This statement begins with a subjective transition by using the word
Surprisingly.
This statement is subjective, as indicated by the researcher’s choice of the
adjective distressing.
The result is stated objectively and clearly.
The use of the transitional word interestingly makes this a subjective statement.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
8. When researchers write the “Discussion” section of a study report, what aspect of their
research should they use to evaluate the findings?
Method
Introduction
Theoretical framework
Data analysis
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Investigators return to theoretical framework to assess whether the findings
support, extend, or counter it.
Investigators return to theoretical framework to assess whether the findings
support, extend, or counter it.
Investigators return to theoretical framework to assess whether the findings
support, extend, or counter it.
Investigators return to theoretical framework, not data analysis, to determine the
fit of the findings with previously described theory.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
9. In a research report, which section is the most appropriate place for the description of a
study’s limitations?
a. Results
b. Methods
c. Discussion
d. Recommendations
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The “Results” section includes a clear presentation of the results of data
analysis.
The “Methods” section provides a description of the data collection and
analysis stages of the study.
The “Discussion” section contains the interpretation of the data, gaps,
limitations, and conclusions of the study.
The “Recommendations” section may include actions that address the study’s
limitations, but that is not the place to introduce or discuss these limitations.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
10. Generalization of a study’s findings to populations beyond the one on which the study is
based, whether by investigators or reviewers, is
accurate.
appropriate.
inappropriate.
supportable.
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
A study’s findings should not be generalized beyond the population on which
the study is based.
A study’s findings should not be generalized beyond the population on which
the study is based.
Generalizations that draw conclusions and make inferences within a particular
situation at a particular time are appropriate but should not be extended beyond
the population on which the study is based.
Generalizations that draw conclusions and make inferences beyond the
population on which a study is based are not acceptable when considering
sample and population statistics and inference.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
11. Questions such as “What contributions to nursing does this study make?” and “What are the
strength, quality, and consistency of the evidence provided by the findings?” are posed to the
investigator. Which part of the “Discussion” section do they stimulate the investigator to
describe?
a. Inferences
b. Summary
c. Limitations
d. Recommendations
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Inferences are made during interpretation of statistical test results.
Summary statements are made in another part of the “Discussion” section.
Limitations are addressed by examining the weaknesses of a study and are often
attributed to instruments, analysis, and sampling.
These questions help identify the Recommendations part of the “Discussion”
section.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
12. The findings of a study include what?
a. Data collection and transcription
b. Results and discussion
c. Descriptive analysis and inferential analysis
d. Theoretical framework and conceptualization
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Data collection and transcription are included in the “Methods” section.
The findings of a study include both results and discussion, as well as all of the
conclusions, interpretations, recommendations, generalizations, and
implications for further research.
Descriptive analysis and inferential analysis are performed before the findings
are addressed.
The theoretical framework of the study is consulted as the findings are
discussed, but the theoretical framework has already been established before the
final findings are addressed.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
13. A nurse researcher should include what in a research report’s “Results” section?
a. Hypothesis or research question
b. Descriptive statistics
c. Literature review
d. Theoretical framework
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The results of the hypothesis or research question are usually presented after
descriptive statistics in the “Results” section.
Descriptive statistics are generally presented first in the “Results” section of a
research report.
Literature review is often partially incorporated into the “Discussion” section
after the results are presented.
The theoretical framework of a study is usually presented after descriptive
statistics and the results of the hypothesis or research question.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
14. A discussion of a study’s weaknesses and limitations includes what?
a. Design
b. Scientific value
c. Generalizability
d. Prospects for publication
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The design of the study may be included as a weakness or limitation, but design
is not the sole focus of this part of the “Discussion” section of a research study.
A researcher addresses the weaknesses and limitations of a study in order to
provide a clear perspective of how the study is potentially valuable to the
evolving body of knowledge for the related discipline and theories.
The study’s lack of generalizability may be included as a limitation, but that is
not the sole focus of this part of the “Discussion” section of a research study.
Selecting potential publishers for dissemination would not be included in the
discussion of weaknesses and limitations.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
15. The nurse researcher’s suggestions for a study’s application to practice is include where?
a. Findings
b. Limitations
c. Generalizability
d. Recommendations
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The findings of a study would contain such suggestions but are not limited to
this. Findings include the entire “Results” and “Discussion” sections of a
research report.
The limitations of a study would be found in the “Discussion” section along
with the researcher’s suggestions, but this is not the correct section to present
them.
Generalizability would be presented in the “Discussion” section, but this section
would not include suggestions for application to practice.
The researcher’s suggestions for application to practice would be included in
the Recommendations part of the “Discussion” section of the research report.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
16. What is the use of tables in a research report?
a. They are intended to repeat the narrative description of the results.
b. They should contain only statistically significant results.
c. Their intended use is to eliminate the need for a narrative description of the
findings.
d. They must have clear and accurate titles and headings to be of value.
ANS: D
A
Feedback
Tables are intended to supplement the discussion about results, not to repeat it.
B
C
D
Tables can be used to present descriptive statistics, demographics, and other
aspects of a study, beyond statistical results. They can also be used to present
results that are not statistically significant.
Tables are intended to supplement the discussion about results, not to replace it.
It is important to clearly label all tables with accurate titles and headings to
facilitate understanding of the study results and discussion.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
17. What is included in the “Discussion” section of a research report?
a. Analysis of the data revealed that many of the women who were family caregivers
were not following recommended breast cancer screening practices and lacked
knowledge of these practices. This has implications for patient education in
primary care settings.
b. The study was conducted to evaluate breast health protection behaviours of
women who were family caregivers of children with special health care needs.
c. The findings revealed that 34.6% of women who were family caregivers
performed monthly breast self-examinations, and 48% had a yearly mammogram.
d. The Health Belief Model was used as the conceptual framework for this study.
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
This statement concisely and objectively summarizes the results and ties them
to the researcher’s recommendations and discussions of implications for nursing
practice.
This statement would be introduced much earlier in the report, usually in the
“Introduction” section.
This statement would be presented in the “Results” section of the research
report.
This statement would be presented much earlier, in the “Theoretical
Framework” section of the research report.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
18. What is the purpose of the “Discussion” section of a research report?
a. Objective presentation of data
b. Interpretation of the study’s meaning
c. Opportunity to thank the researcher’s co-workers
d. Examination of the suitability of the research design to its stated purpose
ANS: B
A
Feedback
An objective presentation of data would be included in the “Results” section of
a research report.
B
C
D
The “Discussion” section of a research report is dedicated to presenting the
researcher’s interpretation of the study’s meaning.
Acknowledgements and dedications would be included at the very end of a
research report, not in the “Discussion” section.
An examination of the design’s suitability would be included much earlier in
the research report, in the “Methods” and possibly the “Results” sections.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
19. The quantification of the uncertainty of a statistic is considered what?
a. Confidence interval
b. Retro-evaluation
c. Theoretical critique
d. Interpretation of analysis
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
A confidence interval quantifies the uncertainty of a statistic or the probable
value range within which a population parameter is expected to lie.
Confidence interval is the term used to describe the quantification of the
uncertainty of a statistic.
A theoretical critique would not reveal statistical uncertainty. Confidence
interval is the term used to describe the quantification of the uncertainty of a
statistic.
Interpretation of analysis is the discussion of the study. Confidence interval is
the term used to describe the quantification of the uncertainty of a statistic.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
20. The results section of a research report includes what?
a. Instruments
b. Data
c. Design
d. Theory
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Instruments are referred to in the methods section.
The results section of a research report is considered the data-bound section of
the report.
Design fits into the methods section.
Theory is frequently referred to in the literature review section.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
21. If a study’s results are not supported statistically or are only partially supported, research
consumers should conclude that the study is what?
Irrelevant
Important to review
Proven
Unconfirmed
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The study is important; information from unsupported studies can often be
useful.
The study is worth reviewing; information from unsupported studies can often
be useful.
Statistical study results do not prove hypotheses; hypotheses that are not
supported by statistical tests provide useful information.
This answer does not define the usefulness of a study.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
22. Which section of the report allows a nurse researcher to review critical summary numbers for
each test?
Results
Discussion
Literature review
Methods
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The results section will allow the nurse researcher to review critical summary
numbers for each test.
The discussion section will not allow the nurse researcher to review critical
summary numbers for each test.
The literature review will not allow the nurse researcher to review critical
summary numbers for each test.
The methods section will not allow the nurse researcher to review critical
summary numbers for each test.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
23. Which section of the report allows a nurse researcher to review reduction of data in the form
of tables and figures?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Results
Discussion
Literature review
Methods
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The results section will allow the nurse researcher to review reduction of data in
the form of tables and figures.
The discussion section will not allow the nurse researcher to review reduction
of data in the form of tables and figures.
The literature review will not allow the nurse researcher to review reduction of
data in the form of tables and figures.
