UNDERSTANDING THE SELF PHILOSOPHY SOCRATES - “An unexamined life is not worth living.” - “I know what I do not know” - Believes in ‘Dualism of Reality’: the nature of man is compromising with the body which imperfect and changeable, and soul which is perfect and unchangeable. PLATO - Tripitite Soul: The Appetitive, The Spirit, and The Mind. - The Appetitive includes the one’s desire, pleasure, physical satisfaction, comfort. - The Spirits includes basic human emotions. - The Mind, most superior of the three components and the superpower that control the affairs of the self. ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO - Adapted the Metaphysics of Christian belief to explain his philosophy. - The immortal soul strives to achieve God through faith and reason and our physical is a proving ground of our eternal destinies. RENE DESCARTES - Father of Modern Philosophy - “I think therefore I am” JOHN LOCKE - Self is comparable to an empty space. - Encountered experiences of an individual. DAVID HUME - Knowledge can be possible if sensed and experience. - Self is based on impressions that are temporary. IMMANUEL KANT - Transcendental Unity of Apperception - The self is also outside the body and goes beyond the limit. - It travels through ‘space and time’ SIGMUND FREUD - Self as an “I” that ordinarily constitute both mental and physical actions. - Two Models proposed: Topographical Model and Structural Model - Topographical Model divides the “I” into conscious or that we are aware of, while Structural Model which represented those three dimensions of the self; id, ego, and super ego. Gibert Ryle - The mind is never separated to the body - “I act therefore I am” - “You are what you do” Paul and Patricia Churchland - If the brain is gone, the self is gone. - Eliminative Materialism wherein activities happening with an individual is explained through understanding the existing condition of the brain and how it work. MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY - Phenomenology of Perception - The body and mind are intertwined and cannot be separated. - His philosophy is based on Wolfgang Kohler and Kurt Kofka’s Gestalt Psychology, and Neurobiology as well. SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE - Study of human social relations and institutions. – includes family, church, education, and government. Purpose of studying Sociology - Tries to understand how human action and consciousness both shape by surrounding cultural and social structures. How does sociology explain the self? - Social situations become a great deal in defining the individual’s selfconcept and self-esteem The self is a product of modern society. With the modern society people is facing at present, life becomes urbanized. And with such situation, people tend to be more impersonal and leads to destruction of the traditional way of life. From the limitations imposed by the society before, people nowadays are already free to seek their own identity. Thus, their selves get “delocalize”. Such instances that Clifford Geertz (1973) believes that struggle for individuality can already be possible. And having a delocalized self as a product poses certain problems such as: a. The authenticity of self is threatened as a result of the new found freedom b. According to Marx, human beings are being haunted and gets alienated to their own self as an effect to the images they created. c. The objectification of the body removes human qualities in man. d. Dehumanization of self. MEAD’S THEORY OF THE SELF (George Helbert Mead) - Theory of Social Self: stands on the point that the self is not initially there at birth. - Self has two side of phases: “I” and “Me”. - “I” represents as the subject, and individual’s impulse. - “Me” is socialized component of the individual that represents the learned behaviors, expectations and attitude of the organized into a social self. - Three activities are identified the result of the development of the self: preparatory, play, and game. - Preparatory stage, from 0-2, children imitate the language used by the people surrounding them. - Play stage, from 2-6, one’s self-consciousness develop through roleplaying. - Game stage, from 7 onwards, allows child to understand and adhere to develop the self by engaging in different types of activities. THE LOOKING GLASS SELF (Charles Horton Cooley) - The development of the self is based on the observation or perspective of the others. - Labeling bias occurs when we are labeled, and others’ views and expectations of us are affected by that labeling (Fox & Stinnet, 1996). - Self-labeling may occur when one takes into their self-concept those labels and evaluation made by others for them. HISTORY - History is the study of the relevant human past. It was derived from the Greek word “historia” meaning “knowledge acquired through inquiry and investigation”. - History is not the past-but rather a documented past. - History is not a fiction. History must be based on available relevant evidence. - History is dynamic and constantly changing POSITIVISM - A posteriori fact derived by reason and logic from sensory experience. - No document, no history. POST-COLONIALISM - A theoretical approach in various disciplines that is concerned with the lasting impact of colonizing in former colonies. - After colonizing by Spaniard. PRE-COLONIALISM - Occurring or existing prior to a colonial period or colonization of the given country. - Before colonizing by Spaniard. Historians - Individuals who write about history. Why is it important to study History? - Studying history is important because it allows us to identify ourselves in the larger past and recognize that we are shaped by historical processes. History also gives us invaluable lessons from the past that can help us understand the present and prepare for the future. Sources of History a. Documents i. Primary sources - are the eyewitness accounts or the sources that was written on the same time, period or subject being studied. ii. Secondary sources - are accounts or sources that were not present, time, event, period or subject. These materials were produced using primary sources. iii. Tertiary sources - Combination of primary and secondary sources. b. Archaeological Records i. Fossils ii. Artifacts c. Oral and Video Accounts HISTORICAL CRITISM a. External Criticism - involves the critique of sources which focuses on the physical characteristics of the source. b. Internal Criticism - involves the critique of the sources by looking at the content and truthfulness of the evidence. What is Historiography? - Historiography is the study of writing history. - Historiography denotes the history of history. HISTORIOGRAPHY - The writing of history based on the critical examination of sources, the selection of particulars from the authentic materials, and the synthesis of particulars into a narrative that will stand the test of critical methods. PAST SOURCE INTERPRETATION INQUIRY BASED ON SOURCES HISTORY KNOWLEDGE How History is made? - Search or research of things that survived from the past by the historians. - Historians inquire, analyze, corroborate the sources (from memory, records or relics) and subject them into rigorous scrutiny to prove their authenticity and credibility. - Historians could make inferences, interpretations and conclusions about the past. - These inferences, interpretations and conclusions serve as the basis of our knowledge about the past.