The methods section will not allow the nurse researcher to review reduction of
data in the form of tables and figures.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
24. Which section of the report allows a nurse researcher to report unforeseen events that occurred
during the course of the study?
Results
Discussion
Literature review
Methods
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The results section will allow the nurse researcher to report untoward events
that occurred during the course of the study.
The discussion section will not allow the nurse researcher to report untoward
events that occurred during the course of the study.
The literature review will not allow the nurse researcher to report untoward
events that occurred during the course of the study.
The methods section will not allow the nurse researcher to report untoward
events that occurred during the course of the study.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
25. Which section of the report allows a nurse researcher to review all data, including data that are
not significant?
a. Results
b. Discussion
c. Literature review
d. Methods
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The results section will allow the nurse researcher to review all data, even data
that are not significant.
The discussion section will not allow the nurse researcher to review all data,
even data that are not significant.
The literature review will not allow the nurse researcher to review all data, even
data that are not significant.
The methods section will not allow the nurse researcher to review all data, even
data that are not significant.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
26. Which section of the report allows the nurse researcher to address limitations or weaknesses
of the study?
a. Results
b. Discussion
c. Literature review
d. Methods
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The results section does not include addressing limitations or weaknesses.
Limitations or weaknesses of the study are addressed in the discussion section.
The literature review does not include addressing limitations or weaknesses.
The methods section does not include addressing limitations or weaknesses.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
27. Which section of the report will allow the nurse researcher to determine what contribution the
study makes to nursing?
Results
Discussion
Recommendations
Methods
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: C
A
B
C
Feedback
The results section does not allow the nurse researcher to answer the question
“What contribution to nursing does this study make?”
The discussion section does not allow the nurse researcher to answer the
question “What contribution to nursing does this study make?”
The recommendations section allows the nurse researcher to answer the
D
question “What contribution to nursing does this study make?”
The methods section does not allow the nurse researcher to answer the question
“What contribution to nursing does this study make?”
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
28. Which section of the report will allow the nurse researcher to determine the strength, quality,
and consistency of the evidence provided by the findings?
Results
Discussion
Recommendations
Methods
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The results section does not allow the nurse researcher to answer the question
“What are the strength, quality, and consistency of the evidence provided by the
findings?”
The discussion section does not allow the nurse researcher to answer the
question “What are the strength, quality, and consistency of the evidence
provided by the findings?”
The recommendations section allows the nurse researcher to answer the
question “What are the strength, quality, and consistency of the evidence
provided by the findings?”
The methods section does not allow the nurse researcher to answer the question
“What are the strength, quality, and consistency of the evidence provided by the
findings?”
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
29. Which section of the report allows the researcher to determine if evidence provided in the
findings validates current practice or supports the need for change?
Results
Discussion
Recommendations
Methods
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: C
A
B
Feedback
The results section does not allow the nurse researcher to answer the question
“Does the evidence provided in the findings validate current practice or support
the need for change in practice?”
The discussion section does not allow the nurse researcher to answer the
question “Does the evidence provided in the findings validate current practice
C
D
or support the need for change in practice?”
The recommendations section allows the nurse researcher to answer the
question “Does the evidence provided in the findings validate current practice
or support the need for change in practice?”
The methods section does not allow the nurse researcher to answer the question
“Does the evidence provided in the findings validate current practice or support
the need for change in practice?”
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
30. When reporting results, investigators should demonstrate what?
a. Subjectivity
b. Appropriateness
c. Objectivity
d. Inference
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Researchers must present results with objectivity.
This is a nonspecific answer.
Researchers must present results with objectivity.
Inference is used when interpreting inferential statistical results.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
31. Which section of the report allows the nurse researcher to determine if bias arose during the
study?
Results
Discussion
Literature review
Methods
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The results section does not allow the nurse researcher to determine whether
any bias arose during the conduct of the study.
The discussion section allows the nurse researcher to determine whether any
bias arose during the conduct of the study.
The literature review does not allow the nurse researcher to determine whether
any bias arose during the conduct of the study.
The methods section does not allow the nurse researcher to determine whether
any bias arose during the conduct of the study.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
32. How should researchers and reviewers accept statistical significance?
a. With the belief that statistically significant results are the final word
b. With the cautious regard for how results might apply to practice
c. With the view that careful appraisal is necessary to apply results to theory
d. With the idea that additional testing is not necessary
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Even if results are statistically significant, reviewers should not believe they are
the final word.
Caution or prudence is always warranted when reviewing the results of studies.
This response does not make sense.
Many quantitative studies require additional statistical testing.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
33. Which section of the report allows the nurse researcher to address support of the theoretical
framework?
Results
Discussion
Literature review
Methods
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The results section does not include addressing support of the theoretical
framework.
Support of the theoretical framework is addressed in the discussion section.
The literature review does not include addressing support of the theoretical
framework.
The methods section does not include addressing support of the theoretical
framework.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
34. When researchers write the Discussion section of a study, which section of the report is used
to evaluate the findings?
Method
Introduction
Theoretical framework
Data analysis
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Investigators return to the theoretical framework to assess whether the findings
support, extend, or counter it.
Investigators return to the theoretical framework to assess whether the findings
support, extend, or counter it.
Investigators return to the theoretical framework to assess whether the findings
support, extend, or counter it.
Investigators return to the theoretical framework, not the data analysis section,
to determine the fit of the findings with previously described theory.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
35. Which section of the report allows the nurse researcher to determine if data collection was
consistent?
a. Results
b. Discussion
c. Literature review
d. Methods
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The results section does not allow the nurse researcher to determine whether
data collection was consistent and exhibited fidelity.
The discussion section allows the nurse researcher to determine whether data
collection was consistent and exhibited fidelity.
The literature review does not allow the nurse researcher to determine whether
data collection was consistent and exhibited fidelity.
The methods section does not allow the nurse researcher to determine whether
data collection was consistent and exhibited fidelity.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
36. A researcher makes generalizations beyond the population being studied. This is known as
what?
Accurate
Appropriate
Inappropriate
Supportable
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: C
A
Feedback
One should not generalize beyond the population on which a study is based.
B
C
D
One should not generalize beyond the population on which a study is based.
Generalizations that draw conclusions and make inferences within a particular
situation at a particular time are appropriate but not beyond the population on
which the study is based.
Generalizations that draw conclusions and make inferences beyond the
population on which a study is based are not acceptable when considering
sample and population statistics and inference.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
37. The nurse researcher questions the strength, quality, and consistency of the evidence provided
by the findings. This is described in which part of the discussion section?
Inferences
Summary
Limitations
Recommendations
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Inferences are made when interpreting statistical test results.
Summary statements are made in another part of the discussion section.
Limitations are addressed by examining the weaknesses of a study and are often
attributable to instruments, analysis, and sampling.
These questions help with the identification of the recommendations part of the
discussion section.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
38. In which section of the report will the nurse researcher address applicability to practice and
future research?
Results
Discussion
Literature review
Methods
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The results section does not include addressing applicability to practice and
future research.
Applicability to practice and future research is addressed in the discussion
section.
The literature review does not include addressing applicability to practice and
future research.
The methods section does not include addressing applicability to practice and
future research.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
39. The section of the report in which the nurse researcher determines if the theoretical thinking
used was correct is called what?
Results
Discussion
Literature review
Methods
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The results section will not allow the nurse researcher to determine whether
theoretical thinking was correct.
The discussion section allows the nurse researcher to determine whether
theoretical thinking was correct.
The literature review will not allow the nurse researcher to determine whether
theoretical thinking was correct.
The methods section will not allow the nurse researcher to determine whether
theoretical thinking was correct.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
40. The nurse researcher can determine if the sampling size was adequate in which section of the
report?
Results
Discussion
Literature review
Methods
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The results section will not allow the nurse researcher to determine whether
sampling size was adequate.
The discussion section allows the nurse researcher to determine whether
sampling size was adequate.
The literature review will not allow the nurse researcher to determine whether
sampling size was adequate.
The methods section will not allow the nurse researcher to determine whether
sampling size was adequate.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
41. When discussing the results, what facilitates presentation of large amounts of data?
a. Subjective presentation
b. Inferential statistics
c. Tables and figures
d. Descriptive statistics
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
A subjective presentation does not facilitate the presentation of large amounts of
data.
Inferential statistics are important, but they do not necessarily facilitate the
presentation of large amounts of data.
The use of tables and figures facilitates the presentation of large amounts of
data.
Descriptive statistics are important, but they do not necessarily facilitate the
presentation of large amounts of data.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
42. A problem with the study’s validity would be classified as what?
a. Unsupported data
b. Poor interpretation of results
c. Limitation
d. Lack of objectivity
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
A problem with validity would not necessarily be synonymous with
unsupported data.
A problem with validity would not necessarily be synonymous with poor
interpretation of results.
A problem with the study’s validity would be considered to be a limitation.
A problem with validity would not necessarily be synonymous with lack of
objectivity.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
43. In which section of the report does the nurse researcher address supported and unsupported
data?
a. Results
b. Discussion
c. Literature review
d. Methods
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The results section does not include addressing supported and unsupported data.
Supported and unsupported data are addressed in the discussion section.
The literature review does not include addressing supported and unsupported
data.
The methods section does not include addressing supported and unsupported
data.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
44. Which section of the report allows the nurse researcher to determine if instruments were
reliable and valid?
Results
Discussion
Literature review
Methods
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The results section will not allow the nurse researcher to determine whether
instruments were reliable and valid.
The discussion section allows the nurse researcher to determine whether
instruments were reliable and valid.
The literature review will not allow the nurse researcher to determine whether
instruments were reliable and valid.
The methods section will not allow the nurse researcher to determine whether
instruments were reliable and valid.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
45. Which section of the report allows the nurse researcher to discuss the analysis choices?
a. Results
b. Discussion
c. Literature review
d. Methods
ANS: B
A
B
Feedback
The results section will not allow the nurse researcher to discuss the analysis
choices.
The discussion section allows the nurse researcher to discuss the analysis
C
D
choices.
The literature review will not allow the nurse researcher to discuss the analysis
choices.
The methods section will not allow the nurse researcher to discuss the analysis
choices.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
46. Which section of the report allows a nurse researcher to interpret the evidence provided?
a. Results
b. Discussion
c. Literature review
d. Methods
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The results section will allow the nurse researcher to interpret the evidence
provided.
The discussion section will not allow the nurse researcher to interpret the
evidence provided.
The literature review will not allow the nurse researcher to interpret evidence
provided.
The methods section will not allow the nurse researcher to interpret evidence
provided.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
47. Which section of the report allows a nurse researcher to review the descriptive and inferential
statistics for each hypothesis or research question?
Results
Discussion
Literature review
Methods
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The results section will allow the nurse researcher to review the descriptive and
inferential statistics for each hypothesis or research question.
The discussion section will not allow the nurse researcher to review the
descriptive and inferential statistics for each hypothesis or research question.
The literature review will not allow the nurse researcher to review the
descriptive and inferential statistics for each hypothesis or research question.
The methods section will not allow the nurse researcher to review the
descriptive and inferential statistics for each hypothesis or research question.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
MULTIPLE RESPONSE
1. The findings of a study include what? (Select all that apply.)
a. Methods
b. Conclusions
c. Interpretations
d. Theories
ANS: B, C, D
Feedback
Correct
Incorrect
Conclusions describe findings.
Interpretations describe findings.
Theories are referred to when findings are interpreted, typically in the
discussion section of a study.
Methods describe one major section of a study.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
2. When presenting results, it is essential that investigators avoid what? (Select all that apply.)
a. Opinion
b. Bias
c. Reactionary statements
d. Data
ANS: A, B, C
Feedback
Correct
Incorrect
Opinion should always be avoided; factual reporting is essential.
Bias in reporting is never consistent with research.
Reactionary statements are narrow minded and inconsistent with
objective research.
Data are always presented in the results of studies.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
3. Tables and figures assist in presenting the findings of studies by doing what? (Select all that
apply.)
a. Supplementing the text
b. Repeating the text
c. Representing the results
d. Reproducing the results
ANS: A, C
Feedback
Correct
Incorrect
Tables and figures supplement the text.
Tables and figures represent the results.
Tables and figures avoid repeating the text.
Tables and figures do not reproduce or duplicate the results.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
4. Limitations of a study are often attributed to what? (Select all that apply.)
a. Instruments
b. Sampling methods
c. Analysis
d. Literature review
ANS: A, B, C
Feedback
Correct
Incorrect
Instrument issues with reliability and validity may limit study findings.
Sampling methods, such as a convenience sample, may limit study
findings.
Analysis techniques, such as inappropriate statistical tests, may limit
study findings.
Limitations of a study are not specified in the literature review and are
not often attributed to the literature review.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
5. Characteristics of a good table include what? (Select all that apply.)
a. It supplements and economizes the text.
b. It repeats text frequently for added emphasis.
c. It has precise titles and headings.
d. It does not repeat the text.
e. There is creativity in the presentation of data.
ANS: A, C, D
Feedback
Correct
Incorrect
Supplementing and economizing the text are considered characteristics of
a good table.
Precise titles and headings are considered characteristics of a good table.
A good table should not repeat the text.
Repeating the text is not considered a characteristic of a good table.
Although creativity is important, a creative presentation does not
necessarily make a good table.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
Chapter 18: Critiquing Qualitative Research
LoBiondo-Wood: Nursing Research in Canada, 4th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. What does the inclusion of study themes represent in the presentation of a qualitative research
study?
The actual written report
The operational definition of the study’s conceptual framework
The labelling of similar ideas shared by the study participants
The relationship between the hypotheses and the research questions
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The written report does include study themes, but it contains the description of
the entire study, not just the results of the qualitative analysis.
Study themes arise from analyzed qualitative data and are not simply
operational definitions.
Study themes come from the collected qualitative data from study participants.
Study themes come from analyzed qualitative data. As well, hypotheses and
research questions are not used simultaneously in the same study.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
2. Why are themes important results for a qualitative study?
a. They reflect the congruence between the questions asked and the method of study
used.
b. They allow description of a large quantity of data in a condensed format.
c. They demonstrate both emic and etic views of a topic.
d. They explain the nature of the differences reported by participants experiencing a
similar phenomenon.
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Themes come from data collected from the responses of study participants.
Themes provide a structure to discuss the verbose qualitative data provided by
the study participants.
Themes reveal the emic view of study participants’ responses to the researcher’s
questions.
Themes generally reveal the similarities of ideas expressed by study
participants.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
3. Which of the following titles is appropriate for a qualitative study?
a. Exploring the Relationship Between Age of Teen and Degree of Maternal Bonding
b. Evaluating Decision-Making Coaching Intervention in Cancer Treatment
c. Using Virtual Reality as a Distraction Method During Chemotherapy
d. Understanding Tradition of Fetal Genital Mutilation
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
“Exploring the Relationship Between Age of Teen and Degree of Maternal
Bonding” reflects a correlational quantitative design.
“Evaluating Decision-Making Coaching Intervention in Cancer Treatment” is
not reflective of a qualitative design; nor does it suggest a clear quantitative
design, since it uses evaluation research language.
The phrase “using virtual reality” in this title suggests the application of a
“treatment” by the researcher, which would suit a quantitative design.
Qualitative research involves exploration of concepts, phenomena, and cultures,
which is reflected by the phrase “understanding tradition.”
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
4. Which of the following processes should you avoid when evaluating qualitative research?
a. Reading the research report to identify participants’ emic views and ideas
b. Performing a power analysis to determine the adequacy of sample size
c. Determining whether the author’s conclusions reflect the study findings
d. Identifying the purpose of the research
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Qualitative research should be read with the intent of understanding the
experiences and ideas expressed by study participants.
Power analysis would be performed for quantitative studies, not for qualitative
studies.
Research evaluation should include determining if the author’s conclusions
reflect the study findings.
Research evaluation should include identifying the purpose of the research
study.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
5. In the context of qualitative outcome analysis, which of the following outcomes or overall
purposes is appropriate for a qualitative study?
a. Creating solutions to practical problems
b. Teaching members of a specific subculture how to control anger
c. Assisting patients to participate more in health care decisions
d. Preparing high school students so that their anxiety during tests is reduced
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Qualitative outcome analysis can help a researcher apply findings from a
qualitative study to similar contexts of practice.
This study purpose suggests a quantitative design, where teaching is applied as
an independent variable to control the dependent variable (anger).
This study purpose suggests a quantitative design, where assistance is applied
as an independent variable to increase the dependent variable (health care
decisions).
This study purpose suggests a quantitative design, where preparation is applied
as an independent variable to control the dependent variable (test anxiety).
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
6. What determines whether the results of a qualitative study can or should be applied beyond
the study population?
The level of significance of the study findings
The credentials and experience of the person applying the findings
The characteristics of the population to whom the findings will be applied
The length of time between the reporting of the findings and their application to
another population
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Significance levels are not analyzed in the case of qualitative studies.
The researcher’s credentials and experience would not influence the merit of the
research findings’ applicability to practice.
Since qualitative research is highly context dependent, it would be important
that the population being considered is similar to the study sample.
The length of time between the reporting of the findings and their application to
another population would have no bearing on the applicability of the study’s
findings.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
7. What process should you, as a nurse, engage in before attempting to apply the results of a
qualitative study in your own practice?
a. Use of triangulation to compare the study findings with those obtained by other
investigations of the same phenomenon
b. Validation of the findings through interaction with people similar to study
participants
c. Examination of the credentials of the person who conducted the study
d. Replication of the study
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Triangulation entails actually performing research, not attempting to apply
study results to practice.
Since qualitative research is highly context dependent, nurses should be careful
in their attempt to apply a study’s findings to a similar group of people, after
validating that their experiences are similar to those of the study participants.
Examination of the credentials of the person who conducted the study is not
enough evidence to apply a study’s findings to practice.
Replication of the study would be the ideal process, but it entails actually
conducting another research study, not attempting to apply a completed study’s
results to practice.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
8. Which of the following pieces of information presented in the report of a qualitative research
study indicates that the research meets the criterion of auditability?
The researcher’s conclusions are congruent with the study findings.
The results are meaningful to persons not in the study.
The researcher has described the projected significance of the study to nursing.
The researcher has documented all phases of the research process.
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The researcher’s findings and conclusions do not provide a clear overview of
the process used to conduct the study. (The study should provide an “audit trail”
to facilitate replication and clear understanding.)
The results of the study do not provide a clear overview of the process used to
conduct the study. (The study should provide an “audit trail” to facilitate
replication and clear understanding.)
The researcher’s description of the implications for nursing does not provide a
clear overview of the process used to conduct the study. (The study should
provide an “audit trail” to facilitate replication and clear understanding.)
A clear description of all of the phases of the research study provides a clear
overview of the process used. (The study should provide an “audit trail” to
facilitate replication and clear understanding.)
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
9. An investigator reporting a qualitative study indicates that each participant was given a
pseudonym. What criterion is being met by this?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Credibility
Data analysis
Confidentiality
Fittingness of findings
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Credibility refers to the accuracy and adequacy of the data collected and how
they have been interpreted by the researcher.
Data analysis refers to the way data are categorized, structured into themes, and
interpreted by the researcher.
Confidentiality is provided by assigning pseudonyms to direct quotes criterion
for qualitative data collection.
Fittingness of findings refers to the applicability of a study’s findings to other
groups in similar contexts.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
10. What is meant when a qualitative researcher indicates that the process of research used was
“NVivo”?
The study blended qualitative and quantitative approaches.
All research processes were performed simultaneously.
More than one researcher was responsible for data collection.
A computer program was used to categorize data.
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
NVivo is a qualitative computer data analysis program that helps researchers
categorize data; it does not refer to a combination of methods.
NVivo is a qualitative computer data analysis program that helps researchers
categorize data; it does not refer to simultaneous research stages.
NVivo is a qualitative computer data analysis program that helps researchers
categorize data; it does not refer to multiple researchers.
NVivo is a qualitative computer data analysis program that helps researchers
categorize data.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
11. Which of the following activities represents attention to credibility in a qualitative study?
a. Ensuring that all participants self-identified with a specific racial or ethnic group
b. Providing direct quotations from participants
c. Identifying the basic psychological process (BSP)
d. Participants recognizing their data and approving their accuracy during validation
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Ensuring that all participants self-identified with a specific racial or ethnic
group may or may not add to credibility, depending on whether or not racial or
ethnic identification was an important area of focus.
Providing quotations from participants is an important way to help readers
understand the emic views of the participants.
The BSP is an important part of grounded theory data analysis, using the
constant comparative approach.
Verification or validation of the interpreted data with the study participants (also
called a member check) adds to the study’s credibility.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
12. How can qualitative research contribute to the development of structured research instruments
such as surveys?
a. A qualitative study can take the place of a survey, reducing the need for research
instruments.
b. The numeric data that result from a qualitative study will guide instrument
development.
c. A preliminary study can help the researcher ground the survey questions in the
reality of human experience.
d. Only quantitative research can contribute to the development of structured
research instruments.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Qualitative research provides valuable data based on human experience but
does not take the place of structured research instruments.
Qualitative research results in textual and, perhaps, visual data but not numeric
data.
Qualitative study data can provide valuable insights into the reality of human
experience that could be applied to the subsequent development of a structured
research instrument.
Qualitative research and quantitative research can both support the development
of structured research instruments.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
13. Rigour in qualitative studies is measured by its
a. data audit.
b. fittingness.
c. trustworthiness.
d. statistical analysis.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Although managing data is important—this is not the most important step to
ensure rigour.
This refers to application of findings to other studies and is one part of
trustworthiness.
The process of determining trustworthiness includes assessing credibility,
audibility, and fittingness.
Only important for quantitative studies.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
14. The appropriate method for program evaluation includes a
a. case study.
b. historical approach.
c. naturalistic approach.
d. ethnographic approach.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
A case study relates to an individual case, rather than to a program.
Historical research is conducted using documents and artifacts, not programs.
Programs conducted in a naturalistic setting that is congruent with the study’s
context can be evaluated using qualitative methods or findings.
Ethnographic approaches relate to the culture of a people or group, not to a
program.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
15. Participants in qualitative studies may contribute to the design of the study in
a. qualitative research.
b. ethnographic studies.
c. grounded theory studies.
d. phenomenological studies.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
In some studies this is true but not all.
Participants do not typically direct the study.
Participants can participate in data generation.
Participants do not typically direct the study.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
16. Which of the following omissions would not result in a negative critique of an article?
a. A description of the design aspects of the study was omitted.
b. A description of the sample participants was omitted.
c. The purpose of the study was omitted.
d. A description of the research team was omitted.
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The omission of the study design would likely result in a negative critique of a
research article.
The omission of the study participants is very important and would likely result
in a negative critique of a research article.
The omission of the study purpose is very important and would likely result in a
negative critique of a research article.
The omission of information related to the study team would not likely result in
a negative critique of a research article. This information is nice to know but not
necessary.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
17. Review the abstract provided below before responding to the question.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
Although research interest in women’s health is growing, much of the literature does not
sufficiently describe the importance of geography and gender for the health of women. This
qualitative study explored factors in the northern Canadian context that influence women’s
health by interviewing 25 women in northern Canada.
RESULTS
Findings reveal that the importance of the northern context for women’s health can be
attributed to the north’s historical location and its physical, sociocultural, and political
environments. The northern context contributes to the marginalization of northern women that
is characterized by isolation, limited options, limited power, and being silenced.
Which theoretical or philosophical perspective that is central to Canadian nursing and primary
health care is most likely to have served as the foundation of the study presented in the
abstract?
a. Health promotion
b. Gender equity
c. Social determinants of health
d. Privatization
ANS: C
A
Feedback
Health promotion is a central theoretical framework for Canadian nursing, but it
B
C
D
does not appear to be a central focus of the study.
Gender equity was addressed but in and of itself does not represent a theoretical
framework use by nurses or in primary care settings.
Social determinants of health are central to nursing and primary health care in
Canada. This perspective was likely used as a central theoretical framework for
this study.
Privatization is not a theoretical framework and was not applied in this study.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
18. What characteristic of the data analysis confirmed that Leipert and Reutter used grounded
theory in their study entitled, “Women’s Health in Northern British Columbia: The Role of
Geography and Gender”?
a. They developed a cultural inventory.
b. They performed thematic analysis of the women’s lived experience.
c. They applied the constant comparative method.
d. They facilitated the development of an action plan.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
A cultural inventory is indicative of ethnography.
A thematic analysis of the women’s lived experience is indicative of
phenomenology.
The constant comparative method of analysis is used in grounded theory
research.
Participatory action research results in the development of an action plan.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
19. What is the formal term for rigour in qualitative research?
a. Identifying metaphors from data
b. Describing the etic view of data
c. Bracketing
d. Trustworthiness
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Identifying metaphors is a part of the process of interpreting qualitative data,
but it is not a step in establishing rigour.
A qualitative researcher analyzes the emic view of participants, not their own
etic view.
Bracketing is an important step in qualitative data analysis, but it does not
represent rigour.
Trustworthiness is applied when a researcher clearly links the interpretation and
themes identified from qualitative data to actual data expressed by participants.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
Chapter 19: Critiquing Quantitative Research
LoBiondo-Wood: Nursing Research in Canada, 4th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The critique of a quantitative research report should include what?
a. Applying the findings in clinical practice
b. Summarizing the major steps of the research process
c. Constructively evaluating a study for its strengths and weaknesses
d. Determining whether the phenomenon studied can be recognized by the
participants as their own
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Applying a study’s findings in clinical practice is done after critiquing the
study’s strengths.
Summarizing the steps of the research process is not equivalent to constructive
evaluation.
Critiquing of a study is constructive evaluation of the study’s strengths and
limitations.
Critiquing of a study is done by an objective reviewer, not by a participant.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
2. Which statement most accurately evaluates a quantitative research study report’s scientific
merit?
a. The sample size was appropriate for the statistical tests used.
b. The study had one independent variable and two dependent variables.
c. Data described in narrative form within the text could have been more concise in a
table.
d. The discussion was excessive in length.
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Describing appropriate use of sample size for pertinent statistical tests is an
example of scientific merit.
Explaining the number of variables is not an example of scientific critique.
The critique of narrative display is an example of stylistic comment.
The comment about length of discussion is an example of stylistic critique.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
3. Both the problem statement and the purpose of a quantitative research study report should
address what?
Generalizability
Sampling procedure
Implications for future research
Relationship between the variables
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Generalizability would be addressed by research design and sampling
procedures.
The sampling procedure is usually described in the methods section.
Implications for future research are developed after study findings are obtained.
The problem statement and the purpose both specify relationships between
study variables.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
4. Why should other nurses evaluate the scientific merit of quantitative nursing research studies?
a. To diversify the focus of nursing
b. To broaden the base for nursing practice
c. To demonstrate that nursing is a true science as well as a discipline
d. To ensure that nursing research does not “borrow” from other disciplines
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Nursing research evaluation by nurses does not help diversify the focus of
nursing by broadening research topics.
Nurses evaluating nurses’ research helps broaden the base for nursing practice
because other perspectives of nursing are used.
Nurses evaluating nursing research does not establish a true science base.
Nurses evaluating nursing research would not ensure that the research does not
borrow from other disciplines.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
5. What term represents the ability of the researcher to determine which part of a nursing
research study is the most important to be communicated to the profession?
Constructive evaluation
Personal judgement
Scientific merit
Personal merit
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Constructive evaluation is the objective, unbiased, and impartial appraisal of the
evidence provided in the study.
Personal judgement refers to the researcher’s expertise that allows him or her to
judge which part of the study is the most important to be communicated to the
profession.
Scientific merit refers to evaluating research for its relative worth (strength,
quality, and consistency of evidence).
Personal merit is not a concept associated with critiquing quantitative research.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
6. In evaluating a report of a quantitative research study what is considered scientific merit?
a. The sample size was appropriate for the statistical tests used.
b. There was one independent variable and two dependent variables.
c. Data described in narrative form within the text would have been more concise if
they had been placed in a table.
d. The discussion was too long.
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Appropriate use of sample size for pertinent statistical tests is an example of
scientific merit.
Explaining the number of variables is not an example of scientific critiquing.
Critiquing of narrative display is an example of a comment on reporting style.
The statement about the length of the discussion is an example of a comment on
reporting style.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
7. In evaluating a report of a quantitative research study what is considered an issue related to
style?
a. The sample size was appropriate for the statistical tests used.
b. There was one independent variable and two dependent variables.
c. Data described in narrative form within the text would have been more concise if
they had been placed in a table.
d. The data presented support the direction of the primary hypothesis.
ANS: C
A
B
C
Feedback
The comment about sample size in statistical testing is an example of critiquing
scientific merit.
Describing the number of variables is mere explanation, not a critique.
Describing how to improve data display is an example of a critique on style.
D
The comment is an example of critiquing scientific merit.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
8. What should be addressed in both the problem statement and the purpose of a quantitative
research study report?
Generalizability
Sampling procedure
Implications for future research
Relationships among the variables
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Generalizability would be addressed by research design and sampling
procedures.
The sampling procedure is usually described in the “Methodology” section.
Implications for future research are identified after study findings are obtained.
The problem statement and the purpose both specify the relationships among
study variables.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
9. Where in a report of a quantitative research study would you expect the gaps or conflicts
about the studied phenomenon to be identified?
Analysis of data
Research design
Problem statement
Review of the literature
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The “Data Analysis” section describes how the obtained data were organized
and analyzed.
The “Research Design” section explains the design chosen by the researcher
and how it was used.
The “Problem Statement” specifies the focus of the study and the significance
of the problem.
The “Literature Review” section describes what is known as well as what is not
known on the phenomenon studied.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
10. Under which heading of a research report are the threats to a study’s internal and external
validity usually presented?
Design
Results
Discussion
Data analysis
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Research design is discussed in the “Methods” section; threats to reliability and
validity are presented in the “Discussion” section.
The results section presents statistical data or rich data, it does not address
validity and reliability.
Threats to reliability and validity are presented in the “Discussion” section.
Data analysis is presented in the “Methods” section; threats to reliability and
validity are presented in the “Discussion” section.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
11. Where in a report of a quantitative research study would you expect the gaps or conflicts
about the studied phenomenon to be identified?
Analysis of data
Research design
Problem statement
Review of the literature
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The “Data Analysis” section describes how obtained data were organized and
analyzed.
The “Research Design” section explains the design chosen by the researcher
and how it was used.
The “Problem Statement” specifies the focus of the study and the significance
of the problem.
The “Literature Review” section describes what is known as well as what is not
known about the phenomenon studied.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge (Comprehension)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
12. What is indicated in this abstract of a study report?
“This research was an exploratory descriptive investigation of the pregnancy experiences of a
multiethnic group of pregnant adolescents.”
a. Aims
b. Design
c. Significance
d. Implications
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The aims of the research are not explained in the statement.
The statement describes the design of the study.
The statement does not allude to the significance of the study.
The implications of the study findings are not explained in the statement.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
13. What does this quote found in the report of a quantitative nursing research study indicate?
“By formalizing parenting education in the immediate postpartum period, midwives may have
the opportunity to reduce the prevalence of postnatal depression.”
a. Results
b. Analysis
c. Implications
d. Recommendations
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The statement does not explain the explicit results of the study.
The statement does not describe data analysis issues.
The statement describes the implications of parenting education provided by
midwives.
The statement does not specify recommendations for future activities.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
14. This statement was included in a research report: “A positive correlation was found between
the variables of self-reported sleep adequacy and performance on the driving simulator (r =
0.21) although the correlation did not reach statistical significance.” A research consumer
should evaluate this to mean what?
a. No relationship exists between the two variables.
b. The hypothesis was supported by the data presented.
c. The hypothesis was not supported by the data presented.
d. The relationships among the variables are too weak to have practical application.
ANS: D
A
B
Feedback
Since there is a correlation, a relationship has to exist between variables.
No hypothesis is expressed, so no judgement can be made regarding the
statement.
C
D
No hypothesis is expressed, so no judgement can be made regarding the
statement.
The statement explains that the relationships among the variables are too weak
for practical application.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
15. What does the quote “The high CES-D scores may indicate selection bias.” found in the study
by Hudson, Elek, and Campbell-Grossman, entitled, “Depression, Self-Esteem, Loneliness,
and Social Support Among Adolescent Mothers Participating in the New Mothers’ Project”
indicate?
a. Implications for practice
b. Limitations of the study
c. Generalizability of the study
d. Recommendations for future research
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The authors are describing the limitations of the study, not implications for
practice.
The authors are describing the limitations of the study.
The authors are describing the limitations of the study, not trying to generalize
the findings.
The authors are describing the limitations of the study, not providing
recommendations for future research.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
16. A nursing student is critiquing a research study on the effects of test anxiety reduction and a
review course on NCLEX success rates among graduate nurses. The student notes several
threats to internal validity. Which variable’s accuracy is affected by these threats?
a. NCLEX success rates
b. Graduate nurses
c. Review course
d. Type of nursing program
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
NCLEX success is the dependent variable.
“Graduate nurses” refers to the sample and is not affected by threats to internal
validity.
Review course, an independent variable, would be affected by internal validity
threats.
Type of nursing program is not a designated variable.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
17. In their study entitled “Self-Efficiency of Staff Nurses for Health Promotion Counselling of
Patients at Risk for Stroke,” Mayer et al. used a quasi-experimental design. What critical
design criteria were met by the researchers?
a. Cross-sectional sample selected from a variety of practice settings
b. Hypotheses
c. Random sampling
d. Distinct control and experimental groups selected
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
All of the participants in this study were employed at one quaternary hospital.
The researchers formulated hypotheses for this study, which focused on the
variables of self-efficiency and health promotion activities.
Convenience sampling was used in this study.
This was a one group pretest-posttest design; thus there was no distinct control
group selected.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
18. A study abstract includes the following statement: “There was a negative relationship between
infants with difficult behavioural styles and maternal involvement.” The most accurate
interpretation of the statement is what?
a. The more difficult the infant was, the more involved the mother was.
b. The more difficult the infant was, the less involved the mother was.
c. The less difficult the infant was, the less involved the mother was.
d. There was no relationship between infant behaviour and maternal involvement.
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
“The more difficult the infant was, the more involved the mother was” is a
positive variable relationship and does not match the abstract statement.
“The more difficult the infant was, the less involved the mother was” involves
an inverse relationship; more infant difficulty, less maternal involvement.
“The less difficult the infant was, the less involved the mother was” is a positive
variable relationship and does not match the abstract statement.
“There was no relationship between infant behaviour and maternal
involvement” is a statement of no relationship between variables and does not
match the abstract statement.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
19. A comparison study investigating the levels of depression in blind and sighted adolescents
does not use a hypothesis. Does the lack of a hypothesis in this study represent a weakness?
Why or why not?
a. Not a weakness; study is descriptive
b. Not a weakness; study is quasi-experimental
c. Is a weakness; study is descriptive
d. Is a weakness; study is quasi-experimental
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The title suggests a descriptive study, and a hypothesis is not necessary.
The study title is descriptive comparative and is not quasi-experimental.
A hypothesis is not necessary for a descriptive study.
The study is nonexperimental, so a hypothesis is not necessary.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
20. Why would a study involving continuous handrail support, oxygen uptake, and heart rate in
women during submaximal step treadmill exercise be quasiexperimental in design versus
experimental?
a. The sample size was small.
b. Randomization was not used in sample selection.
c. The dependent variables were not manipulated.
d. The independent variables were not manipulated.
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The size of the sample does not primarily affect the nature of the study design.
The major difference between experimental and quasi-experimental designs is
lack of randomization in sampling selection.
Dependent variables or outcome variables are not manipulated.
Independent variables (or the treatment) must be manipulated to conduct an
experiment or quasi-experiment.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
21. What would make a study researching the levels of depression occurring in blind and sighted
adolescents nonexperimental versus experimental in design?
The sample size was small.
The two samples were not equal in size.
The dependent variable was not manipulated.
The independent variable was not manipulated.
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Sample size does not designate study design.
Size of sample groups does not designate study design.
Dependent variables are the outcome variables and are not manipulated in
experimental research.
Nonexperimental designs are by nature characterized by nonmanipulation of the
independent variable.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
22. How could the sample selection procedures used in a research study investigating the levels of
depression occurring in blind and sighted adolescents make the sample of blind adolescents
more homogeneous?
a. Eliminate participants taking prescription medications
b. Narrow the age range of participants to those between 13 and 18 years
c. Have the same person administer the questionnaire to all participants
d. Avoid telling the participants the nature of the study
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Because many potential participants take prescription medications, elimination
of participants taking prescription medications would make the sample
homogeneous.
Narrowing the age range of participants in an adolescent study would not
necessarily increase homogeneity.
Having the same data collector would not alter the nature of the sample.
Not sharing the nature of the study with participants would not alter sample
characteristics.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
23. This statement was included in a study’s abstract: “This research was an exploratory
descriptive investigation of the pregnancy experiences of a multiethnic group of pregnant
adolescents.” What is this indicative of?
a. The study’s aims
b. The study’s design
c. The study’s significance
d. The study’s implications
ANS: B
A
B
Feedback
Aims of the research are not explained in the statement.
The statement describes the design of the study.
C
D
The statement does not allude to the significance of the study.
Implications of the study findings are not explained in the statement.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
24. This statement was included in a study’s abstract: “By formalizing parenting education in the
immediate postpartum period, midwives may have the opportunity to reduce the prevalence of
postnatal depression”? What is this indicative of?
a. The study’s results
b. The study’s analysis
c. The study’s implications
d. The study’s recommendations
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The statement does not explain the explicit results of the study.
The statement does not describe data analysis issues.
The statement describes the implications of parenting education for use by
midwives.
The statement does not specify recommendations for future activities.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
25. Which change in the sample selection procedure of a study involving continuous handrail
support, oxygen uptake, and heart rate in women during submaximal step treadmill exercise
would have the greatest impact on increasing the generalizability of the results?
a. Increasing the sample size
b. Including participants who smoke in the study
c. Having a true control group rather than having participants serve as their own
controls
d. Expanding the sample population to include equal numbers of women who were
moderately fit and highly fit
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Increasing sample size does not necessarily increase the generalizability of
results.
Smoking may or may not alter women’s fitness level and does not necessarily
affect generalizability.
Having a control group does not increase generalizability like increasing
heterogeneity of the sample.
Including various types of women according to fitness level would increase the
generalizability of the results.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
26. A study includes this statement: “The fact that the inventory [instrument] was administered
verbally introduced a potential bias of social desirability.” This is indicative of what?
a. Implications for practice
b. Limitations of the study
c. Generalizability of the study
d. Recommendations for future research
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The statement does not specify any implications for practice.
Administering the questionnaire verbally and risking bias of social desirability
is an example of a study limitation.
Generalizability of study results would be most affected by sample
characteristics, not by the method of data collection.
No recommendations for future research are explained in this statement.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
27. In evaluating quantitative research, a researcher can expect to review the report’s segments in
which order?
1. Methods
2. Introduction
3. Literature review
4. Discussion
5. Results
a. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
b. 2, 1, 3, 4, 5
c. 5, 3, 4, 2, 1
d. 2, 3, 1, 5, 4
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The correct order of a research report’s segments is introduction, literature
review, methods, results, and discussion.
The correct order of a research report’s segments is introduction, literature
review, methods, results, and discussion.
The correct order of a research report’s segments is introduction, literature
review, methods, results, and discussion.
The correct order of a research report’s segments is introduction, literature
review, methods, results, and discussion.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
28. Which critical appraisal question would evaluate the research question and hypothesis of a
research report?
a. Is there a synthesis summary that presents the overall strengths and weaknesses
and arrives at a logical conclusion that generates hypotheses or research
questions?
b. What are the sources of bias, and are they dealt with appropriately?
c. How have the purpose, aims, or goals of the study been substantiated?
d. To what population may the findings be generalized? What are the limitations in
generalizability?
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
“Is there a synthesis summary that presents the overall strengths and
weaknesses and arrives at a logical conclusion that generates hypotheses or
research questions?” would evaluate the review of the literature.
“What are the sources of bias, and are they dealt with appropriately?” would
evaluate internal and external validity.
“How have the purpose, aims, or goals of the study been substantiated?” would
evaluate the research question and hypothesis.
“To what population may the findings be generalized? What are the limitations
in generalizability?” would evaluate sampling.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
29. Which critical appraisal question would evaluate the review of the literature of a research
report?
a. Is there a synthesis summary that presents the overall strengths and weaknesses
and arrives at a logical conclusion that generates hypotheses or research
questions?
b. What are the sources of bias, and are they dealt with appropriately?
c. How have the purpose, aims, or goals of the study been substantiated?
d. To what population may the findings be generalized? What are the limitations in
generalizability?
ANS: A
A
B
C
Feedback
“Is there a synthesis summary that presents the overall strengths and
weaknesses and arrives at a logical conclusion that generates hypotheses or
research questions?” would evaluate the review of the literature.
“What are the sources of bias, and are they dealt with appropriately?” would
evaluate internal and external validity.
“How have the purpose, aims, or goals of the study been substantiated?” would
evaluate the research question and hypothesis.
D
“To what population may the findings be generalized? What are the limitations
in generalizability? would evaluate sampling.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
30. Which critical appraisal question would evaluate the sampling of a research report?
a. Is there a synthesis summary that presents the overall strengths and weaknesses
and arrives at a logical conclusion that generates hypotheses or research
questions?
b. What are the sources of bias, and are they dealt with appropriately?
c. How have the purpose, aims, or goals of the study been substantiated?
d. To what population may the findings be generalized? What are the limitations in
generalizability?
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
“Is there a synthesis summary that presents the overall strengths and
weaknesses and arrives at a logical conclusion that generates hypotheses or
research questions?” would evaluate the review of the literature.
“What are the sources of bias, and are they dealt with appropriately?” would
evaluate internal and external validity.
“How have the purpose, aims, or goals of the study been substantiated?” would
evaluate the research question and hypothesis.
“To what population may the findings be generalized? What are the limitations
in generalizability?” would evaluate sampling.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
31. The critical appraisal question that would most accurately evaluate the research question and
hypothesis of a research report is what?
a. Is there a synthesis summary that presents the overall strengths and weaknesses
and arrives at a logical conclusion that generates hypotheses or research
questions?
b. What are the sources of bias, and are they dealt with appropriately?
c. How have the purpose, aims, or goals of the study been substantiated?
d. To what population may the findings be generalized? What are the limitations in
generalizability?
ANS: C
A
B
Feedback
“Is there a synthesis summary that presents the overall strengths and
weaknesses and arrives at a logical conclusion that generates hypotheses or
research questions?” would evaluate the review of the literature.
“What are the sources of bias, and are they dealt with appropriately?” evaluate
C
D
internal and external validity.
“How have the purpose, aims, or goals of the study been substantiated?” would
evaluate the research question and hypothesis.
“To what population may the findings be generalized? What are the limitations
in generalizability?” would evaluate sampling.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
32. The critical appraisal question that would most accurately evaluate the applicability to nursing
practice of a research report is what?
a. Would it be possible to replicate this study in another clinical setting?
b. Are the results of each hypothesis or research question presented and presented
objectively?
c. Did testing of the hypothesis(es) or research question(s) clearly support or not
support each hypothesis or research question?
d. Was there an observation guide?
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
“Would it be possible to replicate this study in another clinical setting?” would
evaluate the applicability to nursing practice.
“Are the results of each hypothesis or research question presented and presented
objectively?” would evaluate conclusions, implications, and recommendations.
“Did testing of the hypothesis(es) or research question(s) clearly support or not
support each hypothesis or research question?” would evaluate the data
analysis.
“Was there an observation guide?” would evaluate data-collection methods and
procedures.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
33. Which critical appraisal question would evaluate the data analysis of a research report?
a. Would it be possible to replicate this study in another clinical setting?
b. Are the results of each hypothesis or research question presented and presented
objectively?
c. Did testing of the hypothesis(es) or research question(s) clearly support or not
support each hypothesis or research question?
d. Was there an observation guide?
ANS: C
A
B
Feedback
“Would it be possible to replicate this study in another clinical setting?” would
evaluate the applicability to nursing practice.
“Are the results of each hypothesis or research question presented and presented
C
D
objectively?” would evaluate conclusions, implications, and recommendations.
“Did testing of the hypothesis(es) or research question(s) clearly support or not
support each hypothesis or research question?” would evaluate the data
analysis.
“Was there an observation guide?” would evaluate data-collection methods and
procedures.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
34. The critical appraisal question that would most accurately evaluate the conclusions,
implications, and recommendations of a research report is what?
a. Would it be possible to replicate this study in another clinical setting?
b. Are the results of each hypothesis or research question presented and presented
objectively?
c. Did testing of the hypothesis(es) or research question(s) clearly support or not
support each hypothesis or research question?
d. Was there an observation guide?
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
“Would it be possible to replicate this study in another clinical setting?” would
evaluate the applicability to nursing practice.
“Are the results of each hypothesis or research question presented and presented
objectively?” would evaluate conclusions, implications, and recommendations.
“Did testing of the hypothesis(es) or research question(s) clearly support or not
support each hypothesis or research question?” would evaluate the data
analysis.
“Was there an observation guide?” would evaluate data-collection methods and
procedures.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
35. The critical appraisal question that would most accurately evaluate the data-collection
methods and procedures of a research report is what?
a. Would it be possible to replicate this study in another clinical setting?
b. Are the results of each hypothesis or research question presented and presented
objectively?
c. Did testing of the hypothesis(es) or research question(s) clearly support or not
support each hypothesis or research question?
d. Was there an observation guide?
ANS: D
A
Feedback
“Would it be possible to replicate this study in another clinical setting?” would
B
C
D
evaluate the applicability to nursing practice.
“Are the results of each hypothesis or research question presented and presented
objectively?” would evaluate conclusions, implications, and recommendations.
“Did testing of the hypothesis(es) or research question(s) clearly support or not
support each hypothesis or research question?” would evaluate the data
analysis.
“Was there an observation guide?” would evaluate data-collection methods and
procedures.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
36. A nurse researcher is critically appraising a research report and asks the question “What
sources of bias are possible with use of records or existing data sets?” The data collection
method(s) and procedure(s) that this question evaluates is what?
a. Physiological measurement
b. Interviews
c. Available data records
d. Questionnaires
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
“What sources of bias are possible with use of records or existing data sets?”
would not evaluate physiological measurement.
“What sources of bias are possible with use of records or existing data sets?”
would not evaluate interviews.
“What sources of bias are possible with use of records or existing data sets?”
would evaluate available data records.
“What sources of bias are possible with use of records or existing data sets?”
would not evaluate questionnaires.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
37. A nurse researcher is critically appraising a research report and asks the question “Was inter-
rater reliability calculated?” Which data collection methods and procedures would this
question evaluate?
a. Physiological measurement
b. Interviews
c. Available data records
d. Observation
ANS: D
A
Feedback
“Was inter-rater reliability calculated?” would not evaluate physiological
measurement.
B
C
D
“Was inter-rater reliability calculated?” would not evaluate interviews.
“Was inter-rater reliability calculated?” would not evaluate available data
records.
“Was inter-rater reliability calculated?” would evaluate observation.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
38. A nurse researcher is critically appraising a research report and asks the question “Is a
rationale given for the selection of a particular instrument or method?” Which data collection
methods and procedures would this question evaluate?
a. Physiological measurement
b. Interviews
c. Available data records
d. Observation
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
“Was inte-rrater reliability calculated?” would evaluate physiological
measurement.
“Was inter-rater reliability calculated?” would not evaluate interviews.
“Was inter-rater reliability calculated?” would not evaluate available data
records.
“Was inter-rater reliability calculated?” would not evaluate observation.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
39. A nurse researcher is critically appraising a research report and asks the question “Is the
format appropriate for use with this population?” Which data collection methods and
procedures would this question evaluate?
a. Physiological measurement
b. Questionnaires
c. Available data records
d. Observation
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
“Is the format appropriate for use with this population?” would not evaluate
physiological measurement.
“Is the format appropriate for use with this population?” would evaluate
questionnaires.
“Is the format appropriate for use with this population?” would not evaluate
available data records.
“Is the format appropriate for use with this population?” would not evaluate
observation.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
40. A nurse researcher is critically appraising a research report and asks the question “What
provision is made for maintaining accuracy of the instrument and its use, if any?” Which datacollection methods and procedures would this question evaluate?
a. Physiological measurement
b. Questionnaires
c. Available data records
d. Observation
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
“What provision is made for maintaining accuracy of the instrument and its use,
if any?” would evaluate physiological measurement.
“What provision is made for maintaining accuracy of the instrument and its use,
if any?” would not evaluate questionnaires.
“What provision is made for maintaining accuracy of the instrument and its use,
if any?” would not evaluate available data records.
“What provision is made for maintaining accuracy of the instrument and its use,
if any?” would not evaluate observation.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing (Analysis)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
MULTIPLE RESPONSE
1. A nursing student is critiquing a research study on the effects of test anxiety reduction and a
review course on National Council Licensure Examination-Registered Nurse (NCLEX-RN)
success rates of graduate nurses. The student notes several threats to internal validity. These
threats affect the accuracy of which variables? (Select all that apply.)
a. NCLEX success rates
b. Test anxiety reduction
c. Graduate nurses
d. Review course
e. Type of nursing program
ANS: B, D
Feedback
Correct
Incorrect
Test anxiety, an independent variable, is affected by internal validity
threats.
Review course, an independent variable, would be affected by internal
validity threats.
NCLEX success is the dependent variable.
Graduate nurse is a description of the sample and is not affected by
threats to internal validity.
Type of nursing program is not a designated variable.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
2. Evaluating a research report for issues of scientific merit includes which factors? (Select all
that apply.)
Quality of data collection
Appropriateness of statistical analysis
Comprehensiveness of literature review
Design match to research question
Presentation of typeface in article
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
ANS: A, B, C, D
Feedback
Correct
Incorrect
Scientific merit includes quality of data collection.
Scientific merit includes appropriate statistical analysis.
Scientific merit also includes quality of literature review.
Scientific merit also includes critiquing quality of research design.
Selected typeface and presentation are stylistic issues.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
Chapter 20: Developing an Evidence-Informed Practice
LoBiondo-Wood: Nursing Research in Canada, 4th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The use of research findings to promote the adoption of evidence-informed practice guidelines
can be described as
dissemination activities.
translating research into practice (TRIP).
research utilization.
critiquing findings.
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Dissemination activities include publications, conferences, consultations, and
training programs that communicate evidence-informed guidelines to a wider
audience.
TRIP is the multifaceted, systematic process of promoting the adoption of
evidence-informed practices in the delivery of health care services that goes
beyond dissemination of evidence-informed guidelines.
Research utilization is the process of using research findings to improve patient
care.
Research critiquing involves analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of studies.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
2. Evidence-informed practice (EIP) is defined as
a. the integration of best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values.
b. promoting the publication of research findings among practising nurses.
c. the process of using research findings to improve patient care.
d. collecting data from participants using measurement devices.
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
EIP is defined as the integration of best research evidence with clinical
expertise and patient values.
Promoting the publication of research findings among practising nurses refers
to one aspect of research dissemination.
The process of using research findings to improve patient care defines research
utilization.
Research critiquing involves analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of studies
describes procedures for data collection.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
3. A nurse researcher writes an article for the Canadian Journal of Nursing Informatics based on
his research (previously published in Computers in Nursing) on the variables that predict the
successful implementation of a computerized documentation system. This research activity is
described as research
a. dissemination.
b. recruitment.
c. evaluation.
d. analysis.
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Dissemination of research includes sharing research findings in journals and at
scientific conferences.
Recruitment is a term related to finding participants for studies.
Evaluating research studies is an element of research critiquing.
Analysis of research studies is an element of research critiquing.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
4. Which of the following actions or processes is considered to be a component of research
utilization?
Using the results of a study to improve patient care
Examining a specific nursing practice for its outcome
Reporting research findings in primary data-based journals
Asking what would be the impact of changing a specific nursing procedure
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Research utilization entails applying research findings to clinical practice with
the intent to improve patient care.
Examining a specific nursing practice for its outcome is an example of practice
evaluation or an actual research study.
Reporting research findings in primary data-based journals is an example of
research dissemination.
Asking what would be the impact of changing a specific nursing procedure is an
example of practice evaluation or an actual research study.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
5. What is the relationship between EIP and research utilization?
a. They are identical concepts.
b. EIP is a subset of research utilization and relates to applying research findings
appropriately.
c. Research utilization is a subset of EIP and relates to applying research findings
appropriately.
d. Although the concepts are similar in that both are related to practice outcomes,
EIP can be measured, whereas research utilization can only be tested.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Although the two concepts are related, they are not identical.
Research utilization is a subset of EIP, not the other way around.
Research utilization is a subset of EIP.
EIP is a much larger field that includes research utilization, expert opinions, and
the use of case reports.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
6. Which of the following types of support for a nursing action or intervention is eliminated by
EIP?
Expert advice
Ritual-based practices
Case studies
Findings from quasiexperimental studies
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
EIP does not eliminate the use of expert opinion or advice.
EIP helps eliminate dated procedures or rituals.
Case studies are always valuable.
EIP does not eliminate the need for quasiexperimental research.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
7. The conceptually driven form of using research evidence in practice influences providers’
a. action.
b. critique.
c. thinking.
d. evaluation.
ANS: C
A
B
C
Feedback
Using research evidence in action is decision driven.
Critiquing involves the assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of studies.
The concept-driven form of research evidence utilization in practice does affect
the thinking of health care professional.
D
Evaluation is used in research critiquing and research utilization.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
8. What types of support are important for success in accomplishing an evidence-informed
practice intervention?
Organizational and administrative support
Staff nurse and nurse manager
Nurse researcher and physician
Patient and nurse coordinator
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Organizational support and administrative support are important factors for
success in using EIP in health care delivery.
While staff nurses and nurse managers are important to accomplish EIP
interventions, budgetary support provided at the organizational level under the
leadership of administrators is essential.
Nurse researchers are integral to generating studies and findings that provide
the basis for EIP interventions, but they are not most essential to organizational
success. Physicians may be part of the EIP teams, but organizational support
and administrative support are most essential.
Patients are ideally the beneficiaries of evidence-informed research.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
9. What is a useful approach to evaluate an EIP standard that has been recorded in writing by the
health care professional?
Nursing staff meeting
Focus group
Patient safety committee
Quality improvement committee
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
This answer does not include all stakeholders.
A focus group might include all stakeholders, which would help evaluate an EIP
standard effectively.
A patient safety committee may exclude various stakeholders.
A quality improvement committee may exclude various stakeholders.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
10. In using the Iowa Model of Evidence-Based Practice, what step should be taken first when
nurse clinicians and researchers determine that a sufficient number of scientifically sound
studies are not available as a basis for practice?
a. Summarizing case reports
b. Applying scientific principles to the problem
c. Asking an expert in the field whether or not the approach has merit
d. Examining the feasibility of conducting a study on the practice problem
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Summarizing case reports could be part of literature retrieval or critiquing of
research findings but is not the first step.
Applying scientific principles to the problem would not be the first step but
would be one of the subsequent steps, especially if the proposed approach has
merit.
Asking an expert in the field whether or not the approach has merit could be
part of the exploration of evidence but would not be the first step.
Examining feasibility is always the first step when using the Iowa Model of
Evidence-Based Practice.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
11. The selection of members for the development, implementation, and evaluation of an evidence
formed practice should include all the of the following except
nurses.
patients.
physicians.
pharmacists.
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Yes, nurses are part of the interdisciplinary team.
Patients are important part of all decisions impacting their care; however they
are not part of the team when making system decisions.
Yes, physicians are part of the interdisciplinary team.
Yes, pharmacists are part of the interdisciplinary team.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
12. Which of the following types of teams is warranted for an EIP project to succeed in improving
practice?
a. Physician
b. Stakeholder
c. External
d. Administrative
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The involvement of only one discipline does not guarantee the success of an
EIP project.
Stakeholder involvement is necessary for the success of an EIP project.
Internal or stakeholder team involvement is necessary for the success of an EIP
project.
The involvement of only one organizational layer does not guarantee the
success of an EIP project.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
13. Which of the following conditions should be used to promote the decision to change practice
based on evidence?
a. The researchers providing the majority of the evidence are recognized experts in
the field.
b. Research reports on the new intervention demonstrate inconsistent or
contradictory results.
c. The intervention was tested in a population with few characteristics in common
with the proposed practice population.
d. The intervention is inexpensive and easy to learn, and the outcome can be
measured objectively.
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Although worth noting, this in itself is not enough evidence for adoption.
Inconsistent reports are not suitable for guiding EIP.
Context is an important consideration in EIP applications to the practice area.
The risk-benefit ratio is important; cost effectiveness, ease of implementation,
and measurable outcomes are all feasible benefits.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
14. Which of the following strategies has been found to best improve staff adherence to
implementation of a new EIP innovation?
Developing a graphic decision-making algorithm
Making new knowledge available to the staff
Including all research citations in the protocol
Restricting the implementation responsibility to a selected few individuals
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: A
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Decision-making algorithms are effective in mapping an innovation for ease of
understanding and implementation.
Availability of new knowledge is not enough to prompt implementation of an
innovation.
Proper referencing has little bearing on the successful implementation of an
innovation.
It is preferable that all stakeholders feel a sense of responsibility for the
successful implementation.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis | Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
15. How do “opinion leaders” influence their peers among the staff to adhere to the specific new
EIP standard?
Bringing in consulting experts
Role-modelling the new practice
Evaluating the supporting research data
Pressuring the staff to adopt the proposed changes
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Opinion leaders operate on the local peer-group level with staff.
Opinion leaders work in the same context as the staff and are respected by their
peers to be knowledgeable and worth listening to and following.
Opinion leaders help shape the staff culture to open to the new standard.
Opinion leaders have the staff’s earned respect, so they do not need to use
coercion to stimulate staff involvement.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis | Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
16. To synthesize the findings from a research critique, a summary table should include
1. the abstract.
2. the research questions.
3. a description of the study sample and setting.
4. the names and academic affiliations of the authors.
a. 2 and 3
b. 2 and 4
c. All of the above
d. None of the above
ANS: A
A
Feedback
Research questions and a description of the study sample and setting should be
included.
B
C
D
Research questions and a description of the study sample and setting should be
included.
Research questions and a description of the study sample and setting should be
included.
Research questions and a description of the study sample and setting should be
included.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis | Cognitive Level: Comprehension
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
17. Applying study results to individual patients or to a specific patient population and
communicating findings to patients in a meaningful way is the hallmark of
a. the scientific perspective.
b. clinical practice.
c. meta-analysis.
d. evidence-informed practice.
ANS: D
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Science does not always address clinical or applied issues.
Clinical practice is not always applicable to patient issues.
Meta-analysis is a statistical method that may or may not be patient focused.
EIP is characterized by these processes.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
18. Skills needed to consult the literature and answer a clinical question are called
a. informatics.
b. database searching.
c. information literacy.
d. evidence-informed practice.
ANS: C
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Informatics is the use of computers in data management.
Database searching is one component of information literacy.
The term information literacy refers to the skills needed to consult the literature
and answer a clinical question.
Information literacy is a major component of EIP.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
19. What is the purpose of “translational” research?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Globalization of nursing research
Applying research results to clinical practice
Using the results of medical research to direct nursing research
Translating the results of nursing research into language common across all health
care disciplines
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
Translational research is focused on EIP and ways to apply it to local contexts.
Translational research is the science of investigating methods and variables that
support and impact the implementation of EIP.
Translational research does not focus on any particular discipline.
Translational research is not concerned with language translation, but rather
with the translation and investigation of the best ways to implement EIP.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance
20. Which of the following is the term for data that are collected to assess patient satisfaction,
staff outcomes, or fiscal differences as a result of specific interventions?
Process measures
Outcome measures
Secondary measures
Compliance measures
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: B
A
B
C
D
Feedback
These sets of data reflect outcomes rather than process measures.
All three of these sets of data are outcome measures of EIP implementation.
These three sets of data are primary outcome measures, since each reflects an
important part of quality health care.
These sets of data reflect outcomes rather than compliance measures.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge
MSC: NCLEX Client Care Needs Category: Safe and Effective Care Environment; Health Promotion
and Maintenance